Bombardier Aerospace

Bombardier Aerospace
Bombardier, Inc.
Subsidiary
Industry Aerospace
Predecessor Canadair
Founded 1989
Headquarters 400 Côte-Vertu Road West, Dorval, Quebec, Canada H4S 1Y9
Area served
 Worldwide
Products Aircraft, Business Aircraft
Revenue US$11.2 billion (2015)[1]
Number of employees
 25,550, at year end 2015[2]
Parent Bombardier Inc.
Divisions Bombardier Business Aircraft
Website http://www.bombardier.com/en

Bombardier Aerospace (French: Bombardier Aéronautique) is a division of Bombardier Inc. The company competes with Brazilian rival Embraer for the title of the third largest aircraft manufacturer after Boeing and Airbus, having delivered "more than 2,450 commercial aircraft and over 3,400 business aircraft worldwide."[3] It is headquartered in Dorval, Quebec, Canada.[4]

History

Main engineering building and assembly plant of Bombardier Aerospace at Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport

After acquiring Canadair in 1986 and restoring it to profitability, in 1989 Bombardier acquired the near-bankrupt Short Brothers aircraft manufacturing company in Belfast, Northern Ireland. This was followed in 1990 by the acquisition of the bankrupt American company Learjet, a manufacturer of business jets headquartered in Wichita, Kansas; and finally the money-losing Boeing subsidiary, de Havilland Aircraft of Canada based in Toronto, Ontario in 1992.[5]

The aerospace company now accounts for over half of Bombardier Inc.'s revenue. In 2015 and 2016, the most popular aircraft included its Dash 8 Series 400, CRJ100/200/440, and CRJ700/900/1000 lines of regional airliners although the company was devoting most of its Research and Development budget to the newer CSeries. It also manufactured the Bombardier 415 amphibious water-bomber (in Dorval and North Bay),; and the Global Express and the Challenger lines of business jets.

The CSeries, which Bombardier offers in several size versions, is competing with the Airbus A318 and Airbus A319; the Boeing 737 Next Generation 737-600 and 737-700 models; and the Embraer 195. Bombardier claims the CSeries would burn 20% less fuel per trip than these competitors,[6] which would make it still about 8% more fuel efficient than the Boeing 737 Max scheduled for introduction in 2017. The launch customer for the CSeries, Lufthansa, signed a letter of intent for up to 60 aircraft and 30 options in 2008.[7] The manufacturing complex in Montreal was redeveloped by Ghafari Associates to incorporate lean manufacturing of its CSeries aircraft.[8]

In January 2012, the company began manufacturing simple structures such as flight controls for the CRJ series from a transitional facility near Casablanca, Morocco, its first facility in Africa. On 30 September 2013 it broke ground on its permanent facility, due to open late 2014.[9] In October, a joint development deal between Bombardier Aerospace and a government-led South Korean consortium was revealed, to develop a 90-seater turboprop regional airliner, targeting a 2019 launch date. The consortium would include Korea Aerospace Industries and Korean Air Lines.[10] In November 2012, the company signed the largest deal in its history, with Swiss business jet operator VistaJet, to deliver 56 Global series jets for a total value of $3.1 billion. The deal included an option for Bombardier to manufacture and sell an additional 86 Global jets, which would value the entire transaction at $7.3 billion.

In April 2013, Canada's Porter Airlines placed a conditional order for 12 CSeries aircraft, with options for another 18.[11] However, this was conditional on the Billy Bishop Toronto City Airport (on an island just off downtown Toronto) allowing jets to use the facilities and on a 550-metre extension of a runway. Studies underway included an environmental assessment, master planning exercise and preliminary runway design.[12] In 2015, the Government of Canada announced that it would not approve a change to allow jets at the airport and the proposal was shelved.

In January 2014, Bombardier Inc. cut 1,700 employees from Bombardier Aerospace to save costs due to a 19 percent drop in orders in 2013.[13] In July the same year, Bombardier reorganized its corporate structure in response to its underperformance. President Guy Hachey retired and Bombardier Aerospace was split into three divisions: business aircraft; commercial aircraft and aerostructures; and engineering services. As part of the corporate overhaul, 1,800 jobs were cut.[14] In its 2014-year end statement, Bombardier Aerospace reported that it had reduced the number of employees by 3,700 over the year; delivered 290 aircraft and had orders for 282 more; and also claimed "strong long-term potential".[2]

On 29 October 2015 Bombardier announced a US$4.9-billion third-quarter loss[15] and took a $3.2 billion writedown on the CS series in the third quarter.[16] Bombardier also said it would cancel its Learjet 85 program, taking another US$1.2-billion writedown and cancelling the 64 outstanding orders.[15] Particularly because of the CSeries,[17] the company's debt had reached approximately $9 Billion. Bombardier shares fell 17.4 per cent on that day, perhaps because the CSeries had not recorded a single firm order since September 2014.[15]

As of 21 December 2015, the company had only 243 firm orders for the CSeries, but a US$2.5 billion cash infusion - $1 billion from the provincial government plus a $1.5 billion investment from the Caisse de dépôts et placements du Québec - was keeping the parent company adequately funded and optimistic.[18] At that time, the federal government had not yet made a decision as to whether a grant would be provided but Prime Minister Justin Trudeau told the media on 11 December that he was well aware of the importance of the aerospace sector to the country's economy.[19]

On 17 February 2016, Bombardier announced its 2015 profits were $138 million before taking a $5.4 billion write-down.[20] That same week, the company also announced it would cut 7,000 jobs.[20]

After a very long and expensive development process, costing US$5.4 billion to date, and including a US$3.2 billion writeoff, the small (110-125 seat) CS100 version of the CSeries received initial type certification from Transport Canada on 18 December 2015.[21] At the time, the company had only 243 firm orders and letters of intent and commitment for another 360, with the most recent in September 2014.[22]

Most of these were for the CS300 model. The first CS100 was expected to be flying by mid-2016 in Lufthansa colours.[23] “Certification is a great thing, but 2016 is going to be critical for orders,” analyst Chris Murray, a Managing Director with Alta Corp, told Bloomberg Business.[22] Fred Cromer, president of Bombardier’s commercial aircraft unit hinted during a press conference on 21 December 2015 that price cuts - or other incentives - may be offered during negotiations in order to jump start sales (list price for the CS100 was US$71.8 million and for the CS300 US$82 million). In addition to attractive prices, customers “are going to want support, they are going to want spares, they are going to want training,” he explained. While Cromer would not offer specifics, his comments about the possibility of an "aggressive deal" were widely published worldwide and were likely to plant the seed about discounting in the minds of potential purchasers.[22]

In an attempt to boost its profit margin, Bombardier Aerospace announced on 12 January 2016 that it would cancel deals with its third party sales agent (Tag Aeronautics). The company also said it would cancel 24 firm and 30 optional orders for its aircraft, hoping to resell these later, without paying a sales agency fee.[24]

Marketing of the CSeries was adversely affected by production delays and stiff competition in early 2016. Although Delta Airlines said it was seriously looking at the Bombardier offerings, some analysts believed that the airline might be swayed by competitors offering deep discounts.[25] And on 20 January, United Continental Holdings Inc. announced that it had ordered 40 Boeing 737-700s instead.[26] Air Canada announced it would purchase up to 75 CS300s, a larger variant of the CSeries, on 17 February 2016. Prior to this announcement, there had been no orders for CSeries aircraft since 2014.[20]

The C-series program was expected to have positive cash flow after approximately 200 aircraft are delivered.[20] David Tyerman, an analyst with Canaccord Genuity, commented the difficulty in winning orders illustrates market difficulties faced by Bombardier and questions how profitable the next C Series order they win will be for them.[27] According to Bjorn Fehrm of the aviation consulting firm Leeham Company, the first 15 CSeries aircraft produced in 2016 each cost Bombardier $60 million to make, but will sell for only $30 million.[20]

Air Canada finally firmed up the tentative order discussed in February 2016 for CSeries jets on 28 June 2016. The order is for 45 CS300s with an option for another 30. Statements by the companies indicated that the firm sale would be worth $3.8 billion, and the option would increase that to $6.3 billion if it were exercised. (However, these figures are based on the full list price of the aircraft.) Deliveries will not start until late 2019. In the meantime, negotiations were continuing with the Federal government for a subsidy of $1 billion. The next day, Bombardier delivered the first CSeries aircraft to Swiss International Air Lines which was the first to start flying them.[28]

Comac collaboration

On 24 March 2011, Shanghai based Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China (Comac) and Bombardier Inc. signed a framework agreement for a long-term strategic cooperation on commercial aircraft. The intention was to break the near-duopoly of Airbus and Boeing.[29][30] Aircraft covered by the programme included the Bombardier CRJ-series, CSeries and Q-series; and the Comac ARJ21 and Comac C919.

Government subsidy controversy

Brazil and Canada engaged in an international, adjudicated trade dispute over government subsidies to domestic aircraft manufacturers in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The World Trade Organization decided that Brazil ran an illegal subsidy program, Proex, benefiting Brazilian manufacturer Embraer from at least 1999-2000; and that Canada illegally subsidized its indigenous regional airliner industry.

2015/2016 Government assistance

On 29 October 2015, the Quebec government announced that it would invest US $1 billion (roughly CAD $1.3 billion) to save the struggling CSeries and protect jobs [15] in what some called a "risky gambit".[31]

That would give the province a 49.5% interest in the limited partnership that will control the assets, liabilities and obligations of the CSeries program.[32] Media reports initially suggested that Bombardier had also asked Ottawa for a repayable loan of $350 million [16] but it became clear that the province expected the federal government match its $1 billion loan in return for a near 50 percent stake in the CSeries jets project.[33] There would be "unbelievable pressure" on this government to help the company, Ian Lee, an economics professor at Carleton University’s Sprott School of Business, predicted.[34] Aid was definitely essential, because the project has saddled Bombardier with debt, forcing it to into a struggle to raise cash in order to keep it afloat.[35]

Both the provincial and federal contributions would be in the form of a repayable loan but it is questionable whether they would ever be repaid according to independent economist Mark Milke.[36] In fact, Milke also referred to the bailout loans as "corporate welfare" in the Globe and Mail of 4 November 2015.[37]

A few days after his swearing-in, on 10 November 2015, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau told the Canadian Labour Congress that Bombardier Inc. must make a "strong business case" for federal aid.[38] Trudeau agreed that the company exemplified important high value manufacturing "... an extremely important part of Canada for years to come. Aerospace is a great example of that, as is the auto sector and others" [39] but made it clear that the government's decision would be based on the best interest of Canadians, not on "emotion, politics or symbols".[33]

Finally, in April 2016, the Federal government offered an aid package to the company but as of 15 April, had not divulged the amount or conditions it imposed. On that date, some media reported that Bombardier had rejected the offer[40] but an unnamed source advised Reuters that in fact, negotiations were still underway. On 14 April 2016, Bombardier shares were at a six month high based on rumors that Delta had ordered CSeries jets.[41] On 28 April the order for 75 aircraft, with an option for 50 more at a later date, was confirmed by Delta. However, George Ferguson, senior airlines and aerospace analyst at Bloomberg Intelligence, told the Toronto Star that his calculations indicated that "Bombardier sold the CSeries for $4 million on average per plane less than what it costs to make".[42]

The company continued to request a $1 billion aid package from the federal government.[42] In mid May, news reports indicated that the federal government had offered a $1 billion aid package (in addition to the $1 billion subsidy offered by the Government of Quebec) but with a condition: that the company eliminate the dual-class share structure which enables the Bombardier and Beaudoin families to control Bombardier in spite of only a minority ownership. According to Bloomberg, the talks were at a "standstill" on 13 May because of this condition.[43] The federal plan also recommended that the company issue new shares to gain $1 billion in additional funding.

Negotiations between the Trudeau government and Bombardier were still underway on 8 July 2016 with some wondering whether giving a billion dollars to a company that had lost $6.5 billion in two years would be a logical investment. Nonetheless, the Toronto Star predicted that the government would proceed with the bailout because bankruptcy for the company would lead to the loss of some 70,000 jobs and the loss of significant Canadian exports, which had totaled $34.2 billion in the previous five years.[44] In May 2016 Federal Finance Minister Bill Morneau said the aerospace sector is "critically important" to Canada.[45]

Aircraft

Current Business jets in production

Bombardier Global landing at Montreal International Airport

Former Business jets in production

Commercial jets

Lufthansa Regional CRJ-200
Bombardier CSeries CS100 Flight Test Vehicle (FTV1) at Mirabel

Current Turboprops in production

Former Turboprops in production

Military Aircraft

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Facilities

Bombardier Aerospace has manufacturing, engineering and services facilities in 27 countries.[47] The production facilities are located in Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland), Mexico and Morocco.[48]

Canada
Mexico
Morocco
United Kingdom
United States

Production

Bombardier Aerospace fiscal or calendar year delivery of regional, business and amphibious aircraft:

Fiscal/calendar year 1999/00 2000/01 2001/02 2002/03 2003/04 2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Commercial C Series 1
CRJ 81 105 165 191 214 175 110 64 62 56 60 41 33 14 26 59 44
Q-Series 23 52 41 29 19 22 28 48 66 54 61 56 45 36 29 25 29
Business Learjet 109 129 96 38 41 47 69 71 81 70 44 33 33 39 29 34 32
Challenger 40 38 45 23 31 62 98 99 103 116 82 63 79 86 89 90 94
Global 34 36 21 16 17 22 30 42 48 53 50 47 51 54 62 80 73
Amphibious CL-415 5 10 2 1 3 1 2 2 1 4 5 4 4 4 3 2 3
Total Deliveries 292 370[56] 370[57] 298[58] 324 329[59] 337[60] 326 361[61] 353[62] 302[63] 244[64] 245 233[65] 238[66] 290[67] 275[68]
Net orders 363 698 367 11 201 249 481 388 282 27

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ http://ir.bombardier.com/modules/misc/documents/56/19/17/74/14/Bombardier-Financial-Report-2015-en2.pdf
  2. 1 2 http://ir.bombardier.com/var/data/gallery/document/21/49/11/25/14/Bombardier-MDA-Fiscal-Year-2014-en2.pdf
  3. ↑ "Bombardier History". Bombardier US. Bombardier. 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
  4. ↑ "Aerospace Directory." Bombardier Inc. Retrieved on December 4, 2010. "400 Côte-Vertu Road West Dorval, Québec Canada H4S 1Y9." Address in French: "400, chemin de la Côte-Vertu Ouest Dorval (Québec)."
  5. ↑ "Inc. - Bombardier - Home". Bombardier. 2011-02-25. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  6. ↑ A New Bombardier Jet Draws Only Tepid Demand Jet New York Times, July 14, 2008
  7. ↑ Farnborough, U.K. Aerospace (2008-07-13). "Bombardier Press Release, July 13, 2008". Bombardier.com. Retrieved 2011-03-02.
  8. ↑ "Bombardier awards contract to Ghafari to redevelop CSeries Aircraft Manufacturing Complex". ATW Online. 2010-08-16. Retrieved 2010-08-16.
  9. ↑ Bombardier Aerospace Breaks Ground on New Moroccan Manufacturing Facility Archived April 23, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
  10. ↑ Choi Kyong-Ae (8 October 2012). "South Korea Consortium in Talks With Bombardier About Developing Passenger Plane -Source". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
  11. ↑ "Porter Airlines Signs Purchase Agreement for up to 30 Bombardier CS100 Aircraft; Becomes CSeries Aircraft's Canadian Launch Customer" (Press release). Bombardier Aerospce. 10 April 2013. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  12. ↑ http://www.thestar.com/business/2015/11/03/porter-wants-airport-studies-completed-despite-liberal-win.html
  13. ↑ Susan Taylor (January 21, 2014). "Bombardier cuts 1,700 jobs to save cash after jet delays".
  14. ↑ Kristine Owram (26 July 2014). "Bombardier's aerospace restructuring takes a page from train division". Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Owram, Kristine (28 October 2015). "Bombardier Inc to get US$1 billion from Quebec government to rescue troubled CSeries".
  16. 1 2 Perreaux, Les; Chase, Steven; Van Praet, Nicolas (29 October 2015). "Quebec makes high-risk bet with $1-billion Bombardier investment". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  17. ↑ http://ca.reuters.com/article/businessNews/idCAKCN0SS1YQ20151103
  18. ↑ Lu, Vanessa (24 November 2015). "We're being selective, Bombardier says of CSeries customers". Toronto Star. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
  19. ↑ Ljunggren, David (11 December 2015). "Canada PM: still studying possible federal aid to Bombardier". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 "Plane truths". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
  21. ↑ Lu, Vanessa (18 December 2015). "Bombardier's CSeries jet certified for commercial service". Toronto Star. Toronto, Ontario. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
  22. 1 2 3 Tomesco, Frederic (21 December 2015). "Bombardier Sees `Aggressive' C Series Pricing Amid Drought". BloombergBusiness. Bloomberg LP. Retrieved 22 December 2015.
  23. ↑ "Bombardier receives CSeries certification from Transport Canada". CBC News. CBC/Radio Canada. 18 December 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
  24. ↑ Van Praet, Nicolas (13 January 2016). "Bombardier Ending Sales Contract with Tag Aeronautics". Globe and Mail. Toronto, Ontario. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  25. ↑ Reuters (19 January 2016). "Delta Airlines considering purchase of Bombardier C Series jets". Globe and Mail. Toronto, Ontario. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  26. ↑ Van Praet, Nicolas (21 January 2016). "Bombardier snubbed as United to buy 40 Boeing jets". Globe and Mail. Toronto, Ontario. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  27. ↑ Bloomberg (21 January 2016). "Boeing beats Bombardier to United airliner sale". Toronto Star. Toronto, Ontario. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  28. ↑ The Canadian Press (28 June 2016). "Air Canada finalizes $3.8B order for 45 Bombardier CSeries jets". Toronto Star. Toronto, Ontario. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
  29. ↑ "COMAC and Bombardier Sign Strategic Agreement on Commercial Aircraft" (Press release). Bombardier. 24 March 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
  30. ↑ Ostrower, Jon (1 April 2011). "Many questions surround Bombardier/Comac partnership". Flight Global. Retrieved 25 June 2011.
  31. ↑ http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/10/29/bombardier-results-idUSL3N12T3Z520151029#PyerR1FXYBdJPbbX.97
  32. ↑ http://www.intelligent-aerospace.com/articles/2015/11/bombardier-bailout-quebec-invest-1-billion-in-c-series-aircraft-program.html
  33. 1 2 http://www.bnn.ca/News/2015/11/10/Trudeau-says-Bombardier-aid-needs-strong-business-case.aspx
  34. ↑ http://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2015/11/03/bombardiers-cseries-jam-a-dramatic-early-test-for-trudeau.html
  35. ↑ http://www.macleans.ca/news/canada/trudeau-bombardier-must-make-a-business-case-if-it-wants-federal-aid/
  36. ↑ http://www.thestar.com/opinion/commentary/2015/11/04/bombardier-exemplifies-the-pitfalls-of-corporate-welfare-goar.html
  37. ↑ http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/quebecs-bombardier-bailout-is-not-an-investment-its-corporate-welfare/article27081111/
  38. ↑ http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/bombardier-trudeau-labour-congress-1.3312410
  39. ↑ http://www.yorkregion.com/news-story/6109755-bombardier-must-justify-help-trudeau/
  40. ↑ Wingrove, Josh; Deveau, Scott (15 April 2016). "Bombardier Said to Reject Aid Proposal From Canadian Government". The Washington Post. The Washington Post. Retrieved 15 April 2016. A spokesman for Innovation Minister Navdeep Bains, who is leading the review of Bombardier’s request, declined to comment on the government offer
  41. ↑ Lampert, Allison; Ljunggren, David (15 April 2015). "Canada gov't in 'constructive' talks on Bombardier aid: minister". Reuters Canada. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 15 April 2016. Federal government officials have said they do not want to imitate the structure of a separate 2015 deal the province of Quebec struck to support the CSeries, which some felt did not impose enough conditions on the company.
  42. 1 2 Lu, Vanessa (28 April 2016). "Despite Delta's order, Bombardier wants Ottawa's help". The Star. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  43. ↑ Wingrove, Josh (13 May 2016). "Bombardier Aid Talks Stall on Trudeau's $3 Billion Pitch". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 14 May 2016. "It’s not our intention to change anything in this regard,” Bombardier Executive Chairman Pierre Beaudoin said on 29 April, referring to the dual-class share structure.
  44. ↑ Olive, David (9 July 2016). "Why Ottawa will spend $1B to prop up Bombardier: Olive". Toronto Star. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
  45. ↑ Wingrove, Josh (20 May 2016). "Bombardier, Aerospace Hit Canada's 'Bulls-Eye', Morneau Says". Bloomberg. Bloomberg LP. Retrieved 9 July 2016. It’s a highly innovative Canadian sector. It’s got the potential to be a growing and important part of our economy. We’re looking at how we can enhance Canada’s capability to be innovative — and focusing on a place where you’ve already got world-leading companies and world-leading technologies makes absolute sense.
  46. ↑ "Transport Canada registers first Global 7000". Flight Global. 5 September 2016.
  47. ↑ aerospace.bombardier.com - Worldwide Presence retrieved 24 February 2013
  48. ↑ aerospace.bombardier.com - About Us retrieved 24 February 2013
  49. ↑ Bombardier in Canada retrieved 24 February 2013
  50. 1 2 Bombardier in Ontario retrieved 24 February 2013
  51. ↑ "Bombardier Inaugurates Learjet 85 Aircraft Component Manufacturing Facility in Queretaro, Mexico". Reuters (Press release). Bombardier. 21 October 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
  52. ↑ aerospace.bombardier.com - Bombardier in Mexico retrieved 31 August 2012
  53. ↑ Rouaud, Pierre-Olivier (8 February 2013). "Bombardier Aéronautique Maroc : Démarrage de la production à Casablanca dans une usine proviso ire" [Bombardier Aerospace Morocco: Production Begins in Casablanca in temporary factory]. usinenouvelle.com (in French). Infopro Digital. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
  54. ↑ "Presence in the United Kingdom: Manufacturing". Bombardier. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  55. ↑ Bombardier in the USA retrieved 24 February 2013
  56. ↑ Bombardier Posts Record 370 Aircraft Deliveries.
  57. ↑ Bombardier Announces That Bombardier Aerospace is On Target With 370 Aircraft Deliveries.
  58. ↑ Annual Report Year Ended January 31, 2003 - Bombardier. Archived December 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
  59. ↑ Bombardier Delivers 329 Aircraft for Fiscal Year 2004/05: Second Consecutive Year of Increased Deliveries.
  60. ↑ Bombardier aircraft – Fiscal year 2005/06 deliveries.
  61. ↑ An Exceptional Year for Bombardier Aerospace in Terms of Deliveries and Orders: 361 Aircraft Delivered and 698 Orders Placed in Fiscal Year 2007/08.
  62. ↑ Bombardier Aerospace Delivers 353 Aircraft and Records 378 Net Orders in Fiscal Year 2008/09.
  63. ↑ Bombardier Aerospace Bombardier Aerospace Delivers 302 Aircraft in Fiscal Year 2009/10.
  64. ↑ Bombardier Aerospace Delivers 244 Aircraft in Fiscal Year 2010/11.
  65. ↑ Bombardier Aerospace Delivers 233 Aircraft and Receives Orders for 481 Aircraft in 2012.
  66. ↑ Bombardier Aerospace Delivers 238 Aircraft and Receives Orders for 388 Aircraft in 2013. Archived January 23, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
  67. ↑ Bombardier Aerospace Delivers 290 Aircraft and Receives Orders for 282 Aircraft in 2014. from 2014 annual report Archived February 13, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.
  68. ↑ Bombardier Aerospace Orders/Deliveries from 2015 annual report Archived March 11, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.

References

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