Atiqa bint Zayd

Atiqa bint Zayd was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a wife of Umar the second Caliph. She was a poet who is notable for having married men who died as shahids.

Early life

She was the daughter of Zayd ibn Amr, a member of the Adi clan of the Quraysh in Mecca, and of Umm Kurz Safiya bint al-Hadrami.[1]:186[2] Sa'id ibn Zayd was her brother.[3]:296[2] Their father was murdered in 605.[4]:102-103

Atiqa was probably still a child when Muhammad declared himself to be a prophet in 610.[4]:281 Sa'id was among the early converts,[4]:116[3]:299 and Atiqa became a Muslim too.[1]:186

First marriage

Her first husband was her cousin, Zayd ibn al-Khattab,[2] who was much older than herself. He was also a Muslim,[3]:294 and it was presumably in his company that Atiqa joined the general emigration to Medina in 622.[1]:186[2]

This marriage apparently ended in divorce, for Atiqa had already remarried by the time of Zayd's death at the Battle of Yamama in December 632.[2]

Second marriage

Married life

Her second husband was Abdullah ibn Abi Bakr.[1]:186[5]:101 It was said that Abdullah respected Atiqa's judgment more than his own and that he spent so much time with her that he was too busy to fight in the Islamic army.[2][6]

Divorce

Abu Bakr punished his son by ordering him to divorce her.[2][6] However, Al-Baladhuri says that the reason Abu Bakr ordered the divorce was because Atiqa was barren.[7]:267 Abdullah did as he was told but was grief-stricken. He wrote poetry for her:[2][6]

I have never known a man like me divorce a woman like her,
nor any woman like her divorced for no fault of her own.[1]

  1. ^ Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani. Al-Isaba fi tamyiz al-Sahaba vol. 8 #11448.

In the end Abdullah was allowed to take Atiqa back before her waiting period was completed.[2][6]:87

Death of Muhammad

When Muhammad died in 632, Atiqa composed an elegy for him.

His camels have been lonely since evening;
he used to ride them and he was their adornment.
I have been weeping for the Chief since evening,
and tears are flowing in succession.
Thy wives are still lying in swoons
because of grief that grows greater moment by moment;
they turned pale like a javelin
that becomes useless and changes its colour;
they are remedying chronic sorrow,
but the pain reacts on the heart;
they beat their fine faces with their palms,
for that is what happens at times like this.
He was excellent and the chosen Chief.
Their religion was united on truth.
How can I live longer than the Messenger,
who died at his appointed hour?[1]

  1. ^ Muhammad ibn Saad. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir vol. 2. Translated by Haq, S. M. (1972). Ibn Sa'd's Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir Volume II Parts I & II, p. 430. Delhi: Kitab Bhavan.

Death of Abdullah

Abdullah settled a large amount of property on Atiqa on condition that she would not remarry after his death.[1]:186[8][7]:267[2] He died in Medina in January 633 from an old battle-wound originally incurred at the Siege of Ta'if.[9]:76[2] Atiqa composed an elegy for him.

I vow that mine eye will not cease to weep for thee
and my skin will be covered with dust.[1]:187[2]:267

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference Saad8 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference Shuraydi was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

She refused several suitors in the following months.[1]:186[8]

Third marriage

Courtship

Umar, the future second Caliph and Atiqa's first cousin, told her that she had been wrong to renounce her right to remarry, "denying yourself what God has permitted."[1]:186[2] He proposed to her, and she refused him. So Umar told her guardian, "Marry her to me," and the guardian did so. Umar then entered her house to consummate the marriage. Atiqa struggled against him, but he raped her. As he left her, he said, "Bother! I say 'bother' to her!" He did not visit her house again until she sent a servant with a message saying she accepted him as her husband.[1]:186

The broken vow

After Umar became Caliph,[10]:70 when Aisha learned that Atiqa had broken her vow of celibacy, she sent her a message:

I vow that mine eye will not cease to be dry for thee,
and my skin will be yellow with dye.
Return our property to us![1]:267-268

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference Shuraydi was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

When Ali also recited this poem to them, Umar told Atiqa to return the land.[1]:187[2][7]:268 He settled an equivalent sum of money on her, which she distributed in alms to expiate the breaking of her vow to Abdullah.[7]:267

Married life

From her marriage to Umar, Atiqa gave birth to a son named Iyad.[3]:204

One story of their married life tells how the Governor of Basra gave Atiqa a carpet. When Umar saw it, he picked it up and "hit her on the head with it until her head shook". Then he summoned the Governor and asked him, "What made you give something to my wives?" He hit his head with it, saying, "Take it! We have no need of it!"[3]:239

Atiqa used to ask Umar's permission to attend public prayers at the mosque. Umar preferred his wives to remain at home and expressed his displeasure with silence. Atiqa told him that she was not going to stop asking permission, and that she would go to the mosque unless he specifically forbade her. He remained silent, presumably because he could not forbid something that Muhammad had permitted, and so Atiqa continued to attend.[11][1]:188-189[2][12]

Death of Umar

She was present at the Mosque when Umar was assassinated there in November 644.[3]:285[12] She composed elegies for him.

Eye! let thy tears and weeping be abundant
and weary not - over the noble chief.
Death hath afflicted me in the fall of a horseman
Distinguished in the day of battle ...[1]:152

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference Suyuti was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

Compassionate to those closest, tough against his enemies,
someone to trust in times of bad fortune and answering,
whenever he gave his word, his deeds did not belie his word,
swift to good deeds, and not with a frown.[1]:130

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference Tabari14 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

Fourth marriage

Courtship

After Umar's death, Atiqa married Zubayr ibn al-Awam.[5]:101 She made it a condition of their marriage contract that he would not beat her, that he would continue to permit her to visit the mosque at will and that he would not withhold "any of her rights".[2][6]:88[8]

Married life

Zubayr regretted permitting her to attend public prayers and tried to discourage her. She retorted: "Are you so jealous that you want me to forsake a place where I have prayed with the Prophet, Abu Bakr and Umar?"[7]:268 Since he did not dare forbid her outright to attend, he found an indirect way to deter her. He lay in wait for her when she was on her way to night prayers and slapped her rump in the dark.[7]:268[12] (An alternative tradition says that Zubayr instructed another man to deliver the slap.[2]) She exclaimed: "Why? May God cut off your hand!"[7]:268 Later, when Zubayr asked why she had not attended prayers that night, she complained, "People have become wicked."[2][6]:88[7]:268[12] (In one version of this tradition, Zubayr confessed that he had been the man who slapped her.[7]:268) She decided thenceforth to pray at home.[6]:88[2][7]:268[12]

Death of Zubayr

Zubayr was killed at the Battle of the Camel in December 656.[3]:83-86 Atiqa also composed an elegy for him.

If he could have been awakened, he would have been found
not shaking with a quivering heart or hand.
You will be lucky to find anyone like him
among those who remain, who come and go ...
If you have killed a Muslim, then you must suffer the penalty for murder.[1]

  1. ^ Sallabi, A. H. (2010). Biography of Ali Ibn Abi-Talib: A Comprehensive Study of His Personality and Era, volume 2, p. 88. Riyadh: Darussalam.

It was at this point that people began to say: "Let a man who wants to be a shahid marry Atiqa bint Zayd!"[6]:89 Ali himself proposed to her, but she told him, "I would not want you to die, O cousin of the Prophet."[7]:268

Fifth marriage

Atiqa's fifth husband was Ali's own son, Husayn, who must have been some twenty years younger than herself. He was also reckoned a shahid because he was killed at the Battle of Karbala in October 680;[6]:89[8][7]:268 however, Atiqa apparently predeceased him.

Death

Atiqa died in 672.[8]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Muhammad ibn Saad. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir vol. 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). The Women of Madina. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani. Al-Isaba fi tamyiz al-Sahaba vol. 8 #11448.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Muhammad ibn Saad. Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). The Companions of Badr. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.
  4. 1 2 3 Muhammad ibn Ishaq. Sirat Rasul Allah. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). The Life of Muhammad. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  5. 1 2 Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. Tarikh al-Rusul wa'l-Muluk. Translated by Smith, G. R. (1994). Volume 14: The Conquest of Iran. Albany: State University of New York Press.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Abbott, N. (1942). Aishah - the Beloved of Mohammed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Shuraydi, H. (2014). The Raven and the Falcon: Youth versus Old Age in Medieval Arabic Literature. Leiden: Brill.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Ahmed, L. (1992). Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate, p. 76. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.
  9. ↑ Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti. History of the Caliphs. Translated by Jarrett, H. S. (1881). Calcutta: The Asiatic Society.
  10. ↑ Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. Tarikh al Rusual wa'l-Muluk. Translated by Blankinship, K. Y. (1993). Volume 11: The Challenge to the Empires. Albany: State University of New York Press.
  11. ↑ Malik ibn Anas. Muwatta 14:14.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Holmes Katz, M. (2013). Prayer in Islamic Thought and Practice, p. 191. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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