Bicosoecid

Bicosoeca cell scheme:

1. anterior flagellum,
2. phagosomes,
3. cytostome,
4. nucleus,
5. lorica,
6. posterior flagellum

Bicosoecids
Cafeteria roenbergensis, a non-loricate bicosoecid
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
(unranked):	SAR
Superphylum:	Heterokonta
Class:	Bikosea Cavalier-Smith 2013
Order:	Bicosoecida Honigberg et al., 1964, Zhukov, 1978, Karpov, 1998, 2000
Orders
Rictidia Rictida Bicosidia Borokiae Borokales Cyathobodoniae Anoecida Bicosoecida Pseudodendromonadida
Synonyms
Bikoecida Stein, 1878 Bicoecinae Grassé, 1926[1] Bicoecidea Grassé & Deflandre in Grassé, 1952[2] Bicosoecales Bourrelly, 1968, 1981 Bicoecales Kristiansen, 1972[3] Bicosoecophyceae Casper, 1974, Loeblich III & Loeblich 1979[4] Bicosoecea Cavalier-Smith, 1986 Bicoecia Cavalier-Smith, 1989 Bicoecea Cavalier-Smith, 1993 Bicocoecida van den Hoek et al., 1995 Bicosoecida Honigberg et al., 1964, Zhukov, 1978, Karpov, 1998, 2000

The bicosoecids, formally Bicosoecida (ICZN) or Bicosoecales/Bicoecea (ICBN), are a small group of unicellular flagellates, included among the heterokonts. The cells are free-living, with no chloroplasts, and in some genera are encased in a lorica.

The name of the type genus Bicosoeca described by James-Clark in 1866 is derived from Greek roots (bikos, vase, bowl, plus oekein, inhabit). The philologically preferable compound would be Bicoeca, as "corrected" by Stein in 1878 and followed by most subsequent authors. However, according to the ICBN and ICZN, the original spelling of the name cannot be considered incorrect and it must be used in its original form.

The group was formerly considered to be related to the Chrysophyceae.^[5]

Some authors use the vernacular term "bicosoecid" (or "bicoecid") in a narrower sense, only for Bicosoeca, aplying "bicoeceans" to Bicosoeca and related groups like Cafeteria.^[6]

Classification

With the advent of using molecular phylogenies to resolve relationships of many protists the original circumscription of bicosoecids has been greatly expanded upon to include other orders and the rank has changed from an order to a class.^[7]

• Subclass Rictidia Cavalier-Smith 2013
  • Order Rictida Cavalier-Smith 2013
    • Family Rictidae Cavalier-Smith 2013
      • Genus Rictus Yubuki et al. 2010
• Subclass Bicosidia Cavalier-Smith 2006 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2013
  • Superorder Borokiae Cavalier-Smith 2006
    • Order Borokales Cavalier-Smith 2006
      • Family Borokidae Cavalier-Smith 2006
        • Genus Boroka Cavalier-Smith 2006
  • Superorder Cyathobodoniae Cavalier-Smith 1993 emend. stat. n. Cavalier-Smith 2006
    • Order Anoecida Cavalier-Smith 1997 emend. 2006 [Caecitellida Cavalier-Smith 1996]
      • Family Caecitellidae Cavalier-Smith 2006
        • Genus Halocafeteria Park, Cho & Simpson 2006
        • Genus Caecitellus Patterson et al. 1993
      • Family Cafeteriaceae Moestrup 1995 [Symbiomonadaceae Cavalier-Smith 2006; Anoecaceae Cavalier-Smith 2006]
        • Genus Anoeca Cavalier-Smith, 2006
        • Genus Symbiomonas Guillou & Chrétiennot-Dinet 1999
        • Genus Cafeteria Fenchel & Patterson 1988 [Acronema Teal et al. 1998 non Falconer ex Edgeworth 1846; Pseudobodo Griessmann 1913 non Hollande 1942]
    • Order Bicosoecida Grassé 1926 emend. Karpov 1998
      • Family Labromonadidae Cavalier-Smith 2006
        • Genus Labromonas Cavalier-Smith 2006
      • Family Bicosoecaceae Ritter von Stein 1878
        • Genus Poteriodendron von Stein 1878
        • Genus Codomonas Lackey 1939
        • Genus Hedraeophysa Kent 1880
        • Genus Domatomonas Lackey 1939
        • Genus Bicosoeca Clark 1866^[8] [Bikoeca Stein, 1878;^[9] Bicoeca Senn, 1900;^[10] Stephanocodon Pascher 1942; Stylobryon Fromentel 1874; Codonoeca Clark 1866]
    • Order Pseudodendromonadida Hibberd 1985 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2006
      • Family Filidae Cavalier-Smith 2013
        • Genus Filos Kim et al. 2010
      • Family Nanidae Cavalier-Smith 2013
        • Genus Nanum Cavalier-Smith, 2013 [Nanos Kim et al. 2010 non Westwood 1847]
      • Family Neradidae Cavalier-Smith 2006
        • Genus Nerada Cavalier-Smith 2006
      • Family Paramonadidae Cavalier-Smith 2006
        • Genus Paramonas Kent 1881
      • Family Siluaniaceae Karpov 1998
        • Genus Adriamonas Verhagen et al. 1994
        • Genus Siluania Karpov 1998
      • Family Pseudodendromonadaceae Hibberd 1985
        • Genus Pseudodendromonas Bourrelly 1953
        • Genus Cyathobodo Petersen & Hansen 1961

External links

• Cafeteria roenbergensis at the Encyclopedia of Life

Bibliography

• Hibberd, D. J. (1986). Ultrastructure of the Chrysophyceae. Colorless forms. p. 29-30 In: Chrysophytes: Aspects and Problems. Kristiansen, J. and R.A. Andersen [Eds.]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

References

1. Grassé, P.-P. Contribution à l'étude des flagellés parasites. Archives de zoologie expérimentale et générale, t. 65, 1926, pp. 345-602 [576], disponible at Gallica.
2. Grassé, P.-P. & Deflandre, G . (1952). Ordre des Bicoecidea. In: Grassé, P.-P. (Ed.). Traité de Zoologie. Vol. 1, fasc. 1. Phylogénie. Protozoaries: Generalités, Flagellés. Masson et Cie, Paris. 599-601.
3. Jørgen Kristiansen. (1972). Structure and occurrence of Bicoeca crystallina, with remarks on the taxonomic position of the Bicoecales. British Phycological Journal, 7:1, 1-12
4. Loeblich III, Alfred R. & Loeblich, Laurel Ann. 1979. Division Chrysophyta, pp. 411-423. In: CRC Handbook of Microbiology, 2nd ed., vol. 2, Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and Viruses, ed. by A. I.Laskin and H. A. Lechevalier, CRC Press, Inc., West Palm Beach, FL.
5. David J. Hibberd (1978) Bicosoeca accreta sp. nov., a flagellate accumulating extraneous silica fragments, British Phycological Journal, 13:2, 161-166.
6. Cavalier-Smith, T; Chao, E. E. (2006). "Phylogeny and megasystematics of phagotrophic heterokonts (kingdom Chromista)". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 62 (4): 388–420. doi:10.1007/s00239-004-0353-8. PMID 16557340. Supplementary material .
7. Cavalier-Smith, T; Scoble, J. M. (2013). "Phylogeny of Heterokonta: Incisomonas marina, a uniciliate gliding opalozoan related to Solenicola (Nanomonadea), and evidence that Actinophryida evolved from raphidophytes". European Journal of Protistology. pp. 328–353. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2012.09.002.
8. James-Clark, H. (1868). On the Spongia Ciliatae as Infusoria Flagellata; or, observations on the structure, animality, and relationship of Leucosolenia botryoides, Bowerbank. Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History, 1 (3): 305-340. Also published in the Proceedings of this Society in June 20, 1866 (vol. 11, p. 15), in the American Journal of Science in November 1866, in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History in January 1867, and in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History in 1868 (4th ser., vol. 1: 133-142, 188–215, 250–264).
9. Stein, F. R. (1878). Der Organismus der Infusionsthiere, vol . 3, part 1. W. Engelmann, Leipzig.
10. Senn, G. (1900). Flagellata. In: Engler, A. & Prantl, K. (eds.), 1887–1915. Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien [...]. Teil I, Abt 1a. W. Engelmann, Leipzig, pp. 93–188, figs. 63–140, .