Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom

This article is about types of acts and lawmaking processes in the UK. For Scots law, see Acts of the Scottish Parliament. For lists of parliament acts, see List of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom and List of Acts of the National Assembly for Wales.
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In the United Kingdom, Acts of Parliament are primary legislation passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom.[1][2] Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, as a result of the Glorious Revolution and the assertion of parliamentary sovereignty, are supreme law that cannot be overturned by any body other than Parliament.

As a result of devolution, the National Assembly for Wales, the Northern Ireland Assembly, and the Scottish Parliament are able to create primary legislation for their respective countries. These devolved legislatures are able to create legislation regarding all but reserved and excepted matters. However, Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom remain supreme and can overrule the devolved legislatures. By convention, the Parliament of the United Kingdom does not do this without a legislative consent motion.[3][4][5]

A draft piece of legislation is called a bill, when this is passed by Parliament it becomes an Act and part of statute law.

Classification of legislation

Acts of Parliament are classified as either "Public General Acts" or "Local and Personal Acts" (also known as "Private Acts"). Bills are also classified as "public", "private", or "hybrid".

Public General Acts

Public General Acts form the largest category of legislation, in principle affecting the public general law applying to everyone across the entire United Kingdom (or at least to one or more of its constituent countries of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, or Wales).[6] Most Public General Acts proceed through Parliament as a public bill; occasionally, however, a bill is treated as hybrid.

Local and Personal Acts (Private Acts)

Private Acts are either local or personal in their effect, applying to a specifically named locality or legal person in a manner different from all others. Private bills are "usually promoted by organisations, like local authorities or private companies, to give themselves powers beyond, or in conflict with, the general law. Private bills only change the law as it applies to specific individuals or organisations, rather than the general public. Groups or individuals potentially affected by these changes can petition Parliament against the proposed bill and present their objections to committees of MPs and Lords."[7] They include acts to confer powers on certain local authorities, a recent example being the Canterbury City Council Bill, which makes provisions relating to street trading and consumer protection in the city.[7] Private bills can also affect certain companies; the Northern Bank Bill allowed the statutory right of Northern Bank to issue bank notes to be transferred following a takeover of the company by Danske Bank.[8] Other private bills may affect particular companies established by Act of Parliament such as TSB Bank and Transas.

Personal Acts are a sub-category of private Acts, which confer specific rights or duties on a named individual or individuals, for example allowing two persons to marry even though they are within a "prohibited degree of consanguinity or affinity" such as stepfather and stepdaughter.

Private bills, common in the 19th century, are now rare, as new planning legislation introduced in the 1960s removed the need for many of them;[9] only a few, if any, are passed each year. They are subject to a different procedure from that for public bills, described above, involving a quasi-judicial committee of three MPs.

Parliamentary authorities maintain a list of all private bills before parliament.

Hybrid bills

Hybrid bills combine elements of both public and private Acts. While they propose to make changes to the general law, they are also contain provisions applying to specific individuals or bodies. Recent examples include the Crossrail Bill, a hybrid bill to build a railway across London from west to east.[10] The 1976 Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Bill was a particularly controversial bill that was ruled to be a hybrid bill, forcing the government to withdraw some of its provisions to allow its passage as a public bill. Once passed, hybrid bills are printed as part of the Public General Acts.

Parliamentary authorities maintain a list of all hybrid bills before parliament.

Other types of classification

Private members' bills

Main article: Private member's bill

It is important not to confuse private bills with private members' bills, which are public bills designed to affect a general change in the law. The only difference from regular public bills is that they are brought forward by a private member (a backbencher) rather than by the government.[11] Twenty private members' bills per session are allowed to be introduced, with the sponsoring private members selected by a ballot of the whole house, and additional bills may be introduced under the Ten Minute Rule.

Financial bills

Financial bills raise revenue and authorize how money is spent. The most well known such piece of legislation is the annual Finance Bill introduced by the Chancellor of the Exchequer at the budget. This encompasses all the changes to be made to tax law for the year. Its formal description is "a Bill to grant certain duties, to alter other duties, and to amend the law relating to the National Debt and the Public Revenue, and to make further provision in connection with finance".[12] Consolidated Fund and Appropriation Bills authorise government spending.[13]

Housekeeping bills

This type of bill is designed to keep the business of government and public affairs up to date. These bills may not be substantial or controversial in party political terms. Two sub-classes of the housekeeping bill are the consolidation bill, which sets out existing laws in a more clear and up-to-date form without changing its substance and the tax law rewrite bill, which do the same for tax law.[13]

Delegated legislation

An Act of Parliament will often confer power on the Queen in Council, a Minister or another public body to create delegated legislation, usually by means of a Statutory Instrument.

Stages of a bill

A representation of the legislative procedure.

Bills may start their passage in either the House of Commons or House of Lords, although bills which are mainly or entirely financial will start in the Commons. Each bill passes through the following stages:

Pre-legislative Scrutiny: Joint committee of both houses review bill and vote on amendments that government can accept or reject. Reports are influential in later stages as rejected committee recommendations are revived to be voted on.

First Reading: No vote occurs. Bill is presented, printed, and in private members' bills, a Second Reading date is set.

Second Reading: A debate on the general principles of the bill is followed by a vote.

Committee Stage: A committee considers each clause of the bill, and may make amendments.

Report Stage: An opportunity to amend the bill. The House consider clauses to which amendments have been tabled.

Third Reading: A debate on final text as amended.

Passage: The bill is then sent to the other House which may amend it.

  First Reading: Same procedures

  Second Reading: Same procedures

Committee Stage: Same procedures

Report Stage: Same procedures

  Third Reading: Same procedures as in the Commons, but further amendments may also be made.

Passage: The bill is then returned to the original House.

Pre-legislative Scrutiny to consider all amendments.

The bill is then processed for Royal Assent, if accepted, the bill becomes an Act.

Making new law   Types of bill   Bill procedure   First reading   Second reading   Commons committee stage   Lords committee stage   Report stage   Third reading  Passage through the other House   Royal assent  Delegated legislation

Consultation, drafting and pre-legislative scrutiny

Although not strictly part of the legislative process, a period of consultation will take place before a bill is drafted. Within government, the Treasury and other departments with an interest will be consulted along with the devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Outside government, interested parties such as trade unions, industry bodies and pressure groups will be asked for their views on any proposals. The Cabinet Office Code of Practice specifies a minimum consultation period of twelve weeks. Consultation documents are widely circulated (see for example the Home Office consultation on extreme pornography and the Scottish Government's consultation on food policy).

The character of the consultation is shaped by the government's determination to press forward with a particular set of proposals. A government may publish a green paper outlining various legislative options or a white paper, which is a clear statement of intent.[14] It is increasingly common for a small number of Government bills to be published in draft before they are presented in Parliament. These bills are then considered either by the relevant select committee of the House of Commons or by an ad hoc joint committee of both Houses. This provides an opportunity for the committee to express a view on the bill and propose amendments before it is introduced. Draft bills allow more lengthy scrutiny of potential legislation and have been seen as a response to time pressures which may result in the use of programme orders to impose a strict timetable on the passage of bills and what is known as 'drafting on the hoof', where the government introduces amendments to its own bills. With increased time for scrutiny backed up with considered evidence, draft bills may present governments with difficulty in getting their way.[15]

The sponsoring government department will then write to the relevant policy committee of the Cabinet. The proposals are only discussed at a meeting if disagreements arise. Even an uncontroversial proposal may face administrative hurdles. A potential change in the law may have to wait for a more extensive bill in that policy area to be brought forward before it worthwhile devoting parliamentary time to it. The proposal will then be bundled together with more substantive measures in the same Bill. The Ministerial Committee on the Legislative Programme (LP), including the leaders and government chief whips in both houses, is responsible for the timetable of legislation. This committee decides which house a bill will start in, recommends to the Cabinet which proposals will be in the Queen's Speech, which will be published in draft and how much parliamentary time will be required.[14]

Following a process of consultation, the sponsoring department will send drafting instructions to parliamentary counsel, expert lawyers working for the government responsible for writing legislation. These instructions will describe what the bill should do but not the detail of how this is achieved. Parliamentary council must draft the legislation clearly to minimise possibility of legal challenge and to fit the bill in with existing UK, European Union and delegated legislation. A finished bill must therefore be approved or scrutinised by the sponsoring department and minister, parliamentary council and LP.[16]

The final stage is the submission of the bill to the authorities of the house in which it is to start its legislative journey. In the Commons this is the Clerk of Legislation and then Public Bill Office in the Lords. They will check the following:[17]

After this process, the bill is then ready for introduction.

First reading

The first reading is a formality and no debate or vote occurs. A notice that a bill is being presented for its first reading appears on the Order Paper for that day. The European Union (Amendment) Bill appeared on the Order Paper for 17 December 2007 as follows:

“ Notice of Presentation of Bill

1 EUROPEAN UNION (AMENDMENT) [No debate]

Secretary David Miliband

Bill to make provision in connection with the Treaty of Lisbon Amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty Establishing the European Community, signed at Lisbon on 13th December 2007.

Formal first reading: no debate or decision.[18]

 ”

As we can see in this video footage of the first reading, the MP is called by the Speaker at the commencement of public business and brings a 'dummy bill', a sheet of paper with the short and long titles and the names of up to twelve supporters, to the Clerk of the House at the Table. The Clerk reads out the short title and the Speaker says "Second reading what day?" For all government bills the response is almost always "tomorrow" (or the next sitting day). A date is also set for private members bills; the decision for scheduling such bills is crucial as they are not given 'government time' to be debated. The bill is recorded in the proceedings as having been read for a first time, having been ordered to be printed and to be read a second time on a particular date.[19] In the case of a Government Bill, Explanatory Notes, which try to explain the effect of the Bill in more simple language, are also usually ordered to be printed. Again, in the case of the European Union (Amendment) Bill this appeared in Hansard as follows:

“ Secretary David Miliband, supported by the Prime Minister, Mr. Chancellor of the Exchequer, Mr. Secretary Straw, Secretary Jacqui Smith, Secretary Des Browne, Secretary Alan Johnson, Mr. Secretary Alexander, Mr. Secretary Hutton and Mr. Jim Murphy, presented a Bill to make provision in connection with the Treaty of Lisbon Amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty Establishing the European Community, signed at Lisbon on 13th December 2007: And the same was read the First time; and ordered to be read a Second time tomorrow, and to be printed. Explanatory notes to be printed [Bill 48]. ”

A bill introduced in this way is known as a presentation bill. Bills can also be introduced in the Commons by being brought in from the Lords, being brought in by resolution (like the Finance Bill) or when an MP gets leave to bring in a ten-minute rule bill.

A Government Bill can be introduced first into either House. Bills which begin in the Lords have '[Lords]' suffixed to its title when in the Lords and '[HL]' when in the Commons.[11] Bills which deal primarily with taxation or public expenditure begin their passage in the Commons, since the financial privileges of that House mean that it has primacy in these matters (see Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949). Conversely, bills relating to the judicial system, Law Commission bills and consolidation bills begin their passage in the House of Lords which by convention has primacy in these matters.

Second reading

In the second reading, which in theory is supposed to occur two weekends after the first reading, a debate on the general principles of the bill is followed by a vote. This is the main opportunity to debate the principle of the bill rather than individual clauses. A division at this stage therefore represents a direct challenge to the principle of the bill. If the bill is read a second time, it proceeds to the committee stage.

Normally, the Second Reading of a Government bill is approved. A defeat for a Government bill on this Reading usually signifies a major loss. The last time this happened was at the second reading of the Shops Bill for the government of Margaret Thatcher in 1986. The bill, which liberalised controls on Sunday trading, was defeated in the Commons by 14 votes.[20][21] The last defeat for a government was on the 90-day detention element of the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005. However this defeat was in the form of an amendment (for 28-day rather than 90-day detention) in contrast to opposition to the entire bill at the second reading.[22] If the bill had been defeated at the second reading it would never have become an act.

Second reading debates on government bills usually take a day, in practice about six hours. Smaller and less controversial bills will receive less time and wholly uncontroversial measures will receive a second reading 'on the nod' with no debate whatsoever.[23] The National Insurance Contributions bill appeared in the Order Papers as follows:

“ Main Business

3 NATIONAL INSURANCE CONTRIBUTIONS BILL: Second Reading. [Until 10.00 p.m.]

Debate may continue until 10.00 p.m.

 ”

As we can see from video footage of the debate for this bill, second readings of government bills take place on a motion moved (for Government bills) by a minister in the department responsible for the legislation "that the bill now be read a second time". The minister outlines the overall purpose of the Bill and highlights particular parts of the Bill they consider most important. The official Opposition spokesperson responds with his or her views on the Bill. The debate continues with other Opposition parties and backbench MPs giving their opinions on the principles of the Bill.[24] The minister will eventually bring the debate to a conclusion by saying, of the bill, "I commend it to the House". The Speaker will then propose the question by saying, for example, "The Question is, that the Bill be now read a second time". The Speaker then invites supporters of the bill to say "aye" and then opponents say "no": "All members of that opinion say 'aye' [supporters say 'aye'], contrary 'no' [opponents say 'no']. In what is known as collecting the voices the Speaker makes a judgement as to the loudest cry. A clear majority either way will prompt the response "I think the Ayes/Noes have it" (this can be forced to a division by continued cries either way). If the result is at all in doubt a division will be called and the speaker will say "Division. Clear the Lobby". This refers not to the division lobbies used for voting but the Members' Lobby beyond the chamber which is cleared by the doorkeepers. At this point, division bells will ring throughout the palace and also in nearby flats, pubs and restaurants whose owners pay to be connected to the system. This allows MPs who may not be in the debate to come and vote on the issue in question.

After two minutes, the Speaker will put the Question again to assess whether there is still disagreement. He will then name the tellers, whose job it is to count the votes. These will usually be government and opposition whips. In the example we have looked at: "Tellers for the Ayes Mr. Dave Watts and Mr. Steve McCabe; tellers for the Noes Mr. Nick Hurd and Mr. John Baron". If no teller has come forward (or only one) the Speaker declares the result for the other side.

One teller from each side goes to the end of each division lobby and count MPs as they emerge. Whips are also at the other end of the lobby to ensure that their MPs vote with the party line. The names are taken by division clerks and are published in Hansard the next day (see example from Hansard or with greater clarity from the Public Whip). After eight minutes from first calling the division the speaker says "lock the doors", the doorkeepers lock the doors leading into the lobbies and no more MPs can get in to vote. When every member has passed the division clerks and tellers, a division slip is produced by the Clerks at the Table and is given to one of the tellers on the winning side. The tellers then form up at the Table in front of the Mace facing the speaker and the teller with the slip reads the result to the House, for example: "The Ayes to the right, 291. The Noes to the left, 161". The Clerk then takes the slip to the Speaker, who repeats the result and adds "So the Ayes have it, the Ayes have it. Unlock". The doorkeepers then unlock the doors to the division lobbies.[25] A division vote concerning a National Insurance Contributions Bill is illustrated from Hansard as follows:

“ Question put, That the Bill be now read a Second time:—

The House divided: Ayes 291, Noes 161.

Division No. 033

7.56 pm

AYES [followed by list of MPs and tellers who voted Aye]

NOES [followed by list of MPs and tellers who voted No]

Question accordingly agreed to.

Bill read a Second time.[26]

 ”

Divisions on second readings can be on a straight opposition or a vote on a 'reasoned amendment', detailing the reasons the bill's opponents do not want it read a second time, which may be selected by the Speaker. Bills defeated at a second reading cannot progress further or be reintroduced with exactly the same wording in the same session.

Procedural orders and resolutions

In the case of Government Bills, the House normally passes forthwith (i.e. without debate but almost always with a vote) a Programme Order in the form of a programme motion, setting out the timetable for the committee and remaining stages of the Bill. This takes place immediately after the second reading.[20] For example:

“ National Insurance Contributions Bill (Programme)

Motion made, and Question put forthwith, pursuant to Standing Order No. 83A (Programme motions),

That the following provisions shall apply to the National Insurance Contributions Bill:
Committal
1. The Bill shall be committed to a Public Bill Committee.
Proceedings in Public Bill Committee.
2. Proceedings in the Public Bill Committee shall (so far as not previously concluded) be brought to a conclusion on 22nd January 2008.
3. The Public Bill Committee shall have leave to sit twice on the first day on which it meets.
Consideration and Third Reading
4. Proceedings on consideration shall (so far as not previously concluded) be brought to a conclusion one hour before the moment of interruption on the day on which those proceedings are commenced.
5. Proceedings on Third Reading shall (so far as not previously concluded) be brought to a conclusion at the moment of interruption on that day.
6. Standing Order No. 83B (Programming committees) shall not apply to proceedings on consideration and Third Reading.
Other proceedings
7. Any other proceedings on the Bill (including any proceedings on consideration of Lords Amendments or on any further messages from the Lords) may be programmed . —[Tony Cunningham.]

Question agreed to.[27]

 ”

The House may also pass a separate money resolution, authorising any expenditure arising from the Bill; and/or a ways and means resolution, authorising any new taxes or charges the Bill creates. Bills are not programmed in the House of Lords.[20]

Committee stage

This usually takes place in a standing committee in the Commons and on the Floor of the House in the Lords. In the United Kingdom, the House of Commons utilizes the following committees on bills:

The committee considers each clause of the bill, and may make amendments to it. Significant amendments may be made at committee stage. In some cases, whole groups of clauses are inserted or removed. However, almost all the amendments which are agreed to in committee will have been tabled by the Government to correct deficiencies in the bill, to enact changes to policy made since the bill was introduced (or, in some cases, to import material which was not ready when the bill was presented), or to reflect concessions made as a result of earlier debate.

Report stage

The report state, known formally as "consideration", takes place on the Floor of the House, and is a further opportunity to amend the bill. Unlike committee stage, the House need not consider every clause of the bill, only those to which amendments have been tabled.

Third reading

In the third reading, a debate on the final text of the bill, as amended. In the Lords, further amendments may be made on third reading, in the Commons it is usually a short debate followed by a single vote; amendments are not permitted.

Passage

The bill is then sent to the other House (to the Lords, if it originated in the Commons; to the Commons, if it is a Lords bill), which may amend it. The Commons may reject a bill from the Lords outright; the Lords may amend a bill from the Commons but, if they reject it, the Commons may force it through without the Lords' consent in the following Session of Parliament, as is detailed below. Furthermore, the Lords can neither initiate nor amend money bills, bills dealing exclusively with public expenditure or the raising of revenue. If the other House amends the bill, the bill and amendments are sent back for a further stage.

There is a constitutional convention that the House of Lords should not spend more than 60 days over bills sent to them by the Commons.[29]

The Parliament Acts: Under the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949, which do not apply for bills seeking to extend Parliament's length to more than five years, if the Lords reject a bill originated in the House of Commons, then the Commons may pass that bill again in the next session. The bill is then submitted for Royal Assent even though the Lords did not pass it. Also, if the Lords do not approve of a money bill within thirty days of passage in the Commons, the bill is submitted for Royal Assent nevertheless.

Consideration of amendments

The House in which the bill originated considers the amendments made in the other House. It may agree to them, amend them, propose other amendments in lieu or reject them. A bill may pass backwards and forwards several times at this stage, as each House amends or rejects changes proposed by the other. If each House insists on disagreeing with the other, the bill is lost under the 'double insistence' rule, unless avoiding action is taken.[30]

Enacting formula

Each Act commences with one of the following:

Standard

“ Be it enacted by the Queen's [King's] most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:-[31] ”

For money bills

“ We, Your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the Commons of the United Kingdom in Parliament assembled, towards raising the necessary supplies to defray Your Majesty's public expenses, and making an addition to the public revenue, have freely and voluntarily resolved to give and grant unto Your Majesty the several duties hereinafter mentioned; and do therefore most humbly beseech Your Majesty that it may be enacted, and be it enacted by the Queen's [King's] most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:- ”

Under the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949:

“ BE IT ENACTED by The Queen's [King's] most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Commons in this present Parliament assembled, in accordance with the provisions of the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949, and by the authority of the same, as follows:- ”

Scottish Parliament

The Scottish Parliament was granted the power to create Acts by the Scotland Act 1998. It does so through Bills, which are debated and reviewed before being voted on by the Scottish Parliament. After being voted on, a Bill is submitted for royal assent, whereupon it becomes an Act. There is then a four-week period in which the Act can be challenged and referred to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, which pay pass judgment or further refer the Act to the European Court of Justice.

The Scottish Parliament is able to create Acts for any area not explicitly listed as a matter reserved to the United Kingdom Parliament.

Sovereignty

In the UK there is still a presumption that Parliament is sovereign, however it is recognised that "Acts of Parliament are no longer sovereign but can be overruled if they are incompatible with European Laws".[32] Within that constraint Acts of Parliament are generally without limit. European Law can overturn such Acts because the European Communities Act 1972 agreed that UK law should not wish to conflict with European Law. However, if Parliament decided to, it could withdraw from the European Union and withdraw from all European law. Parliament has also devolved significant powers to the Scottish Parliament, the Northern Ireland Assembly and the National Assembly for Wales, it is free to overrule or even abolish those institutions, although this would be unlikely in practice.

British law is also made through Statutory Instruments (SIs). These are laws which are made in the name of a government minister, exercising legislative powers delegated to him or her by Act of Parliament (known as the parent Act or enabling Act). Some of these must be approved by Parliament before they can become law, others need only be laid before Parliament a certain number of days (usually 40) before coming into force. They are used because they are much faster and simpler to implement than a full Act of Parliament, and are more easily amended to reflect changing circumstances. Provided they fall within the power delegated by the enabling Act, they have the same force as an Act of Parliament, and much of the UK's law is made in this way. There are thousands of SIs each year, compared with around 50 Acts. Statutory Instruments are also used to bring Acts into force. Most Acts have sections that come into effect upon Royal Assent, or at a set date thereafter. However, other sections are brought into force using a SI which is titled [Act Name] (Commencement No. #) Order. Whilst most legislation has had a maximum of half a dozen Commencement Orders, this is not a strict limit as some Acts have had over 10.

Nothing can bind Parliament as a successive parliament can repeal the legislation.

International treaties are not effective in domestic UK law until enforced by an Act of Parliament (e.g. The European Communities Act, which brought the UK into the European Union, the Single European Act which allowed for the creation of the single European internal market or the Outer Space Act which deals with international treaties on Space).

Historical records

At the end of a medieval Parliament of England a collection of Acts of a public character was made in the form of a Statute Roll and given the title of the King’s regnal year; each particular Act forming a section, or a chapter, of the complete Statute, so that, e.g. the Vagabonds Act 1383 became VII Ric. II, c.5. Enrolment of Public Acts on manuscript parchment "Parliament Rolls" continued until 1850.[33] The longest Act of Parliament in the form of a scroll is an Act regarding taxation passed in 1821. It is nearly a quarter of a mile (348m) long, and used to take two men a whole day to rewind.[34] Until 1850, a paper draft was brought into the House in which the Bill started; after the committee stage there the Bill was inscribed on a parchment roll and this parchment was then passed to the other House which could introduce amendments. The original Bill was never re-written and knives were used to scrape away the script from the top surface of the rolls, before new text was added. Since 1850 two copies of each Act were printed on vellum, one for preservation in the House of Lords and the other for transmission to the Public Record Office.[35]

Since 1483 annual volumes of Public Acts ("Statute Books") have been printed. In these volumes not only Public Acts but also some Private Acts and various "Local and Personal Acts declared Public" have been included.[33]

All UK Acts of Parliament since 1497 are kept in the House of Lords Record Office, including the oldest Act: The "Taking of Apprentices for Worsteads in the County of Norfolk" Act 1497, a reference to the wool worsted manufacture at Worstead in Norfolk, England.[34]

Acts passed before 1 January 1963 are cited by session and chapter. The session of parliament in which the Act was passed is referred to by the regnal year or years of the reigning Monarch and his name, which is usually abbreviated. So, for example, the Treason Act 1945 may be cited:

Regnal year or years Monarch Abbreviation of "chapter" Chapter number
8 & 9 Geo 6 c 44

All Acts passed on or after 1 January 1963 are cited by calendar year and chapter.[36]

All recent Acts have a short title, or citation (e.g. Local Government Act 2003, National Health Service Act 1974).

Many Acts of a private, personal or local character often have not ever been printed, surviving only in a single manuscript copy in the Victoria Tower.[37]

Acts in force

The UK's Ministry of Justice publishes most Acts of Parliament in an on-line statute law database. It is the official revised edition of the primary legislation of the United Kingdom. The database shows Acts as amended by subsequent legislation and is the statute book of UK legislation.

Acts of constitutional importance

Important Acts in UK constitutional history include:

See also

Further reading

References

  1. ↑ Human Rights Act 1998 (c. 42). National Archives. 1998. Section 21 (Interpretation). ISBN 0-10-544298-4.
  2. ↑ "Why are new laws needed? - UK Parliament". www.parliament.uk.
  3. ↑ Scotland Act 1998 (c. 46). 1998. Section 28 (Acts of the Scottish Parliament). ISBN 0-10-544698-X.
  4. ↑ Government of Wales Act 2006 (c. 32). 2006. Sections 93 (Assembly Measures) and 107 (Acts of the Assembly).
  5. ↑ Northern Ireland Act 1998. 1998. Section 5 (Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly). ISBN 0-10-544798-6.
  6. ↑ p. 190, How Parliament Works, 6th edition, Robert Rogers and Rhodri Walters, Pearson Longman, 2006
  7. 1 2 Canterbury City Council Bill Archived 18 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine., UK Parliament Bill Tracker
  8. ↑ Northern Bank Bill Archived 18 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine., UK Parliament Bill Tracker
  9. ↑ http://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/SN06508
  10. ↑ Crossrail (Hybrid Bill) Bill, UK Parliament Bill Tracker
  11. 1 2 Rogers p. 191
  12. ↑ Finance Bill 2007–08, UK Parliament Bill Tracker
  13. 1 2 Rogers p. 193
  14. 1 2 Rogers p. 194
  15. ↑ Rogers p. 199–202
  16. ↑ Rogers p. 195
  17. ↑ Rogers p. 195–196
  18. ↑ Order of Business Monday 17 December 2007, UK Parliament
  19. ↑ Rogers p.208
  20. 1 2 3 Rogers p.210
  21. ↑ "Orders of the Day – Business of the House". House of Commons Debates. TheyWorkForYou. 14 April 1986. Retrieved 27 January 2011.
  22. ↑ Blair defeated on terror bill, Matthew Tempest, The Guardian, 9 November 2005
  23. ↑ Rogers p.209
  24. ↑ Second reading Archived 31 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine., How Parliament Works, UK Parliament
  25. ↑ Rogers p.172
  26. ↑ National Insurance Contributions Bill, Commons Hansard, 17 Dec 2007 : Column 668
  27. ↑ National Insurance Contributions Bill (Programme), UK Parliament Hansard, 17 Dec 2007 : Column 672
  28. ↑
  29. ↑ Lawrence, Jon (January 2007). "What is to be done with the second chamber?". History & Policy. United Kingdom: History & Policy. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  30. ↑ Conventions of the UK Parliament
  31. ↑ Judge, David (2005). Political institutions in the United Kingdom (Reprinted. ed.). Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-19-924426-3.
  32. ↑ Holliday, Ian, Gamble, Andrew & Parry, Geraint Fundamentals in British politics Palgrave Macmillan (1999) p. 157
  33. 1 2 House of Lords Record Office. The making and keeping of Acts at Westminster
  34. 1 2 History of Parliamentary Archives
  35. ↑ of Parliamentary Archives
  36. ↑ The Acts of Parliament Numbering and Citation Act 1962, section 1
  37. ↑ House of Lords Record Office.The making and keeping of Acts at Westminster
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