Asteroid Laser Ablation

Asteroid laser ablation is a proposed method for deflecting asteroids, involving the use of a laser array to alter the orbit of an asteroid. Laser Ablation works by heating up a substance enough to allow gaseous material to eject, either through sublimation (solid to gas) or vaporization (liquid to gas). For most asteroids this process occurs between temperatures in the range of 2700-3000 Kelvin. The ejecting material creates a thrust, which over an extended period of time can change the trajectory of the asteroid.[1] As a proof of concept on a small scale, students at UC Santa Barbara's Experimental Cosmology Lab, led by Dr. Philip Lubin, have already experimentally verified that laser ablation can de-spin an asteroid.[2] Further testing and development of this method are being done by groups at UC Santa Barbara,[1] NASA[3] and the University of Strathclyde.[4]

Necessity for Asteroid Deflection

Modern humans, or Homo sapiens, have existed for approximately 200,000 years. By comparison, the dinosaurs survived on Earth for over 100 million years before the Chixculub asteroid wiped them out. Despite the advancements in technology made by humans over the past hundred years there are still no viable defense mechanisms against an asteroid impact. Asteroids could still potentially pose a serious threat to every major city on earth and even to our whole species.[5]

Chelyabinsk meteor

February, 2013, the Chelyabinsk Meteor exploded at a height of 30 kilometers over western Russia. The meteor, which weighed around 15 million pounds, was estimated to be traveling 40,000 miles per hour and entered Earth's atmosphere at an angle of 20 degrees.[6] The explosion was between 20-30 times stronger than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima; the resulting shock wave broke windows on the ground and injured around 1,500 people. Due to the meteor's relatively shallow angle it exploded high in Earth atmosphere. However, had the meteor reached Earth's surface or exploded lower in the atmosphere the results could have been catastrophic.

Detection

Despite NASA's efforts to detect Near Earth Objects (NEO's), the Chelyabinsk Meteor went undetected. In recent years, NASA, in partnership with the European Space Agency, have been increasing their efforts to track all NEO's with the potential to cross Earth's orbit.[7] On their website, NASA has a public list of all known NEO's which present a potential impact risk.[8] However, the list remains incomplete and the question of what to do in the event of an imminent impact remains unanswered.

Politics of deflection

Laser Ablation is a promising method because it allows an asteroid to be redirected without breaking the asteroid into smaller pieces, each of which may pose its own threat to Earth. The nuclear impactor is another proposed method for deflecting asteroids, but is less promising than laser ablation for both political and technical reasons:

Laser ablation is already being experimentally tested in labs as a method for asteroid deflection and there are plans to begin testing on the International Space Station (ISS), and in low earth orbit.

A small scale way to verify nuclear powered ablation

Short acting laser ablation is used, to verify and explore, the effectiveness of the powerful thermal X-ray pulse that would be emitted upon the detonation of an asteroid stand-off nuclear explosive device. Investigations to this end were conducted in 2015 by exposing common meteorite fragments to tuned laser pulses, provided by Sandia National Laboratory.[9]

In operation

  1. A laser array is focused on the target asteroid.
  2. The laser heats the surface of the asteroid to extremely high temperatures (2700-3000 Kelvin).[1]
  3. Material on the surface of the asteroid begins to sublimate (the rock and/or metal transitions from solid to gas) and ejects away from the asteroid.
  4. Newton's third law states that for any action there is an equal and opposite reaction. As the material becomes a gas it is pushed away from the asteroid and by Newton's third law, it also pushes back on the asteroid with an equal force, called a thrust.
  5. Newton's second law states that force is equal to mass times acceleration, or F=ma. Although the thrust on the asteroid is tiny in comparison to the asteroid's mass, by Newton's second law there will still be some small acceleration.
  6. Over time the small acceleration on the asteroid significantly alters its trajectory. Once the asteroid is no longer on course to collide with Earth the laser can be removed.
  7. Deflecting an asteroid using laser ablation will likely take between 1 and 10 years, depending on a number of factors.[10]

Technical details

Proposed systems

There are two types of proposed asteroid laser ablation systems, a stand-on system and a stand-off system. The main difference is the size and position of the laser array used.[1][10]

Stand-on system

A stand-on system consists of a small laser array which is sent to the target asteroid. The system would be limited to small or medium size asteroids and would require detection relatively far in advance. For a short notice threat a stand-on system would be ineffective, due to the time required to build and send the system to the target. Additionally, a new system would be required for each target. In the short term a stand-on system could be affordable and feasible; however, in the long term a larger system able to deflect asteroids of all sizes is more practical.[1]

Stand-off system

A stand-off system is a large laser array which would orbit the Earth or possibly the moon. It would range from approximately the size of the ISS to around 10 times larger. The system would be able to deflect even the largest asteroids, which can be hundreds of kilometers across,[11] and also ideally be able to target multiple asteroids at once if necessary. Although this system would be the most effective against a wide variety of threats, its size, and consequentially its cost, make it an unrealistic option for the near future. The implementation of this type of system would likely require the cooperation and collaboration of multiple governments and agencies.[10]

Important factors

There are many factors which contribute to the effectiveness of an asteroid laser ablation system. Researchers have been looking at the strength of the laser,[10] as well as, the shape and composition of the target asteroid,[4] as two of the most important factors.

Laser strength

A stronger laser can create a greater thrust on an asteroid. Researchers at UC Santa Barbara have experimentally simulated the time it would take to redirect a moderately sized asteroid using different strength lasers. The strongest lasers tested could hypothetically require under a year to redirect an asteroid a safe distance from the Earth, while the weakest lasers could take up to 10 years.[10]

Choosing the optimal laser strength is a question of balancing the cost, energy use, and desired level of protection.

Source of power

Typically such systems require substantial amounts of power. For space-based systems, this might require either some form of nuclear power, or power from a Space-Based Solar Power satellite. Many proponents of Space-Based Solar Power imagine one of the benefits of such an infrastructure includes the ability to divert asteroids and comets are alter their trajectory for exploitation via asteroid mining, as well as for laser-sail based interstellar propulsion.

Asteroid composition

Asteroids vary greatly in their composition and shape. An asteroid's composition can range from entirely metallic, to entirely rocky, to a mix of rock and metals.[11] The composition must be taken into account since each material behaves differently when ablated. Initial trials at the University of Strathclyde have shown that laser ablation could be more effective on dense metallic asteroids, because of the shape made by the ejecting material.[4]

Asteroid shape

In simulations asteroids have been assumed to be spherical; however, in reality most asteroids are irregularly shaped. One of the next steps for research on laser ablation is simulating how a thrust may affect the trajectory of irregularly shaped asteroids.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Lubin, Philip (April 2015). "Effective Planetary Defense using Directed Energy" (PDF). 4th IAA Planetary Defense Conference.
  2. ↑ UCSB Experimental Cosmology Group (2015-07-31), De-Spinning and Spinning Up Disc-like Asteroid, retrieved 2016-01-29
  3. ↑ Campbell, Jonathan W.; Phipps, Claude; Smalley, Larry; Reilly, James; Boccio, Dona (2003-05-14). "The Impact Imperative: Laser Ablation for Deflecting Asteroids, Meteoroids, and Comets from Impacting the Earth". AIP Conference Proceedings. AIP Publishing. 664: 509–522. doi:10.1063/1.1582138.
  4. 1 2 3 Gibbings, Alison (May 9, 2011). "On Testing Laser Ablation Processes for Asteroid Deflection". 2011 IAA Planetary Defense Conference. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
  5. ↑ "How (and Why) SpaceX Will Colonize Mars - Wait But Why". waitbutwhy.com. Retrieved 2016-02-07.
  6. ↑ Kaplan, Karen (2013-03-27). "Russian meteor, a 'death rock from space,' stars on 'Nova'". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
  7. ↑ "NASA Office to Coordinate Asteroid Detection, Hazard Mitigation". NASA/JPL. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
  8. ↑ "Current Impact Risks". neo.jpl.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on December 31, 2014. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
  9. ↑ How to Stop a Killer Asteroid When a civilization-ending space rock bears down on us, this nuclear option might just save our species. 2015
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Lubin, Philip (August 2013). "Directed Energy Planetary Defense" (PDF). SPIE Optics + Photonics, San Diego. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  11. 1 2 "Asteroids – Facts and Information about Asteroids". Space.com. Retrieved 2016-02-07.
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