Aulnay-sous-Bois

Aulnay-sous-Bois

Town hall

Coat of arms

Paris and inner ring departments
Coordinates: 48°56′19″N 2°29′26″E / 48.9386°N 2.4906°E / 48.9386; 2.4906Coordinates: 48°56′19″N 2°29′26″E / 48.9386°N 2.4906°E / 48.9386; 2.4906
Country France
Region Île-de-France
Department Seine-Saint-Denis
Arrondissement Le Raincy
Canton Aulnay-sous-Bois
Intercommunality Paris Terres d'Envol
Government
 • Mayor (2014-2020) Bruno Beschizza
Area1 16.2 km2 (6.3 sq mi)
Population (2013)2 82,634
 • Density 5,100/km2 (13,000/sq mi)
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
INSEE/Postal code 93005 / 93600

1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.

Aulnay-sous-Bois (French pronunciation: ​[ɔnɛsubwa]) is a French commune in the Seine-Saint-Denis department in the Île-de-France region in the north-eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 13.9 km (8.6 mi) from the Kilometre zero.

The inhabitants of the commune are known as Aulnaysiens or Aulnaysiennes.[1]

The commune has been awarded four flowers by the National Council of Towns and Villages in Bloom in the Competition of cities and villages in Bloom.[2]

Geography

Aulnay once had a stream: the Morée. It has long been piped into a departmental sewer

Situation

Aulnay-sous-Bois is located in the Paris area and is 19 km north-east of Notre-Dame Cathedral, 1 km east of Le Bourget Airport, and 5 km south-west of Charles de Gaulle Airport. The commune stretches over a length of 6.5 km from north to south and a width ranging from 1.4 to 4.3 km from east to west and covers an area of 1,620 hectares.

The town is surrounded by the A3 autoroute in the west which joins the A1 autoroute in the north. Route nationale 2 passes through the heart of the commune from west to east with the N370 coming from the south-east along the eastern border to join the N2. The D44 passes through from north-west to south-east and the D115 from Bobigny in the south-west passes through the centre and continues to Villepinte in the east. The Ourcq Canal passes through the south-eastern end, adjacent to Livry-Gargan.

Distribution of urban zones is:

Quartiers or Districts

Panorama of Aulnay-sous-Bois

Rose-des-Vents

When the construction of Clos Saint-Lazare at Stains ended, urbanization of the northern districts of Aulnay-sous-Bois began. The idea was to create an area of factories. It was on this basis that the area of Rose des Vents was built in 1969 in the northern part of Aulnay-sous-Bois. This "Great Housing Estate" was built on former agricultural land. Its mission was to provide shelter for workers and managers for a new Citroën plant to be located a few hundred metres away.

Beyond the Rose des Vents, which is also known as the City of 3000, all of the housing estates in the northern districts total 6,500 housing units including 745 detached houses. 24,000 people, or 30% of the population of Aulnay-sous-Bois, are housed on 4% of the territory.

Neighbouring communes

 Gonesse Vaudherland Tremblay-en-France
Le Blanc-Mesnil Sevran
   Aulnay-sous-Bois  
Bobigny Les Pavillons-sous-Bois Livry-Gargan

Communication routes

Roads

The city is served by:

SNCF Railway station, tramway

The SNCF Railway Station

The commune is traversed by the main railway line from Paris to Soissons, Laon, and Hirson which serves the Aulnay-sous-Bois railway station where all buses and semi-direct services of RERRER B (Roissy and Mitry-Mory) and the Transilien Paris to Crépy-en-Valois TransilienTransilien Paris – Nord (connecting with TER Villers to Cotterêts/Soissons/Laon) stop and it is the terminus of the Tramways in Île-de-FranceÎle-de-France tramway Line 4 line. The station has a park and ride with a parking fee.

Since November 2006, the classic commuter train the Ligne des Coquetiers (The Egg-cups line) between Aulnay-sous-Bois to Bondy has been replaced by a Tram-train Tramways in Île-de-FranceÎle-de-France tramway Line 4 that takes the same route and allows connection to the RERRER B and RER E. Two branches are planned: the first to Clichy-sous-Bois and Montfermeil on the Gargan heights; the second towards Garonor through Rose-des-Vents and the N370 to the heights of Rougemont-Chanteloup.

Between September 2009 to January 2011, the Aulnay-sous-Bois station RERRER B has had work done to allow access to all platforms for disabled persons including: the development of four lifts, the rehabilitation of the railway station and underpasses, and the installation of new lighting. Aulnay-sous-Bois station RERRER B TransilienTransilien Paris – Nord Tramways in Île-de-FranceÎle-de-France tramway Line 4 is also served by bus routes:

Villepinte Station RERRER B is located halfway between Aulnay-sous-Bois and Villepinte and it provides access to the district of Rose des Vents. Villepinte station is served by buses: TRA 609 615 617 642 683(RER) (B)(BUS)

In 2023 a station on line 16 in the Grand Paris Express project is planned north of the commune on the embankment of the former N2 road. Its platforms will be at a depth of 15 metres.[3][4]

Bus

The city is served by various bus networks:

In the medium term, it is proposed the creation of a "transverse" line by merging (BUS) TRA 614 627 637 lines. In addition, it is also planned to create a circular line to connect different parts of the city to avoid "reloading" (a change of bus) for trips between all economic areas of the city and its public facilities.

Taxi stand

There is a taxi rank at Aulnay-sous-Bois station .

Air transport

Aulnay-sous-Bois is located 5 km from Charles de Gaulle Airport. The airport can be reached by RERRER B (4 stations) or by the A1 and A3 autoroutes.

Toponymy

"Aulnay" is a common French toponym and may derive from the Medieval Latin alnetum meaning "alder grove" after the alder trees (French: aulnes) which covered Aulnay-sous-Bois in ancient times.An alternative derivation is that Aulnay takes its name from its location in pagellus alnetenis - Aulnaye Country

Aulnoye or Aunois was a small agricultural area in Île-de-France. It included a dozen villages and hamlets scattered between thickets, meadows and woods. The village was surrounded by the Forest of Bondy which covered most of the north-east of Paris.

The location previously bore the names Aunay, Aunais, Anay, Aunoye, Aulnaye, Aulnay-la-Fosse, Aulnay-en-France (15th century), becoming Aulnay-lès-Bondy (i.e. "Aulnay by Bondy") in 1787. The commune was renamed Aulnay-sous-Bois (i.e. "Aulnay by the woods") on 5 January 1903 in reference to the ancient Forest of Bondy. Other nearby commune names (Clichy-sous-Bois, Les Pavillons-sous-Bois, and Rosny-sous-Bois) also refer to the same forest.[5]

History

The ruins of the Château of Aulnay in the early 20th century

The area was originally settled around 6000 BC (remains found in the Valley of Sausset). Between the 4th and 2nd centuries BC, farmers living around a "villa" belonging to Sabinus - the Savigny Farm. Two places independent from the parish of Saint Sulpice were Savigny and Nonneville which were attached to the current village. Until the 15th century the lords bore the name of d'Aulnay. The lord Jacques Coitier passed succession to his heirs through his nephew to the Gourgues family. The Canal de l'Ourcq was dug during the Napoleonic period to facilitate relations with Paris. Excavation began in 1803 and the canal was opened between Paris and Claye in 1813.

The register of city council meetings shows that 13 May 1814 was the first Prussian occupation of the village. There were also Prussian occupations in 1814 and 1870. Over a long period houses were destroyed and fields remained deserted. On 15 August 1838 a postal boat service was started on the Canal de l'Ourcq from Paris to Meaux. This service stopped in 1849. In 1875 the French Northern Railway opened a station on the new Paris to Soissons line. The rise of Aulnay was largely due to this event. In 1883 the Parc district began to emerge in the south from a fragment of the Forest of Bondy. In the years which followed cohabitation between the rural community of Vieux-Pays (Old Country) and the more urban community of Parc was difficult. There was even talk of cutting the city in two: Aulnay-les-Bondy for Vieux-Pays and Aulnay-sous-Bois for Parc. The population of Aulnay rose from 780 inhabitants in 1885 to 1,012 in 1886. In 1896 the municipal council was mostly made up of inhabitants of Parc but undertook the development of the entire community of Aulnay. A school, a post office, streets, and bridges were built in the south. The creation of "worker trains" by the French Northern Railway attracted many workers to acquire land. Large properties began to fragment. Parc was sold in lots. Tempted by the greenery on the outskirts of Paris, Parisians bought land and transformed the place into a holiday and residential area.

At the beginning of the 20th century Aulnay grew through accentuation on rail traffic and installation of industries. On 5 January 1903, the city became Aulnay-sous-Bois. In September 1914 Aulnay was saved from German military occupation by the counter-offensive during the First Battle of the Marne. In 1924 the Radiator Company commenced operation and provided employment for 2,300 workers. Other small mechanical or chemical industries also moved to Aulnay. Between 1920 and 1931 most of the housing estates were completed. In 1935 the population of the housing estates represented approximately 40% of the total population of Aulnay. In 1955 the large rural area in the north of the commune began to urbanize: large multi-family housing estates were planned and built. In 1962 the first group of buildings at Merisiers was built.

In 1969 and 1970 a housing zone of 3,000 housing units was built in the district of Rose des Vents. In 1971 the Citroën company opened its first factory in the Paris region north of the city. By 1985 Aulnay was completely urbanized. At that date the extension of the northern part and the establishment of industrial zones was complete. Many facilities were added in the districts and gave the city its present face.

Heraldry

 Blazon:

Or, an alder eradicated proper.

Politics and Administration

Aulnay-sous-Bois Town Hall
Wide angle view of the Town Hall

Administration

Since the French canton reform, which came into effect in March 2015, Aulnay-sous-Bois forms one canton: Canton of Aulnay-sous-Bois.

The city is part of the Syndicat d'équipement et d'aménagement des Pays de France et de l'Aulnoye (Facilities and development association of Pays de France and Aulnoye) (SEAPFA).

Administrative changes

Until 1787, the parish of Aulnay was part of the province of Île-de-France, Prévôté, Généralité, Élection de Paris, Subdélégation de Saint-Denis. In 1787, during the formation of the department of Saint-Germain, the village of Aulnay was within the jurisdiction of Gonesse. In 1790 Aulnay was part of the department of Seine-et-Oise, of the canton and district of Gonesse

In 1801 Aulnay became Aulnay-lès-Bondy and was part of the arrondissement of Pontoise. In 1903 Aulnay-lès-Bondy became Aulnay-sous-Bois. The first Canton of Aulnay-sous-Bois was founded in 1922 and included Blanc-Mesnil, Sevran, Villepinte, and Tremblay-les-Gonesse. From 1964 the city formed a Canton of Aulnay alone. Aulnay-sous-Bois, previously under the Department of Seine-et-Oise and the arrondissement of Pontoise, was attached to the new department of Seine-Saint-Denis, Arrondissement of Le Raincy, under the Act of 10 July 1964. This reform came into force on 1 January 1968. Between July 1967 and March 2015, Aulnay-sous-Bois was divided into two separate electoral districts and had two councillors.

List of Successive Mayors[6]

The French municipal elections, 2008, in Aulnay-sous-Bois were annulled on 2 October 2008 by the Administrative Court of Cergy-Pontoise due to putting up posters in the night before the second round of municipal elections.[7] An appeal was brought before the Council of State and the municipal council and the elections in March 2008 remained in place until the court's decision.[8] The elections were finally validated after the decision of the court.

Mayors from 1939
From To Name Party Position
1939 1941 Henri Fourquez
1941 1944 Charles Drocourt
1944 1944 Jean Perlis
1944 1944 Narcisse Renaudot
1944 1945 Maurice Nilès PCF
1945 1947 Pierre Scohy PCF
1947 1959 Fernand Herbaut SFIO
1959 1964 Robert Courtat SFIO
1964 1965 Maurice Cadot SFIO
1965 1971 Louis Solbès PCF
1971 1977 Robert Ballanger PCF
1977 1983 Pierre Thomas PCF
1983 1983 Gilbert Seron
1983 2003 Jean-Claude Abrioux UMP
2003 2008 Gérard Gaudron UMP
2008 2014 Gérard Ségura PS
2014 2020 Bruno Beschizza[9] UMP

(Not all data is known)

Demographics

According to INSEE (2004), the average household income is €15,000. Much of the upper-middle class lives in the south of the town. The canton of Aulnay-Sud has a very different character from the canton of Aulnay-Nord, owing to differences in education and wages. For example, the average income in the south of the town is around €20,000 - €25,000 (2004), much higher than the national average of €15,000 (2004). Furthermore, the north (Aulnay-Nord) has a high number of HLM (public housing). There is even a political divide, with Aulnay-Nord Canton sending a Socialist representative (Gerard Segura) to the Council-General for the Seine-Saint-Denis Department, but Aulnay-Sud a conservative (Jacques Chaussat).

Immigration

Place of birth of residents of Aulnay-sous-Bois in 1999
Born in Metropolitan France Born outside Metropolitan France
71.9% 28.1%
Born in
Overseas France 		Born in foreign countries with French citizenship at birth1 EU-15 immigrants2 Non-EU-15 immigrants
2.9% 2.6% 3.4% 19.2%
1This group is made up largely of former French settlers, such as pieds-noirs in Northwest Africa, followed by former colonial citizens who had French citizenship at birth (such as was often the case for the native elite in French colonies), and to a lesser extent foreign-born children of French expatriates. Note that a foreign country is understood as a country not part of France in 1999, so a person born for example in 1950 in Algeria, when Algeria was an integral part of France, is nonetheless listed as a person born in a foreign country in French statistics.
2An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.

As of circa 1998 there were about 3,000 persons of East and Southeast Asian origin in Aulnay, while there were a total of 6,000 living in the area around Aulnay. Most of them were of Cambodian origin, including those with and without Cambodian citizenship. The commune also had an above-average number of persons of Laotian origin, including those with and without Laotian citizenship. Ethnicities included Khmer people, Lao people, and Overseas Chinese.[10]

Many Asian families in Aulnay arrived in the period 1982 through 1990. As of circa 1998 most of the Asians in Aulnay resided in Les Trois Mille, a social housing estate, mainly due to a social agency wanting to increase ethnic diversity in a predominately North African area.[10]

As of circa 1998 there were about 1,280 Asians in the Aulnay area active in the job market, and about 100 of the ethnic Chinese in the Aulnay area worked in Belleville and the 13th arrondissement of Paris. Even though Citroen factories are in proximity to Tres Trois Mille, relatively less than 88 of the Asians in Aulnay work in the factories.[10]

Political trends and results

For the 2007 elections Aulnay-sous-Bois was one of 82 communes[11] with more than 3,500 people to use voting machines. They have been used for all polling stations since the 2004 European elections. The municipal council elected in 2008 decided to return to vote by paper ballots.

Twinning

Aulnay-sous-Bois has twinning associations with:[12]

Demography

In 2010 the commune had 82,120 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.[Note 1]

Population Change (See database)
1793 1800 1806 1821 1831 1836 1841 1846 1851
580 536 563 513 577 584 611 622 637
1856 1861 1866 1872 1876 1881 1886 1891 1896
646 646 680 627 765 780 1,012 1,306 1,878
1901 1906 1911 1921 1926 1931 1936 1946 1954
2,829 4,417 7,141 11,928 21,636 31,426 31,763 32,356 38,534
1962 1968 1975 1982 1990 1999 2006 2010 -
47,507 61,521 78,137 75,996 82,314 80,021 81,200 82,120 -

Sources : Ldh/EHESS/Cassini until 1962, INSEE database from 1968 (population without double counting and municipal population from 2006)

The Centre for Strategic Analysis conducted a study on the city: the extract below tends to reflect a bad reputation, not necessarily deserved in all its aspects.

"It would be wrong to present Aulnay simply as a disadvantaged commune. It is a city which is composed in part of professions, middle, and senior management. It is also a city with important economic resources - three economic centres are located there: a PSA Peugeot Citroën factory, a L'Oréal group centre, and a Garanor centre of economic activity..."

In 2011 Aulnay-sous-Bois was the 55th most populated commune in France.[13]

Economy

The city had good growth due to companies like L'Oréal and PSA Peugeot Citroën being located there. There are concerns, however, resulting from the departure of Xerox France[14] and the fears that plague the Citroën plant.[15]

Statistics

Aulnay-sous-Bois had 3,398 business enterprises in 2012 and 622 new enterprises were created in that year.[16]

Large companies

The Peugeot-Citroën Aulnay factory from Robert Ballanger park

The city itself employs nearly 2,400 people and thus constitutes one of the largest employers in the town (see Administrative Staff).

Major companies headquartered in Aulnay-sous-Bois[17] Data 2003
Name Activity Turnover (000s) Website
XEROX-FRANCE
(Xerox France left Aulnay-sous-Bois in 2007[14])		 Office equipment & IT €996,565 www.xerox.fr
GAUX PHARMA DEPOTS pharmaceutical warehousing €410,951
SOPROREAL (L’ORÉAL) Cosmetics €140,200 www.loreal.fr
XEROX DOCUMENT SUPPLIES Office consumables €68,707
POWER CONTROLS-FRANCE (VYNCKIER) Electrical equipment €58,888
FREIGHT LOGISTICS Freight Transport €32,759
GARONOR (AGF) Warehousing €30,819
PARIS NORD AUTOMOBILES Auto Dealers €30,265
SOLDIS Coatings €28,956

Automotive production

In May 1973 it was reported that the first Citroën DS had emerged from the production line at Citroën's new plant at Aulnay.[18] The plant has subsequently produced various Citroën and Peugeot models and has on occasion hit the headlines as a focus of industrial strife. On 12 July 2012 PSA Peugeot Citroën announced that it will permanently close the Aulnay-sous-Bois plant due to overcapacity.[19]

Aulnay is also the site of the subterranean Citroën repository of Citroën archives and 370 Citroën cars produced over the years. The repository, established in 2002,[20] is not open to the public although members of Citroën enthusiasts' clubs and other important visitors are occasionally granted access to it.

Shops

The O'Parinor regional mall is located in the commune.

The O'Parinor regional mall from Robert Ballanger park
Parking area at O'Parinor in September 2009

There is an Intermarché Hypermarket in Chanteloup.

There is at least one market every day from Tuesday through Sunday:

Two markets were held on the Place des Etangs and in the Ambourget district without success.

Culture and heritage

Civil heritage

The commune has a number of buildings which contain items registered as historical objects:

Religious heritage

The Church of Saint-Sulpice

The commune has one religious building that is registered as a historical monument:

Other churches contain items registered as historical objects:

Parks

Aulnay has 153 hectares of green space of which these are the main ones:

The Sausset departmental park and the City of 3000 (Rose des Vents) in the background
Robert Ballanger Park and the City of 3000 (Rose des Vents) in the background
The banks of the Canal de l'Ourcq

Facilities

Cultural Facilities

The Conservatory of Music
The Jacques Prévert Theatre and cinema
Dumont Library

Cultural events and festivals

Perhaps a precursor to the Festival of the Canal de l'Ourcq (Postcard from the beginning of the 20th century)

In 1981 and 1982, Aulnay-sous-Bois was a stage town for the 68th and 69th Tour de France during the 10th stage (Le Mans-Aulnay-sous-Bois) in 1982 and for the 20th stage in 1982 (Sens-Aulnay-sous-Bois).

Every winter an outdoor skating rink (600 metres square in 2006-2007) is installed at the Vieux Pays Farm.

Every Easter Monday there is a Spring Fair that combines antiques, a flea market, and a garage sale. It brings together about 1,500 exhibitors between Vieux Pays and the Place du General Leclerc.

The Jacques Prévert Theatre and cinema stages Les Panoramiques festival in May - a festival of artistic practices for amateurs. It unites for one week different theatrical companies of children, adolescents, and adults who present their creations on stage.

Every year in November is the Aulnay All Blues festival.[50]

In early June there is the Festival of Towns in Flower and Cycling in Gainville (Parc des Cygnes) Park.

A Festival of Military Music is scheduled on the second Saturday of June. Groups from several European countries are invited. In the morning a parade is held in the city from Dumont Park followed by an outdoor concert at Dumont Park. In the afternoon there is a parade from the Vieux Pays Farm and a concert in the Pierre Scohy gymnasium.

The Festival of the Canal de l'Ourcq is held in mid-June between the Pavilions-sous-Bois port and the Jardins Perdus Gateway.

One of the events in the Festival on Military Music in 2013

The traditional Festival of the Tree takes place for two days in early November at Dumont Park. There are organized exhibitions and workshops for children focused around trees, nature, and wildlife. The adventure trail from tree to tree is free for all.

The festival of hip-hop, H2O (A Hip Hop Organization), is organized by the Centre de Danse du Galion in partnership with the Jacques Prévert Theatre and cinema and the current music scene Le Cap in December. Over the past 10 years it has brought together the avante-garde of the French hip-hop scene.

The Battle VNR, every last Sunday of May, is a break-dance hip-hop event which has been running since 2002.

The city hosted the 2012 Boxing Championship of France.[51]

Les Futuriales Festival takes place every year in Dumont Park since 2010. It has for its theme literature of the imagination and has more than 60 authors in one day.[52] It is co-organized by the Librarie Folies d'Encre and the network of libraries.

Education

Le Parc Primary School
Claude Debussy College in August 2009
Pablo Néruda College in December 2009

Education of very young children:

Public schools:[53]

Private schools:[53]

Health

Robert Ballanger Hospital

There are three health facilities in Aulnay-sous-Bois:

Sports

The entrance to the Coursailles pool in 2009
The Velodrome in 2009

Worship

Church of Saint-Joseph

Notable people linked to the commune

Gainville House, the oldest house in Aulnay, where Claude Louis Berthollet lived.[56]

Bibliography

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ At the beginning of the 21st century, the methods of identification have been modified by Law No. 2002-276 of 27 February 2002, the so-called "law of local democracy" and in particular Title V "census operations" allows, after a transitional period running from 2004 to 2008, the annual publication of the legal population of the different French administrative districts. For communes with a population greater than 10,000 inhabitants, a sample survey is conducted annually, the entire territory of these communes is taken into account at the end of the period of five years. The first "legal population" after 1999 under this new law came into force on 1 January 2009 and was based on the census of 2006.

References

  1. ↑ Inhabitants of Seine-Saint-Denis (French)
  2. ↑ Aulnay-sous-Bois in the Competition for Towns and Villages in Bloom Archived December 10, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. (French)
  3. ↑ Information page on Aulnay Station - Société du Grand Paris (French)
  4. ↑ Presentation at the public information meeting in Aulnay-sous-Bois on 9 December 2013 Société du Grand Paris (French)
  5. ↑ The Origin of the name "Aulnay", on the commune website, retrieved 21 August 2013 (French)
  6. ↑ List of Mayors of France (French)
  7. ↑ Aulnay-sous-Bois: Election annulled, 3 October 2008, Le Figaro website, consulted on 9 October 2008 (French)
  8. ↑ Aulnay-sous-Bois: Election of the Mayor annulled, 3 October 2008, Le Parisien website, consulted on 9 October 2008 (French)
  9. ↑ Gwenael Bourdon, For the first time they have endorsed the mantle of the Mayor this weekend - the walkabout of Beschizza, Le Parisien, Seine-Saint-Denis edition, 7 April 2014 (French)
  10. 1 2 3 Guillon, Michelle. "The Chinese and Chinese Districts in Paris" (Chapter 11). In: Sinn, Elizabeth (editor). The Last Half Century of Chinese Overseas. Hong Kong University Press, 1 January 1998. ISBN 9622094465, 9789622094468. CITED: p. 197.
  11. ↑ List of 82 communes equipped with voting machines on the ZDNet.fr website (French)
  12. ↑ National Commission for Decentralised cooperation (French)
  13. ↑ INSEE - The most populated communes in France Archived July 5, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. (French)
  14. 1 2 Address of Xérox France at Saint-Denis (French)
  15. ↑ Peugeot closes an assembly line, Article in La Parisien edition 93 3 July 2007 (French)
  16. ↑ Entreprises at Aulnay-sous-Bois on Journaldunet.com (French)
  17. ↑ Classification of enterprises in Ile de France on the lentreprise.com website (archived on Internet Archive) (French)
  18. ↑ "News: The first Citroen DS has rolled off...". Autocar. Vol. 138 (nbr 4016). 17 May 1973. p. 10.
  19. ↑ Wall Street Journal 13 July 2012
  20. ↑ "Neues vom Auto: Heimat duer Citroen-Klassiker". Auto, Motor und Sport. Vol. 2001 Heft 26. 12 December 2001. pp. Seite 16.
  21. 1 2 Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000010 Group Sculpture: Saint Antoine (French)
  22. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Mérimée PA00079928 Church of Saint-Sulpice (French)
  23. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy IM93000137 12 Anagogic Stained glass windows (French)
  24. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000011 2 Tombstones of Elisabeth Guibillon and Jeanne Berson (French)
  25. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000585 Painting: Christ and Saint Mary Magdalene (French)
  26. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000584 Painting: Saint Vincent de Paul (French)
  27. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000488 Painting: The meal of Emaus (French)
  28. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000487 Tombstone of Thomas Michel (French)
  29. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000486 Tombstone of Jacques Longer (French)
  30. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000485 Tombstone of Louis Le Clerc de Cottier (French)
  31. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000484 Tombstone of Robert la Nesle (French)
  32. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000009 Painting: The meal of Emaus (French)
  33. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000008 Painting: Saint Roch and the plague (French)
  34. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000007 Silver plate and 2 silver cruets (French)
  35. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000006 Statue:Virgin and Child (French)
  36. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000005 Console (French)
  37. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000004 2 Sculptures: Angels seated holding a shield (French)
  38. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000136 10 decorative windows (French)
  39. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000135 2 stained glass windows of Saint Dominique and Saint Roch (French)
  40. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy PM93000134 2 stained glass windows of the Assumption and the Resurrection (French)
  41. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy IM93000138 Abstract Stained Glass (French)
  42. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy IM93000143 10 stained glass windows depicting saints (French)
  43. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy IM93000142 2 stained glass windows of Saint Adrien and Saint Martha (French)
  44. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy IM93000141 2 stained glass windows of Saint Mary (French)
  45. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy IM93000140 2 stained glass windows of Bon Pasteur and Virgin and Child (French)
  46. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy IM93000139 A stained glass window consecrated at Saint Joseph (French)
  47. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy IM93000145 10 geometric stained glass windows (French)
  48. ↑ Ministry of Culture, Palissy IM93000144 Abstract stained glass window (French)
  49. ↑ The médi@bus of Aulnay-sous-Bois (French)
  50. ↑ Aulnay All Blues, article in Le Monde, 11 February 2013 (French)
  51. ↑ Boxing Championship on the commune website (French)
  52. ↑ The festival of literature of the imagination of Aulnay-sous-Bois (French)
  53. 1 2 "Les écoles." Aulnay-sous-Bois. Retrieved on September 8, 2016.
  54. ↑ Robert Ballanger Hospital official website (French)
  55. ↑ Records of entry at the Aulnay-sous-Bois pool in 2007 (French)
  56. ↑ Aulnay, land of champions, 28 January 2010, Le Parisien, consulted on 1 September 2010 (French)
  57. ↑ Page on Olivier Dacourt on the Racing Club de Lens website (French)

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