Aspasia Manos

Aspasia Manos
Princess Alexander of Greece and Denmark
Born (1896-09-04)4 September 1896
Tatoi, Athens, Greece
Died 7 August 1972(1972-08-07) (aged 75)
Ospedale Al Mare,
Lido di Venezia, Italy
Burial Venice, Italy, then Royal Cemetery, Tatoi Palace, Greece
Spouse Alexander of Greece
Issue Alexandra, Queen of Yugoslavia
Father Petros Manos
Mother Maria Argyropoulos
Religion Greek Orthodox

Aspasia Manos (Greek: Ασπασία Μάνου; 4 September 1896 – 7 August 1972) was a Greek commoner who became the wife of Alexander I, King of Greece. Due to the controversy over her marriage, she was styled Madame Manos rather than Queen Aspasia, until recognized as Princess Alexander of Greece and Denmark after Alexander's death and the restoration of King Constantine I, on 10 September 1922.

Daughter of Colonel Petros Manos, aide of King Constantine I of Greece, Aspasia grew close to the royal family. After the divorce of her parents, she was sent to study in France and Switzerland. She returned to Greece in 1915 and met Prince Alexander, with whom she began and became secretly engaged to, due to the expected refusal of the royal family to recognize the relationship of one Alexander with a woman who didn't belong to one of the European ruling dynasties.

Meanwhile, the domestic situation of Greece was complicated by World War I. King Constantine I abdicated in 1917 and Alexander was chosen as sovereign. Separated from his family and subjected to the Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos, the new ruler only found comfort in Aspasia. Despite the opposition of his parents (exiled in Switzerland) and Venizelists (who wanted the king to marry a British princess), King Alexander I secretly married Aspasia on 17 November 1919. The public revelation of the wedding shortly after caused a huge scandal, and Aspasia temporarily left Greece. However, she reunited with her husband after a few months of separation and was then allowed to return to Greece without receiving the title of Queen of the Hellenes. She became pregnant, but Alexander died on 25 October 1920, less than a year after their marriage.

At the same time, the situation in Greece was deteriorating again: the country was in the middle of a bloody conflict with the Ottoman Empire, Constantine I was restored (19 December 1920) only to be deposed again (27 September 1922), this time in favor of Diadochos George. First excluded from the royal family, Aspasia was gradually integrated after the birth of her daughter Alexandra on 25 March 1921 and later recognized with the title of Princess Alexander of Greece and Denmark after a decree issued by her father-in-law. Nevertheless, her situation remained precarious due to the dislike of her sister-in-law Elisabeth of Romania and the political instability of the country. As the only members of the royal family to be allowed to stay in Greece after the proclamation of the Republic on 25 March 1924, Aspasia and her daughter chose to settle in Florence, with Queen Sophia. They remained there until 1927 then divided their time between the United Kingdom and Venice.

The restoration of the Greek monarchy in 1935 didn't bring great change in Aspasia's life. Sheltered by her in-laws, she made the Venetian villa Garden of Eden her main residence, until the outbreak of the Greco-Italian War in 1940. After a brief return to her country, where she worked for the Red Cross, the princess spent World War II in England. In 1944, her daughter married the exiled King Peter II of Yugoslavia, and Aspasia became a grandmother with the birth of Prince Alexander in 1945. Once peace was restored, Aspasia returned to live in Venice. Her last days were marked by economic hardship, illness and especially worry for her daughter, who made several suicide attempts. Aspasia died in 1972, but it wasn't until 1993 that her remains were transferred to the royal necropolis of Tatoi.

Life

Youth

Family and early years

Petros Manos, Aspasia's father.

Aspasia was born in Tatoi, Athens on 4 September 1896 as the eldest daughter of Colonel Petros Manos and his first wife, Maria Argyropoulos.[1] Named after her maternal grandmother, Aspasia Anargyrou Petrakis,[2] she had one younger full-sister, Roxane (born 28 February 1898),[1][3][4] later wife of the athlete and industrialist Chrestos Zalokostas. From her father's second marriage with Sophie Tombazi-Mavrocordato, she had one half-sister, Rallou (born in 1915), a choreographer, modern dancer and dance teacher.

The Manos family descended, in part, from Phanariote Greeks living in Constantinople. Some of her ancestors had been leaders during the Greek War of Independence, some had been Hellenic leaders in Constantinople for centuries under the Ottoman Empire, and some had even been reigning princes of Danubian provinces: Șerban Cantacuzino, Ioan Teodor Callimachi, Nicolae Caradja and Michael Soutzos.[5] In addition, among Aspasia's immediate family were Greek personalities of the first order: her great-grandfather was Anargyros Petrakis (d. 1892), the first Mayor of Athens and several times Minister and her uncles were the deputy and writer Konstantínos Manos (1869–1913), the Minister and diplomat Periklis Argyropoulos (1871–1953) and the Prime Minister Kyriakoulis Mavromichalis.[5]

After the divorce of her parents, Aspasia leave Athens to complete her studies in France and Switzerland.[6][7] Having returned to Greece in 1915, she come to life with her mother. Shortly after, she meets her childhood friend, Prince Alexander of Greece, at a party given by Marshal Theodore Ypsilantis. Described by many of her contemporaries as a very beautiful woman,[lower-alpha 1] Aspasia immediately caught the attention of the prince who then has no other wish than to conquer her.[6]

Secret Engagement

Initially, Aspasia was very reluctant to accept the romantic advances of the prince. Renowned for his many female conquests,[6] Alexander seems to her untrustworthy because their social difference seems to make impossible any serious relationship.[lower-alpha 2] However, the perseverance of the Greek prince, who travels to Spetses in the summer of 1915 with the only purpose to see Aspasia, however, finally overcame her misgivings.[6]

Deeply in love to each other, they became engaged but their marital project remains in secret. In fact, Alexander's parents, and especially Queen Sophia (born a Prussian princess of the House of Hohenzollern) are very attached to social conventions and for them was unthinkable that any of their children could marry with people who didn't belong to European royalty.[9][10]

World War I and its consequences

The accession to the throne of Alexander I

King Alexander I of Greece, ca. 1918.

During World War I, King Constantine I (who ascended to the throne in 1913) keeps Greece in a policy of neutrality towards German Empire and the other powers of the Triple Alliance. Brother-in-law of Emperor William II, the Greek sovereign was accused by the Allies of being pro-German because he spent part of his military training in Prussia. This situation leads to the rupture between the sovereign and his Prime Minister, Eleftherios Venizelos, who was convinced of the need to support the countries of the Triple Entente to link the Greek minorities of the Ottoman Empire and the Balkans to the Hellenic Kingdom.[11] At the end, Constantin I was deposed in 1917 and replaced by his youngest son Prince Alexander, considered more malleable than his elder brother Diadochos George by the Triple Entente.[12]

The day of his accession to the throne on 10 June 1917, Alexander I reveals to his father his relationship with Aspasia and ask him the permission to marry her. Very reluctant what he considered a mésalliance, Constantine I asks his son to wait until the end of the war to marry. In return, the deposed King promises his son to be his witness on his wedding day. In these circumstances, Alexander I agreed to postpone his projected marriage until the restoration of peace.[13] Two days later, Constantine I and his relatives arrived to the small port of Oropos and take the path of exile; it is the last time that Alexander I was in contact with his family.[14]

A bond considered unequal

Once his family went into exile, Alexander I finds himself completely isolated by Eleftherios Venizelos and his supporters.[15] The entire staff of the crown was gradually replaced by the enemies of Constantine I and his son was forced to dismissed his friends when they are not simply arrested. Even the portraits of the dynasty are removed from the palaces and sometimes the new ministers to call him in his presence "son of the traitor".[16]

Prisoner in his own Kingdom, the young monarch took very badly the separation from his family. He regularly wrote letters to his parents but they were intercepted by the government and his family didn't receive them.[17] Under these conditions, the only comfort of Alexander was Aspasia[18] and he decided to marry her despite the recommendations of his father and the opposition of the Prime Minister. Indeed, Eleftherios Venizelos, despite being previously a friend of Petros Manos (Aspasia's father), feared that she used her family connections to mediate between Alexander I and his parents.[19] Above all, the Prime Minister would prefer that the monarch could marry with Princess Mary of the United Kingdom to strengthen the ties between Greece and the Triple Entente.[lower-alpha 3][10]

However, the relationship of Alexander I and Aspasia has not only enemies. The Greek royal dynasty was indeed of German-Danish origin and to find Byzantine ancestors to them they have to going back to the Middle Ages.[lower-alpha 4] In these circumstances, the union of the monarch and his fiancee would effectively Hellenize the dynasty, which would not displease all the Greeks. Finally, in the same foreign powers, particularly the British Embassy, the assumption of this marriage was seen favorably. Indeed, the influence of Aspasia is found to be positive on the sovereign,[8] because she gave to him the strength to remain in the throne.[19] The official visit of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, to Athens in March 1918 also confirmed the support of the United Kingdom to the marriage project. The son of Queen Victoria in fact requested to meet Aspasia and then told Alexander I that if he had been younger, he too would have sought to marry her.[10]

A scandalous marriage

Secret wedding

Lithograph of King Alexander I of Greece and Aspasia Manos, ca. 1918.

Faced with the complete opposition of both the government and royal family, Alexander I and Aspasia decide to marry secretly. With the help of Aspasia's brother-in-law, Chrestos Zalokostas, and after three attempts, the couple manages to be wedded by the Archimandrite Zacharistas in the evening of 17 November 1919.[8] After the ceremony (who also included a civil wedding[20]), the religious swore to keep silence about it, but he quickly break his promise and shortly after confessed the whole affair to the Metropolitan Meletius III of Athens.[21]

According to the Greek constitution, members of the royal family not only are obliged to obtain the permission of the sovereign to marry but also of the head of the Church of Greece.[22] By marrying Aspasia without the consent of the Metropolitan, Alexander I has disobeyed the law and his attitude causes a huge scandal in the country. Therefore, although the marriage of the young couple be recognized as legal, Aspasia can't use the title "Queen of the Hellenes": she was therefore known as Madame Manos.[23][24]

Unequal marriage

Despite his anger at the wedding, Eleftherios Venizelos permitted, initially, that Aspasia and her mother moved to the Royal Palace with the condition that the marriage not be made public.[8] However, the secret was soon discovered and Aspasia was forced to leave Greece to escape the scandal. Exiled, she settled firstly in Rome and then in Paris.[25] Alexander I was allowed to join her in the French capital six months later. Officially, the monarch made a state visit to the Allies' heads of state gathered at the Peace Conference. In reality, the stay was somehow as a honeymoon for the couple.[7][26]

Aspasia Manos in Greek costume, ca. 1920

Finally, Aspasia and her husband receive permission from the government to get back together in Greece during summer 1920. In the Hellenic capital, Madame Manos was firstly in her sister's house before moving to Tatoi Palace.[25] It was during this period that she became pregnant, a notice that caused a great joy to the couple.[23]

Death of Alexander I

A monkey bite

On 2 October 1920 King Alexander I had an incident when he took a walk on the lands of the domain of Tatoi. A macaque who belonged to the manager of the vineyards of the palace attack Fritz, the German shepherd dog of the sovereign, and he attempted to separate the two animals. As he did so, another monkey attacked Alexander I and bit him deeply on the leg and torso. Eventually servants arrived and chased away the monkeys (which were later destroyed), and the King's wounds were promptly cleaned and dressed but not cauterized. He didn't consider the incident serious and asked that it not be publicized.[27][28]

Long agony

From the night of the event, Alexander I was still suffering from high fever: his wounds becomes infected and soon developed in septicemia. With the rapid evolution of his illness, doctors planned to amputate his leg but no one really wants to take responsibility for such act.[29] Operated seven times, he was cared only by Aspasia during the four weeks which lasted his agony.[30] Under the effect of the blood poisoning, the young King is suffering terribly and his cries of pain where heard in all the Royal Palace. On 19 October he became delirious and called out for his mother. However, the Greek government refuses to allow the Queen Sophia to re-enter the country. In St. Moritz, where she was exiled with the rest of the royal family, the Queen begs the Hellenic authorities to let her take care of her son but Venizelos remains adamant. Finally, Dowager Queen Olga, widow of George I, was allowed to travel alone to Athens to be with her grandson. But delayed by rough seas, she didn't arrived until two hours after the King's death, on 25 October 1920.[28][31] Informed by telegram that night, other members of the royal family learn of the death with sadness.[32]

Two days after the death of the monarch, his funeral was celebrated in the Metropolitan Cathedral of Athens. Once again, the Royal Family was refused permission to enter in Greece; in consequence, apart from Aspasia, only Dowager Queen Olga was present at the funeral. The body of Alexander I was then buried royal burial ground at Tatoi Palace.[33][34]

Birth of Alexandra and its consequences

A Kingdom without a King

Four months pregnant at the time of her husband's death, Aspasia withdrew to the Diadochos Palace at Athens.[35] In Greece, the unexpected death of Alexander I has much more serious consequences: it raises the question of succession and even the survival of the monarchy. Because the King was married without his father's or the head of Orthodox Church's permission, was technically illegal, the marriage void, and the couple's posthumous child illegitimate according to law. Maintain the monarchy therefore involves finding another sovereign and as the Venizelists still oppose Constantine I and Diadochos George,[33] the government decides to offer the crown to another member of the Royal Family, the young Prince Paul. However, he refused to ascend the throne, which remains resolutely vacant.[36][37]

With Aspasia's pregnancy approaching its end, some are planning to put her child on the throne and rumors even assured that she was a supporter of this solution.[38] Anyway, the victory of the monarchists in the elections of 1 November 1920 changes everything. Dimitrios Rallis replaces Eleftherios Venizelos as Prime Minister and Constantine I was soon restored.[39][40]

A gradual integration into the Royal Family

The restoration of Constantine I at first didn't brings any change to Aspasia's situation. Considered an intriguing by part of the Royal Family, especially by her sister-in-law Princess Elisabeth of Romania who hate her, she was under the suspicion of she wanted to put her unborn child on the throne. The Royal Family feared the birth of a male child, which could further complicate the political situation at a time when Greece was already at war against the Ottoman Empire. However, not all the members of the Royal Family, share this distrust: Princess Alice of Battenberg, aunt of the deceased Alexander I, chose to spend Christmas of 1920 in the company of Aspasia. For her part, Queen Sophia, who previously strongly opposed the relationship of his son with Aspasia, approaches her daughter-in-law and waited the birth of her first grandchild.[41][42]

Queen Sophia of Greece with her newborn granddaughter Alexandra, April 1921.

The birth of Alexandra on 25 March 1921 caused a great relief to the Royal Family: under the terms of the Salic law (which prevailed in Greece), the newborn can't claim the crown and she was unlikely to be used to undermine the dynasty. King Constantine I and Dowager queen Olga therefore accept easily become the godparents of the child.[34][42] Still, neither the child nor her mother receive more official recognition; only in July 1922, and at the behest of Queen Sophia, a law was passed which allowed the King to retroactively recognize marriages of members of the Royal Family, although on a non-dynastic basis.[24] With this legal subterfuge, Alexandra obtained the style of Royal Highness and the title of Princess of Greece and Denmark. Aspasia's status, however, wasn't changed with the law and she remains a simple commoner to the eyes of protocol.[43]

Humiliated by this difference in treatment, Aspasia approached to Prince Christopher of Greece (who also married a commoner), and begs him to intercede on her behalf. Moved by the arguments of her niece-in-law, the Prince talk to Queen Sophia, who eventually changed her opinion. Under pressure from his wife, King Constantine I issued a decree, gazetted 10 September 1922 under which Aspasia received the title "Princess of Greece and Denmark" and the style of Royal Highness.[43][44][45]

Fall of the monarchy and wandering life

From Athens to Florence

Despite these positive developments, the situation of Aspasia and her daughter didn't improved. Indeed, Greece experienced a serious military defeat against Turkey and a coup d'état soon forced Constantine I to abdicate in favor of Diadochos George, on 27 September 1922.[46][47] Things where from bad to worse for the country, and a failed monachist coup d'état forced the new King George II and his family into exile in December 1923. Four months later, on 25 March 1924, the Second Hellenic Republic was proclaimed and both Aspasia and Alexandra are then the only members of the dynasty allowed to stay in Greece.[43][48][49]

Penniless, Aspasia, with her daughter, choose to follow her in-laws to the exile in early 1924. They found refuge with Queen Sophia, who moved to the Villa Bobolina in Fiesole near Florence shortly after the death of her husband in December 1923. The now Dowager Queen, who adored Alexandra, was delighted, even if her financial situation was also precarious.[50][51]

From London to Venice

The Garden of Eden, Venice.

In 1927, Aspasia and her daughter moved to Ascot, Berkshire, in the United Kingdom. They were greeted by Sir James Horlick, 4th Baronet and his family, who harbored them in their castle.[52] With her personal savings and the financial support of Horlick, Aspasia acquires a small property on the Island of Giudecca in Venice. Former home of Caroline Eden, great-aunt of British Prime Minister Anthony Eden, the villa and its 3.6 hectares of landscaped grounds are nicknamed the Garden of Eden, which delights the Greek princesses.[52][53]

Widow for many years, in 1933 Aspasia had a romantic relationship with the Sicilian prince Strabia, who asked her to marry him. She was about to accept the proposal, when he died suddenly of typhoid fever.[54][55]

Estrangement from the Greek Royal Family

Restoration of the monarchy and outbreak of World War II

In 1935, the Second Hellenic Republic was abolished and George II was restored to the throne after a referendum organized by General Georgios Kondylis.[56] While several members of the royal family decided to return to Greece, Aspasia choose to remain in Italy but claimed, in the name of her daughter, her rightful share of the inheritance of Alexander I. Unlike Princess Alexandra, Aspasia was subsequently not invited to the ceremonies who marked the return of the remains of King Constantine I, Queen Sophia and Dowager Queen Olga to the Kingdom (1936), or the wedding of her brother-on-law, the Diadochos Paul, with Princess Frederica of Hanover (1938). Even worse, Aspasia don't have any location in the royal cemetery of Tatoi, because the grave of her husband was next that of his parents in order to keep him away from his wife even in death.[57]

The outbreak of the Greco-Italian War on 28 October 1940 forced Aspasia and Alexandra to suddenly leave the fascist Italy. They settled with the rest of the royal family in Athens. Eager to serve her country in this difficult moment, Aspasia engages in the Red Cross.[52] However, after several months of victorious battles against the Italian forces, Greece was invaded by the army of the Nazi Germany and the majority of the members of the royal family leaves the country on 22 April 1941. After a brief stay in Crete, where they received a German bombing, Aspasia and her family depart for Egypt and South Africa.[58][59]

Settling in England and Alexandra's marriage

While several members of the royal family are forced to spend World War II in South Africa, Aspasia obtain the permission of King George II of Greece and the British government to moving in the United Kingdom with her daughter.[60] Arrived at Liverpool in the fall of 1941, they settled in London in the district of Mayfair. In the English capital, the Greek princesses resume their activities in the Red Cross.[57] Better accepted than in their own country, they are regularly received by the Duchess of Kent (born Princess Marina of Greece) and, during its permissions, by the future Duke of Edinburgh (born Prince Philip of Greece), who for some time was rumored as a suitable husband for Alexandra.[61]

However, Alexandra soon began a relationship with another royal. In 1942, the Greek princess met King Peter II of Yugoslavia in an officers gala at Grosvenor House. The 19-years-old sovereign lived in exile in London since the invasion of his country by the Axis powers in April 1941. They quickly fall in love to each other and eventually married on 20 March 1944, despite the opposition of the Queen Mother Marija of Yugoslavia (born Princess Maria of Romania). The ceremony was very modest because of financial difficulties related to the war, but Aspasia, who always wanted to see his daughter marry with a good party, was delighted.[lower-alpha 5][63][64]

Queen Alexandra of Yugoslavia with her son, Crown Prince Alexander, ca. 1946.

Shortly after the end of the war, on 17 July 1945, Alexandra gave birth to her only child, Crown Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia, in Suite 212 of Claridge's Hotel in Brook Street, London, who reportedly was transformed for the occasion into Yugoslav territory by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. However, the arrival of the heir to the throne was shortly preceded by the deposition of the Karađorđević dynasty and the proclamation of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia by Marshal Tito on 29 November 1945.[65] This is the beginning of a long period of difficulties, marked by financial instability, the pursuit of vain political projects and the deterioration of relations between Alexandra and Peter II.[66]

Last years

Return to Venice and financial difficulties

After World War II ended, Aspasia made the choice not to return to Greece but to return to live in Venice, on the Island of Giudecca. Back in the Garden of Eden, she found her house partially destroyed by the conflict and began to rebuild. Still penniless and also concerned about the situation of her daughter, who gave to her at one point the guardianshop of her grandson Crown Prince Alexander,[67] Aspasia leads a quiet life, punctuated by a few public appearances during worldly or cultural events. Over the years, her financial situation deteriorates even further. During the winter of 1959–1960, the Princess was no longer able to pay the heating bills and must temporarily leave the Garden of Eden to live in the hotels Europa and Britannia at Venice.[lower-alpha 6][69] Shortly after, she was forced to sell some furniture and other valuables to pay off her debts.[69]

Alexandra's depression and health problems

Aspasia Manos' tomb at Tatoi.

Broken by exile and financial difficulties, the former King Peter II of Yugoslavia gradually becomes an alcoholic and deceives his boredom by multiplying his affairs with other women. Undermined by the behavior of her husband, whom she still in love, Alexandra then adopts an attitude more and more dangerous to her health. Probably prone to anorexia, she also develops a dysmorphic disorder after the birth of her son, which leads her to undergo removal of the breasts. In 1950, the former Queen made a first attempt of suicide, during a stay with her mother. After several years of wandering between Italy, the United States and France, Alexandra finally moved permanently to the Garden of Eden after the death of Peter II, in 1970.[70]

Heartbroken by the fate of her daughter, Aspasia sees her own health gradually deteriorate over the years. Seriously ill, she can't attend the wedding of her grandson with Princess Maria da Gloria of Orléans-Braganza on 1 July 1972. One month later, on 7 August 1972,[45] Aspasia died in the Ospedale al Mare in Venice. At the time, Greece lives under the Regime of the Colonels and Alexandra chose to bury her mother in the Orthodox section of the cemetery of San Michele island near Venice. Only after the death of Alexandra, in January 1993, were the remains of Aspasia and her daughter transferred, at the request of Crown Prince Alexander of Yugoslavia, to the Royal Cemetery Plot in the park of Tatoi near Dekeleia.[71]

Ancestry

Notes

  1. ↑ British writer Compton Mackenzie describes Aspasia as follows: "She was tall and her skin remembered the beauty of classical Greece". As for Prince Christopher of Greece, he considers that "her beauty was wonderful". According to him, "she looks like one of these nymphs of the frescos of ancient Greece that would come back to life".[6]
  2. ↑ The Manos and Argyropoulos families belonged to the high Phanariote aristocracy; however, their rank is deemed insufficient to be able to marry with the one of the European ruling families.[8]
  3. ↑ However, according to Prince Peter of Greece "he believed that Eleftherios Venizelos [...] would have encouraged the marriage [of Alexander I and Aspasia] with the purpose to obtain political advantages for him and his party and in order to bring discredit to the royal family". In: Prince Peter of Greece and Denmark, Comments by HRH Prince Peter of Greece and Denmark, in Patricia H. Fleming, The Politics of Marriage Among Non-Catholic European Royalty in Current Anthropology, vol. 14, n° 3, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, June 1973, p. 246.
  4. ↑ Queen Olga, grandmother of Alexander I, was a matrilineal descendant of Byzantine Emperor Alexios III Angelos and his consort Empress Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera.
  5. ↑ Despite her desire to unite Alexandra to an important member of the European royalty, Aspasia declined the marriage proposal that King Zog I of Albania addressed to her daughter when she was 15-years-old.[62]
  6. ↑ According to Prince Michael of Greece, maintaining a mansion cost much more than renting a suite in a grand hotel, a few decades ago. Referring to the decision of his parents to move for one year in the hotel Excelsior in Rome, the prince wrote that it "seemed possible at the height of the economy of that, while today it would be exactly the opposite...".[68]

References

  1. 1 2 Manos family
  2. ↑ Ancestors of Aspasia Manos in: geneall.net [retrieved 16 July 2016].
  3. ↑ Colonel Petros (Thrasybulos) Manos, 9G Grandson in: christopherlong.co.uk [retrieved 16 July 2016].
  4. ↑ Roxana Manos in: geni.com [retrieved 16 July 2016].
  5. 1 2 Ancestry of Aspasia Manos in: Genealogics - Leo van de Pas [retrieved 16 July 2016].
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 176.
  7. 1 2 Van der Kiste 1994, p. 117.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 177.
  9. ↑ Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, pp. 176–177.
  10. 1 2 3 Van der Kiste 1994, p. 118.
  11. ↑ Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 89–101.
  12. ↑ Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 106–107.
  13. ↑ Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 117–118.
  14. ↑ Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 110–111.
  15. ↑ Van der Kiste 1994, p. 115.
  16. ↑ Van der Kiste 1994, p. 112.
  17. ↑ Van der Kiste 1994, p. 113.
  18. ↑ Gelardi 2006, p. 292.
  19. 1 2 Llewellyn Smith 1998, p. 136.
  20. ↑ Hueck, Walter von, ed. (1987). Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels Fürstliche Häuser Band XIII (in German). Limburg an der Lahn: C. A. Starke. p. 33.
  21. ↑ Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 118–119.
  22. ↑ Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 120–121.
  23. 1 2 Van der Kiste 1994, p. 119.
  24. 1 2 Diesbach, Ghislain de (1967). Secrets of the Gotha. translated from the French by Margaret Crosland. London: Chapman & Hall. p. 225.
  25. 1 2 Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 178.
  26. ↑ Palmer and Greece 1990, p. 61.
  27. ↑ Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 122–123.
  28. 1 2 Gelardi 2006, p. 293.
  29. ↑ Van der Kiste 1994, p. 123.
  30. ↑ Palmer and Greece 1990, p. 63.
  31. ↑ Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 123–124.
  32. ↑ Van der Kiste 1994, p. 124.
  33. 1 2 Van der Kiste 1994, p. 125.
  34. 1 2 Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 179.
  35. ↑ Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, pp. 178–179.
  36. ↑ Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 125–126.
  37. ↑ Llewellyn Smith 1998, p. 139.
  38. ↑ Marlene Eilers Koenig: A girl for Aspasia Manos [retrieved 17 July 2016].
  39. ↑ Llewellyn Smith 1998, pp. 144–148.
  40. ↑ Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 125–128.
  41. ↑ Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, pp. 179–180.
  42. 1 2 Vickers 2000, p. 152.
  43. 1 2 3 Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 180.
  44. ↑ Gelardi 2006, pp. 309–310.
  45. 1 2 Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh, ed. (1973). Burke's Guide to the Royal Family. 1. London: Burke's Peerage. p. 327. ISBN 0-220-66222-3.
  46. ↑ Vickers 2000, pp. 162–163.
  47. ↑ Van der Kiste 1994, p. 137.
  48. ↑ Palmer and Greece 1990, p. 67.
  49. ↑ Van der Kiste 1994, p. 144.
  50. ↑ Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 92, 180 and 402.
  51. ↑ Gelardi 2006, p. 357.
  52. 1 2 3 Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 181.
  53. ↑ Jeff Cotton: The Garden of Eden
  54. ↑ Régine Salens: Portrait - Aspasie de Grèce (archive) [retrieved 17 July 2016].
  55. ↑ Queen Alexandra of Yugoslavia, For Love of a King, Doubleday, 1956, p. 36.
  56. ↑ Van der Kiste 1994, p. 153.
  57. 1 2 Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 181 and 403
  58. ↑ Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, pp. 112–113 and 181.
  59. ↑ Van der Kiste 1994, pp. 162–164.
  60. ↑ Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 113.
  61. ↑ Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 404.
  62. ↑ Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 403
  63. ↑ Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 404 and 406.
  64. ↑ Van der Kiste 1994, p. 167.
  65. ↑ Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, pp. 406–407.
  66. ↑ Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, pp. 407–409.
  67. ↑ Diesbach, Ghislain de (1967). Secrets of the Gotha. translated from the French by Margaret Crosland. London: Chapman & Hall. p. 337.
  68. ↑ Michael of Greece, Mémoires insolites, Paris, Pocket, 2004, p. 20.
  69. 1 2 Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 182.
  70. ↑ Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, pp. 408–411.
  71. ↑ Mateos Sainz de Medrano 2004, p. 182 and 411.

Bibliography

Preceded by
Sophia of Prussia		 Consort of the King of the Hellenes
17 November 1919 – 25 October 1920 		Succeeded by
Sophia of Prussia
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