Cable transport

Cable car at Zell am See in the Austrian Alps

Cable transport is a broad class of transport modes that have cables as foundation for transporting things, people, or vehicles. The cable may be driven or passive; items may be moved by pulling, sliding, sailing, or by drives within the object being moved on cableways. The use of pulleys and balancing of loads going up and down are common elements of cable transport.They are also used in mountainous areas.

Common modes of cable transport are:

History


Cable drawn transport has been known of since at least 250 B.C.[1] and received much attention during the industrial revolution. During said period of time several new methods were thought of and implemented including: the use of steel cable to allow for greater load support and larger systems. funicular railways were instituted in San Francisco in 1872 and as attention grew, aerial tramways became a greater focus shortly after but only coming into commercial use for passengers in the 1900s.[2]

The first cable cars

The idea for a cable hauled street railway in California belonged to Benjamin Brooks, who was not able to accomplish it due to the lack of capital. Instead, Andrew Hallidie, a Scottish emigre, gave San Francisco the first effective and commercially successful route, using steel cables. Hallidie was a manufacturer of such cables.. The system featured a man operated grip, which was able to start the carrier and stop it safely as well. The rope that was used allowed the independent use of more than one cable cars at once and soon Hallidie`s concept was extended to the whole city of San Francisco. The carriers were with capacity between 14 and 16 people but during the rush hours they could fit between 24 and 26 passengers without any problems. The tickets cost about 5 cents, which was relatively expensive for back then but still seems unbelievable compared to the price today – approximately 5 dollars!

Actually, from the historical point of view, the San Francisco Cable Car was implemented after the one in London and Blackwall Railway, built in 1840, but the technology that Andrew Hallidie suggested was far more practical and better and in a way similar to the systems in practice today. The London one used fiber, instead of steel ropes and collars to make the connection from the grip to the rope. This caused a series of technical and safety issues, which led to replacing the lines with steam vehicles by 1848.

More recent developments

More recent developments are being classified under the type of track that their design is based upon. In 1868 the Westside and Yonkers railway came into operation according to Andrea Marocchi.[3] After the success of this operation, several other projects were initiated in New Zealand and Chicago. The social climate around pollution is allowing for a shift back to utilization of cable transport from cars due to their advantages. However, for many years they were a niche form of transportation used primarily in difficult-to-operate conditions for cars (such as on ski slopes as lifts). Now that Cable Transport Projects (CTP) are on the incline the social effects are beginning to become more significant.

Social effects

There are a few notable advantages to using cable transport including:[4]

The Portland Aerial Tram

Comparison with other transport types

When these are offset against the advantages of using other modes of transport such as trains or cars, the volume of people to transport over a period of time and the start-up cost of the project must be considered. While personal vehicle have access to an entire road network the project may be out-with this network itself. If it is out-with this network then it may be more viable to use a CTP to link it to the road. More remote places like mountainous regions and ski slopes may be more difficult to link the road network into and so a CTP is a much easier approach as they don’t require individual personal vehicles to be designed to cope with these extreme conditions. They also don’t usually require huge invasive changes to the local environment. The use of Cable Transport is not limited to such rural locations as skiing resorts; it can be used in urban development areas. Their uses in urban areas include funicular railways, gondola lifts [5] and aerial tramways.[6]

Safety

Although Cable Transport technology has advanced to cope with various weather conditions, there are many cases where accidents still occur.[7] However it still experiences the fewest number of injuries, deaths, etc. per 1000 passengers when compared with other forms of transports according to the GondolaProject. This is a further advantage of their use as public transport despite their limitations in capacity. Cable Cars experienced the lowest number of accidents, injuries and deaths in Switzerland during 2008-2009 according to the gondolaproject.[8] However, the overall safety of cable transportation was reconsidered after a major tragedy involving cable cars occurred in Saint-Etienne en Devoluy, which killed 21 people in July 1999. Although the technology behind cable cars ensures the safety when using them, cable transportation – cable cars especially – are most commonly used in very hazardous conditions. These conditions include being at very high heights, usually above dangerous mountain or dense forest terrain and also in parts of the world that have extreme weather conditions with high winds and snow. For some people this raises concerns about the risks using this type of transportation poses however, thousands of people use cable transportation daily without any issue around the world in all types of conditions, proving that the developments have made cable transportation one of the safest ways of transport with the fewest amount of casualties.[9]

Accidents

Although accidents involving cable transport are a rare occurrence, there have still been some pretty tragic and serious incidents in the past. These are ranging from simple power outages causing the cart to come to an unexpected halt or the cart unfortunately crashing:

Future of Cable Transport

The future of the cable transport certainly looks promising, as the need for reducing the transportation costs and air pollution is rapidly growing. Also, it is necessary to take into consideration the various cable-APM (Automated People Mover) characteristics, because they possess different properties, suit different needs and therefore can be used to solve a variety of transportation issues. The cable system transport can be classified in the following way:

Of course, each of these instances are accompanied by certain advantages and limitations. The ski area cableways technology is a perfect solution when there is a large vertical drop or the cabins are required to cross obstacles such as, rivers or lakes. However, the setback is the difficulty to design lines with numerous stations and corners, having to consider the visual pollution of the towers as well. The shuttle systems impose the usage of a massive bridge, especially if the distance between the towers is wide. This implies the systems would consist of long cables and a lot of intermediate stations, which could result either in serious capacity decrease or in needs of vast carriers. The mini-metro technology does not pose such issues, as the carriers are way smaller and are able to cut corners, but the real problem is connected with the number of stations. The existing technology uses a large number of tires, belts and gears for the execution of the acceleration, the deceleration and the actual process of driving. There are currently some developments about the future improvement of this type of cable transport, but it still remains a major issue to be resolved.[12]

References

  1. ↑ http://www.mas.bg.ac.rs/_media/istrazivanje/fme/vol34/4/5._hoffmann_205-212.pdf Klaus Hoffmann Recent Developments in Cable-Drawn Urban Transport Systems - 4/11/2006. Retrieved on 17/11/2015
  2. ↑ http://www.mas.bg.ac.rs/_media/istrazivanje/fme/vol34/4/5._hoffmann_205-212.pdf Klaus Hoffmann Recent Developments in Cable-Drawn Urban Transport Systems - 4/11/2006. Retrieved on 17/11/2015
  3. ↑ http://www.oitaf.org/Kongress%202011/Referate/Marocchi.pdf Andrea Marocchi. CABLEWAYS FOR URBAN TRANSPORTATION: HISTORY,, STATE OF THE ART AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS. Accessed 17/11/2015
  4. ↑ http://www.newgeography.com/content/001405-the-compelling-case-for-the-cable-car The Compelling Case For The Cable Car By Steven Dale Retrieved 24/11/2015
  5. ↑ http://www.oitaf.org/Kongress%202011/Referate/O'Connor%20-%20Dale%2001-2012.pdf RYAN O’CONNOR AND STEVEN DALE. URBAN GONDOLAS, AERIAL ROPEWAYS AND PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: PAST MISTAKES & FUTURE STRATEGIES. Accessed 17/11/2015
  6. ↑ http://abstracts.aetransport.org/paper/download/id/3618. Cécile Clément-Werny et al CABLEWAYS AS URBAN PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEMS session: Local Public Transport - Different modes. Retrieved [17/11/2015]
  7. ↑ http://gondolaproject.com/ Gondola Project. 16/11/2015. Retrieved [17/11/2015]
  8. ↑ http://gondolaproject.com/ Gondola Project. 16/11/2015. Retrieved [17/11/2015]
  9. ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/382750.stm British broadcasting company (BBC) (1999). Retrieved 17/11/2015
  10. ↑ http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/highlands_and_islands/5177392.stm(13/06/2006) People injured in cable car crash [Accessed on 01/12/2015]
  11. ↑ http://www.standard.co.uk/news/transport/passengers-stranded-90-metres-in-the-air-as-londons-new-cable-car-breaks-down-7976314.html# (06/06/2012) Passengers stranded 90 metres in the air as London's new cable car breaks down [Accessed on 01/12/2015]
  12. ↑ https://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/dpu/metrocables/dissemination/Davila-Daste-2012-UNEP.pdf Julio D. Dávila et al. Medellín’s aerial cable-cars: social inclusion and reduced emissions (Accessed 24/11/2015)

External links

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