Boliburguesía

Boliburguesía (English: Bolibourgeoisie, a portmanteau of the words Bolivarian and Bourgeoisie) is a term describing the new bourgeois created by the Venezuelan government of Hugo Chávez and Chavismo, made up of people who became rich under the Chavez administration.[1][2] The term was coined by journalist Juan Carlos Zapata, to "define the oligarchy that has developed under the protection of the Chavez government".[3][4]

Corruption among the Boliburguesía and Chavez-administration sympathizers has moved millions of dollars with the complicity of public officials, with some becoming rich under the guise of socialism.[5][6] Henry Ramos Allup, general secretary of opposition party Acción Democrática, has said corruption in the financial industry and other sectors of Venezuela is tied to government officials of the Chávez administration.[6][7] Following the death of Chavez, the Boliburguesía became more powerful and held more influence over Venezuela.[8]

Background

During Hugo Chávez's tenure, he seized thousands of properties and businesses while also reducing the footprint of foreign companies.[9] Venezuela's economy was then largely state-run and was operated by military officers that had their business and government affairs connected.[9] Senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, Harold Trinkunas, stated that involving the military in business was "a danger", with Trinkunas explaining that the Venezuelan military "has the greatest ability to coerce people, into business like they have".[9] According to Bloomberg Business, "[b]y showering contracts on former military officials and pro-government business executives, Chavez put a new face on the system of patronage".[9]

Groups

According to Corrales and Penfold in Dragon in the Tropics, the Boliburguesía consists of "a small group of ruling party elites, military factions, and various rent-seeking business groups" who are "calling the shots" in Venezuela.[8]

Government officials

Trump Towers in Sunny Isles Beach, Florida where relatives of the National Superintendent of Securities owns a condominium.

Alejandro Andrade who was appointed Minister of Finance by President Chávez was accused of using public funds by opposition deputy Ismael García and was described as participating in a "network of corruption" by the United States Department of State. Andrade travels to the United States through a private Learjet 45 worth $10 million that is registered in Delaware.[10] He had invested in horses for show jumping, having a horse farm attributed to Andrade's firm in South Carolina. Alejandro's son, Emanuel, was also sponsored by his father and is a decorated show jumping jockey and own multiple horses that are worth up to millions of dollars and studs that can earn profits from breeding.[10][11] Andrade also hired a public relations firm, Starting Gate Communications, an organization that specializes in equestrian activities for his son.[10]

The brother of PSUV politician Jesse Chacón, Arné Chacón, established a stable in Florida called Gadu Racing Stable Corp. and had horses compete in races in the United States until he was arrested in 2009. Brother of Ronald Sanchez the National Superintendent of Securities of Venezuela, Tomás Sánchez had a second stable, Rontos Racing Stable Corp., created that was signed by the same Gadu agent two months later. Ronald Sanchez was also accused of being involved in an extortion scandal in Miami by Venezuelan banker, Thomas Vasquez, in a testimony involving the case.[10] The Rontos Racing Stable Corp. also own an apartment in the Trump Towers Miami building that was quoted at $625,000 in 2011.[10][12]

Business executives

Ricardo Fernandez Barrueco, was a "modest business entrepreneur" in Caracas until he helped Chávez circumvent oil strikes initiated in 2002. In less than ten years, he had gained a net worth of $1.6 billion and created a combination of about 70 companies. He owned businesses in Panama, Ecuador, and the United States, and in 2008, he bought multiple financial institutions. In Miami, Fernandez bought a luxury apartment in the Jade at Brickell Bay, a home to many celebrities. In late 2009, Fernandez was arrested in Venezuela for unknown reasons and his companies were nationalized by President Chávez. He was released from prison in May 2014.[10]

Víctor Vargas Irausquín is a Venezuelan banker who helped the Chávez administration raise funds to finance Venezuela's budget. According to the United States Department of State, Vargas was "said to have made a profit off those negotiations" and was described as "a banker whose star has risen greatly during the Chávez presidency". Vargas was also assisted by the Venezuelan government for abiding by their policies during the Venezuelan banking crisis of 2009–10, when more than a half-dozen private banking institutions were closed.[10]

The Chávez family

A Bentley Continental Flying Spur similar to Hugo Chávez's.
A Gulfstream G550 similar to one used by the Chávez family.
Mercedes-Benz vehicles such as this are used by the Chávez, Maduro and Flores family.

While Hugo Chávez was president, he stayed in the most expensive locations, with hundreds of individuals composing his entourage that included masseuses, chefs, tailors and Cuban doctors.[13] Chávez and his family also wore designer clothes along with high-end fashion accessories and jewelry, with brand names including Cartier, Dolce & Gabbana, Patek Philippe & Co. among others.[13][14] The daughters of Hugo Chávez have been seen with celebrities such as Justin Bieber, traveling internationally visiting places such as Disneyland Paris, New York City and Patagonia while also attending concerts of Madonna.[14]

Members of the Chávez family live in a suburb of Barinas, Hugo Chávez's birthplace, occupying a mansion that is enclosed off from the public by walls topped with razor wire.[15] Asdrubal Chávez, Hugo Chávez's cousin, is vice president of production and trade of PDVSA and is in charge of the majority of oil contracts.[14] Chávez's brothers also hold positions in the Venezuelan government.[14] Argenisis is the president of the state-run energy company CORPOELEC and Hannibal is the mayor of Sabaneta.[14] In 2004, the Drug Enforcement Administration estimates showed that the family was possibly worth $140 million.[14] In 2013, it was estimated that the Chávez family had liquid assets of about $550 million in multiple international bank accounts.[15]

Though Hugo Chávez denounced hypocritical socialists and criticized those who bought luxury vehicles such as Hummers, he and his family acquired multiple vehicles during his presidency,[14][16][17] including aircraft such as the Bombardier Challenger 605 and Gulfstream G550[18] and automobiles like the Bentley Mulsanne and Chevrolet LUV D-Max, as well as multiple Hummers and Mercedes-Benz vehicles.[14][19]

It is estimated that the Chávez family owns 17 estates totaling more than 100,000 acres.[15] Each estate cost between $400,000 and $700,000, with the estates having their own roads.[14] According to state legislator and Chávez critic, Wilmer Azuaje, members of Chávez's family live in mansions in Alto Barinas and children of the family have their own waiting staff in their school's dining hall.[15]

The Maduro and Flores families

The families of President Nicolás Maduro and his wife Cilia Flores have benefitted from supporting the Bolivarian government. Flores has been accused of nepotism with individuals claiming that several of her close relatives became employees of the National Assembly while she was in office.[20][21][22]

Two nephews of Cilia Flores, Efraín Antonio Campos Flores and Francisco Flores de Freites have also been involved in illicit activities such as drug trafficking, with some of their funds possibly assisting President Maduro's presidential campaign in the 2013 Venezuelan presidential election and potentially for the 2015 Venezuelan parliamentary elections.[23][24] One informant stated that the two would often fly out of Terminal 4 of Simon Bolivar Airport, a terminal reserved for the president.[23][24] Walter Jacobo Gavidia, Flores' son who is a Caracas judge, is being investigated for relations to drug trafficking as well.[23] Carlos Aem Flores, a relative of Flores, has also been linked to her two nephews involved in drug trafficking.[25][26] Carlos Aem Flores, a self-described "producer" has been seen at various government facilities "working" close to Bolivarian officials such as President Maduro and the National Assembly.[25] He has been seen sporting luxury brands of Cartier, Hublot, Louis Vuitton and Rolex and driving a special Transformers edition Chevrolet Camaro, a Ferrari F430, a Mercedes-AMG and a Porsche 911 GT2.[25]

At the wedding of Jose Zalt, a Syrian-Venezuelan businessman that owns the clothing brand Wintex, on 14 March 2015, Nicolás Maduro's son, Nicolas Ernesto Maduro Guerra, was seen being showered with American dollars at the gathering in the luxurious Gran Melia Hotel in Caracas.[27] The incident caused outrage among Venezuelans who believed this to be hypocritical of President Maduro, especially since many Venezuelans were experiencing hardships due to the poor state of the economy and due to the president's public denouncements of capitalism.[27][28][29][30][31][32]

International

In Florida, boliburgueses are favored clients of real estate businesses, private jet companies, luxury car dealers, fine horse breeders and luxury stores.[10] According to a business owner of an electronics store at the Bal Harbour Shops of Miami Beach, the success of selling luxury electronics made of valuable metals and gems is attributed to boliburgueses, with some buying gold iPads and gold cellular phones priced between $8,000 and $45,000.[10]

Boliburgueses had also bought luxury automobiles from foreign countries, including luxury Hummer SUVs and Rolls Royce cars.[17]

The scandal known as the Maletinazo also generated criticism, in which the government of Hugo Chávez was alleged to be sending state oil money from PDVSA to finance the political campaign of former president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner of Argentina.[33]

See also

General:

External links

References

  1. ↑ (Spanish) Valery, Yolanda (2 December 2009). "Boliburguesía: nueva clase venezolana". BBC Mundo. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
  2. ↑ Romero, Simon (16 February 2010). "Purging Loyalists, Chávez Tightens His Inner Circle". The New York Times.
  3. ↑ (Spanish) "Auge y caída de un boliburgués". talcualdigital.com. 24 November 2009. Archived from the original on 25 November 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2010. La boliburguesía –un término acuñado por el periodista Juan Carlos Zapata para definir a la oligarquía que ha crecido bajo protección del gobierno chavista– consituye hoy una "nueva clase social" de empresarios y políticos que se han servido de la falta de control del Parlamento, Fiscalía y Contraloría, para enriquecerse y hacer toda suerte de negocios, algunas veces de dudosa solvencia moral
  4. ↑ "Los 'bolliburgueses', la nueva casta venezolana surgida de la revolución". lainformacion.com. 18 October 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  5. ↑ (Spanish) "Henry Ramos Allup: Corrupción millonaria de boliburguesía con la complicidad de funcionarios". informe21.com. 1 November 2009. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
  6. 1 2 (Spanish) "Henry Ramos: Sin "bolifuncionarios" no habría "boliburguesía"". El Nacional. 30 November 2009.
  7. ↑ (Spanish) "Ramos Allup denunció a 11 empresarios pertenecientes "boliburguesía". Globovision. 30 November 2009.
  8. 1 2 Corrales, Javier; Penfold, Michael (2014). Dragon in the tropics : hugo chavez and the political economy of revolution in venezuela. (Second ed.). [S.l.]: Brookings Institution Press. p. xii. ISBN 0815725930.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Smith, Michael; Kurmanaev, Anatoly (12 August 2014). "Venezuela Sees Chavez Friends Rich After His Death Amid Poverty". Bloomberg Business. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Reyes, Gerardo; Ocando, Cato (4 August 2013). "Boliburgueses y el encanto del Imperio". Univision. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  11. ↑ "EMANUEL ANDRADE". Starting Gate Communications. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  12. ↑ "PROPERTY SEARCH SUMMARY REPORT: 15811 COLLINS AVE UNIT 2305" (PDF). MIAMI-DADE COUNTY OFFICE OF THE PROPERTY APPRAISER. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
  13. 1 2 Clark, A.C. (2009). The revolutionary has no clothes Hugo Chávez's Bolivarian farce. New York: Encounter Books. p. 65. ISBN 1594034451.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Los bienes que habría dejado Chávez". Semana. 14 March 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Baverstock, Alasdair; Foster, Peter (14 April 2013). "Venezuela: the wealth of Chavez family exposed". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 15 April 2015.
  16. ↑ Romero, Simon (30 October 2007). "Venezuela's Gas Prices Remain Low, but the Political Costs May Be Rising". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  17. 1 2 (Spanish) "'Llegó el Presidente y mandó a parar'". noticias24.com. 10 October 2007.
  18. ↑ "Hugo Chavez had a millionaire empire". Univision. 5 March 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  19. ↑ Rueda, Alfredo. "Los coches de Hugo Chávez". Auto Bild. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  20. ↑ Lares Martiz, Valentina (15 July 2008). "Denuncian por nepotismo a la presidenta del Congreso venezolano, Cilia Flores". El Tiempo (Colombia). Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  21. ↑ Clan Flores fuera de la AN
  22. ↑ "Es falso que tenga muchos familiares en la Asamblea" 30 May 2008.
  23. 1 2 3 Yagoub, Mimi. "Venezuela Military Officials Piloted Drug Plane". InSight Crime. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  24. 1 2 Blasco, Emili J. (19 November 2015). "La Casa Militar de Maduro custodió el traslado de droga de sus sobrinos". ABC. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  25. 1 2 3 "Su ídolo decía que "ser rico es malo"… pero este Flores se da la gran vida (FOTOS + Ferrari + Möet + Rolex)". La Patilla. 16 November 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  26. ↑ "Supuesto implicado en relación con sobrinos de Cilia Flores desmiente acusaciones". El Nacional. 17 November 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  27. 1 2 "Venezuelan president's son, Nicolas Maduro Jr., showered in dollar bills as economy collapses". Fox News Latino. 19 March 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  28. ↑ "El hijo de Nicolás Maduro bailó bajo una lluvia de dólares en una fiesta". La Nación. 18 March 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  29. ↑ "Polémica por un video del hijo de Maduro en el que baila entre billetes". Infobae. 17 March 2015. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  30. ↑ "Hijo de Maduro baila bajo lluvia de billetes". La Razón. 16 March 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  31. ↑ "En video: el hijo de Nicolás Maduro baila en una 'lluvia' de billetes". El Tiempo. 17 March 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  32. ↑ "Como el hijo de Maduro: Otros escándalos del chavismo". El Comercio. 17 March 2015. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
  33. ↑ http://www.reportero24.com/2010/10/otros-boliburgueses-caidos-en-desgracia/
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