Charles Manson

Charles Manson

Manson in 2014
Born Charles Milles Maddox
(1934-11-12) November 12, 1934
Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.
Criminal charge Murder, conspiracy
Criminal penalty Death (reduced to life imprisonment due to the abolition of the death penalty in California in the early 1970's)
Spouse(s) Rosalie Jean Willis (m. 1955–58)
Leona "Candy" Stevens (m. 1959–63)
Children
  • Charles Milles Manson, Jr., (mother Rosalie Willis)
  • Charles Luther Manson (mother Leona Stevens)
  • Valentine Michael "Pooh Bear" Manson (mother Mary Brunner)
Parent(s)
  • Walker Scott (father)
  • Kathleen Maddox (mother)
  • William Manson (stepfather)
Imprisoned at Corcoran State Prison

Musical career

Genres Folk rock[1]
Occupation(s) Singer-songwriter
Instruments
  • Vocals
  • guitar
Years active 1968–1970
Labels Awareness
Associated acts Phil Kaufman

Charles Milles Manson (born Charles Milles Maddox, November 12, 1934)[2]:136–7 is an American criminal who led what became known as the Manson Family, a quasi-commune that arose in California in the late 1960s. Manson and his followers committed a series of nine murders at four locations over a period of five weeks in the summer of 1969. In 1971 he was found guilty of conspiracy to commit the murders of seven people – most notably of the actress Sharon Tate – all of which were carried out by members of the group at his instruction. He is currently serving nine concurrent life sentences at Corcoran State Prison in Corcoran, California.

Manson believed in what he called "Helter Skelter", a term he took from the Beatles' song of the same name. Manson believed Helter Skelter to be an impending apocalyptic race war, which he described in his own version of the lyrics to the Beatles' song. He believed the murders would help precipitate that war. From the beginning of his notoriety, a pop culture arose around him in which he ultimately became an emblem of insanity, violence and the macabre.

At the time the Family began to form, Manson was an unemployed former convict, who had spent half of his life in correctional institutions for a variety of offenses. Before the murders, he was a singer-songwriter on the fringe of the Los Angeles music industry, chiefly through a chance association with Dennis Wilson, drummer and founding member of the Beach Boys. After Manson was charged with the crimes of which he was later convicted, recordings of songs written and performed by him were released commercially. Various musicians have covered some of his songs.

Early life

Childhood

Born to an unmarried 16-year-old named Kathleen Maddox (1918–1973),[3] in the General Hospital, in Cincinnati, Ohio, Manson was first named "no name Maddox."[2]:136–7[4][5] Within weeks, he was called Charles Milles Maddox.[2]:136–7[6][7]

For a period after his birth, his mother was married to a laborer named William Manson (1910–?),[7] whose last name the boy was given. His biological father appears to have been Colonel Walker Scott (May 11, 1910 – December 30, 1954)[8] against whom Kathleen Maddox filed a paternity suit that resulted in an agreed judgment in 1937. Possibly, Manson never knew his biological father.[2]:136–7[5]

Several statements in Manson's 1953 case file from the seven months he would later spend at the National Training School for Boys in Washington, D.C., allude to the possibility that "Colonel Scott" was black.[2]:555 These include the first two sentences of his family background section, which read: "Father: unknown. He is alleged to have been a colored cook by the name of Scott, who got promiscuous with Charles's mother at the time of her pregnancy."[2]:556 When asked about these official records by attorney Vincent Bugliosi in 1971, Manson emphatically denied that his biological father had black ancestry.[2]:588 In addition, the 1920 and 1930 census list Colonel Scott and his father as white.

In the biography Manson in His Own Words, Colonel Scott is said to have been "a young drugstore cowboy ... a transient laborer working on a nearby dam project." It is not clear what "nearby" means. The description is in a paragraph that indicates Kathleen Maddox gave birth to Manson "while living in Cincinnati", after she had run away from her own home, in Ashland, Kentucky.[9]

There is much about Manson's early life that is in dispute because of the varying stories he has offered to interviewers, many of which were untrue. Manson's mother was allegedly a heavy drinker.[2]:136–7 According to Manson, she once sold her son for a pitcher of beer to a childless waitress, from whom his uncle retrieved him some days later.[10]

When Manson's mother and her brother were sentenced to five years' imprisonment for robbing a Charleston, West Virginia, service station in 1939 by brandishing a ketchup bottle, Manson was placed in the home of an aunt and uncle in McMechen, West Virginia.[11] Upon her 1942 parole, Manson's mother retrieved her son and lived with him in a series of run-down hotel rooms.[2]:136–7 Manson himself later characterized her physical embrace of him on the day she returned from prison as his sole happy childhood memory.[10] In 1947, Kathleen Maddox tried to have her son placed in a foster home but failed because no such home was available. The court placed Manson in Gibault School for Boys in Terre Haute, Indiana. After 10 months, he fled from there to his mother, who rejected him.[2]:136–7

First offenses

By burglarizing a liquor store, Manson obtained money that enabled him to rent a room.[2]:136–7 He committed a string of burglaries of other stores, including one from which he stole a bicycle, but was eventually caught in the act and sent to an Indianapolis juvenile center. He escaped after one day, but was recaptured and placed in Boys Town. Four days after his arrival there, he escaped with another boy. The pair committed two armed robberies on their way to the home of the other boy's uncle.[2]:137–146

Caught during the second of two subsequent break-ins of grocery stores, Manson was sent, at age 13, to the Indiana Boys School, where, he would later claim, he was brutalized sexually and otherwise.[10] After many failed attempts, he escaped with two other boys in 1951.[2]:137–146

In Utah, the three were caught driving to California in cars they had stolen. They had robbed several filling stations along the way. For the federal crime of taking a stolen car across a state line, Manson was sent to Washington, D.C.'s National Training School for Boys. Despite four years of schooling and an I.Q. of 109 (later tested at age 21),[2]:137–146 he was illiterate. A caseworker deemed him aggressively antisocial.[2]:137–146

First imprisonment

In October 1951, on a psychiatrist's recommendation, Manson was transferred to Natural Bridge Honor Camp, a minimum security institution. Manson was transferred to the Federal Reformatory, Petersburg, Virginia, where he was considered "dangerous."[2]:137–146 In September 1952, a number of other serious disciplinary offenses resulted in his transfer to the Federal Reformatory at Chillicothe, Ohio, a more secure institution.[2]:137–146 About a month after the transfer, he became almost a model resident. Good work habits and a rise in his educational level from the lower fourth to the upper seventh grade won him a May 1954 parole.[2]:137–146

After temporarily honoring a parole condition that he live with his aunt and uncle in West Virginia, Manson moved in with his mother in that same state. In January 1955, he married a hospital waitress named Rosalie Jean Willis, with whom, by his own account, he found genuine, if short-lived, marital happiness.[10] He supported their marriage through small-time jobs and auto theft.[2]:137–146

Around October, about three months after he and his pregnant wife arrived in Los Angeles in a car he had stolen in Ohio, Manson was again charged with a federal crime for taking the vehicle across state lines. After a psychiatric evaluation, he was given five years' probation. His subsequent failure to appear at a Los Angeles hearing on an identical charge filed in Florida resulted in his March 1956 arrest in Indianapolis. His probation was revoked; he was sentenced to three years' imprisonment at Terminal Island, San Pedro, California.[2]:137–146

While Manson was in prison, Rosalie gave birth to their son Charles Manson, Jr. During his first year at Terminal Island, Manson received visits from Rosalie and his mother, who were now living together in Los Angeles. In March 1957, when the visits from his wife ceased, his mother informed him Rosalie was living with another man. Less than two weeks before a scheduled parole hearing, Manson tried to escape by stealing a car. He was subsequently given five years probation, and his parole was denied.[2]:137–146

Second imprisonment

Manson received five years' parole in September 1958, the same year in which Rosalie received a decree of divorce. By November, he was pimping a 16-year-old girl and was receiving additional support from a girl with wealthy parents. In September 1959, he pleaded guilty to a charge of attempting to cash a forged U.S. Treasury check. He received a 10-year suspended sentence and probation after a young woman with an arrest record for prostitution made a "tearful plea" before the court that she and Manson were "deeply in love ... and would marry if Charlie were freed."[2]:137–146 Before the year's end, the woman did marry Manson, possibly so testimony against him would not be required of her.[2]:137–146

The woman's name was Leona; as a prostitute, she had used the name Candy Stevens. After Manson took her and another woman from California to New Mexico for purposes of prostitution, he was held and questioned for violation of the Mann Act. Though he was released, he evidently suspected, rightly, that the investigation had not ended. When he disappeared, in violation of his probation, a bench warrant was issued; an April 1960 indictment for violation of the Mann Act followed.[2]:137–146 Arrested in Laredo, Texas, in June, when one of the women was arrested for prostitution, Manson was returned to Los Angeles. For violation of his probation on the check-cashing charge, he was ordered to serve his 10-year sentence.[2]:137–146

In July 1961, after a year spent unsuccessfully appealing the revocation of his probation, Manson was transferred from the Los Angeles County Jail to the United States Penitentiary at McNeil Island. There, he took guitar lessons from Barker-Karpis gang leader Alvin "Creepy" Karpis, and obtained a contact name of someone at Universal Studios in Hollywood from another inmate, Phil Kaufman.[12] According to Jeff Guinn's 2013 biography of Manson, Charlie's mother Kathleen moved from California to Washington state to be closer to him during his McNeil Island incarceration, working nearby as a waitress.[13]

Although the Mann Act charge had been dropped, the attempt to cash the Treasury check was still a federal offense. His September 1961 annual review noted he had a "tremendous drive to call attention to himself", an observation echoed in September 1964.[2]:137–146 In 1963, Leona was granted a divorce, in the pursuit of which she alleged that she and Manson had a son, Charles Luther.[2]:137–146

In June 1966, Manson was sent, for the second time in his life, to Terminal Island, in preparation for early release. By March 21, 1967, his release day, he had spent more than half of his 32 years in prisons and other institutions. This was mainly because he had broken a number of federal laws; then as now, federal sentences are much more severe than state sentences for many of the same offenses.[2]:137–146 Telling the authorities that prison had become his home, he requested permission to stay,[2]:137–146 a fact touched on in a 1981 television interview with Tom Snyder.[14]

1968–69: Manson Family crimes

Main article: Manson Family

1971–present: third imprisonment

1980s–90s

The Folsom State Prison, one of the facilities where Manson has been held

In the 1980s, Manson gave four notable interviews. The first, recorded at California Medical Facility and aired June 13, 1981, was by Tom Snyder for NBC's The Tomorrow Show. The second, recorded at San Quentin Prison and aired March 7, 1986, was by Charlie Rose for CBS News Nightwatch; it won the national news Emmy Award for "Best Interview" in 1987.[15] The third, with Geraldo Rivera in 1988, was part of that journalist's prime-time special on Satanism.[16] At least as early as the Snyder interview, Manson's forehead bore a swastika, in the spot where the X carved during his trial had been.[17]

In 1989, Nikolas Schreck conducted an interview of Manson, cutting the interview up for material in his documentary Charles Manson Superstar. Schreck concluded that Manson was not insane, but merely acting that way out of frustration.[18][19]

On September 25, 1984, while imprisoned at the California Medical Facility at Vacaville, Manson was severely burned by a fellow inmate who poured paint thinner on him and set him alight. The other prisoner, Jan Holmstrom, explained that Manson had objected to his Hare Krishna chants and had verbally threatened him. Despite suffering second- and third-degree burns on over 20 percent of his body, Manson recovered from his injuries.[2]:497

In June 1997, Manson was found to have been trafficking in drugs by a prison disciplinary committee.[20] That August, he was moved from Corcoran State Prison to Pelican Bay State Prison.[20]

In a 1998–99 interview in Seconds magazine, Bobby Beausoleil rejected the view that Manson ordered him to kill Gary Hinman.[21] He stated Manson did come to Hinman's house and slash Hinman with a sword. In a 1981 interview with Oui magazine, he denied this. Beausoleil stated that when he read about the Tate murders in the newspaper, "I wasn't even sure at that point – really, I had no idea who had done it until Manson's group were actually arrested for it. It had only crossed my mind and I had a premonition, perhaps. There was some little tickle in my mind that the killings might be connected with them ..." In the Oui magazine interview, he had stated, "When [the Tate-LaBianca murders] happened, I knew who had done it. I was fairly certain."[22]

2000s–10s

On September 5, 2007, MSNBC aired The Mind of Manson, a complete version of a 1987 interview at California's San Quentin State Prison. The footage of the "unshackled, unapologetic, and unruly" Manson had been considered "so unbelievable" that only seven minutes of it had originally been broadcast on The Today Show, for which it had been recorded.[23]

In a January 2008 segment of the Discovery Channel's Most Evil, Barbara Hoyt said that the impression that she had accompanied Ruth Ann Moorehouse to Hawaii just to avoid testifying at Manson's trial was erroneous. Hoyt said she had cooperated with the Family because she was "trying to keep them from killing my family." She stated that, at the time of the trial, she was "constantly being threatened: 'Your family's gonna die. [The murders] could be repeated at your house.'"[24]

On March 15, 2008, the Associated Press reported that forensic investigators had conducted a search for human remains at Barker Ranch the previous month. Following up on longstanding rumors that the Family had killed hitchhikers and runaways who had come into its orbit during its time at Barker, the investigators identified "two likely clandestine grave sites ... and one additional site that merits further investigation."[25] Though they recommended digging, CNN reported on March 28 that the Inyo County sheriff, who questioned the methods they employed with search dogs, had ordered additional tests before any excavation.[26] On 9 May, after a delay caused by damage to test equipment,[27] the sheriff announced that test results had been inconclusive and that "exploratory excavation" would begin on 20 May.[28] In the meantime, Tex Watson had commented publicly that "no one was killed" at the desert camp during the month-and-a-half he was there, after the Tate-LaBianca murders.[29][30] On 21 May, after two days of work, the sheriff brought the search to an end; four potential gravesites had been dug up and had been found to hold no human remains.[31][32] In March 2009, a photograph taken of a 74-year-old Manson, showing a receding hairline, grizzled gray beard and hair and the swastika tattoo still prominent on his forehead, was released to the public by California corrections officials.[33]

Manson at age 74 in March 2009

In November 2009, a Los Angeles DJ and songwriter named Matthew Roberts released correspondence and other evidence indicating he may have been biologically fathered by Manson. Roberts' biological mother claims to have been a member of the Manson Family who left in the summer of 1967 after being raped by Manson; she returned to her parents' home to complete the pregnancy, gave birth on March 22, 1968, and subsequently put Roberts up for adoption. Manson himself has stated that he "could" be the father, acknowledging the biological mother and a sexual relationship with her during 1967; this was nearly two years before the Family began its murderous phase.[34][35]

In 2010, the Los Angeles Times reported that Manson was caught with a cell phone in 2009, and had contacted people in California, New Jersey, Florida and British Columbia. A spokesperson for the California Department of Corrections stated that it was not known if Manson had used the phone for criminal purposes.[36]

Manson at age 76 in June 2011

On November 17, 2014, it was announced that Manson was engaged to 26-year-old Afton Elaine "Star" Burton while still in prison, and had obtained a marriage license on November 7.[37] Burton had been visiting Manson in prison for at least nine years, and maintained several websites that claimed his innocence.[38] The wedding license expired on February 5, 2015, without a marriage ceremony taking place.[39] It was later reported that, according to journalist Daniel Simone, the wedding was cancelled after it was discovered that Burton only wanted to marry Manson so she and a friend Craig "Gray Wolf" Hammond could use his corpse as a tourist attraction after he dies.[39][40] According to Simone, Manson believes he will never die, and may just be using the possibility of marriage as a way to encourage Burton and Hammond to continue visiting him and bringing him gifts.[39] Together with a co-author Heidi Jordan Ley and with the assistance of some of Manson's fellow prisoners, Simone has written a book about Manson and is seeking a publisher for it.[39] Burton said on her web site that the reason the marriage did not take place is merely logistical – that Manson is suffering from an infection and has been in a prison medical facility for two months, and cannot receive visitors.[39] She said she still hoped the marriage license will be renewed and the marriage will take place.[39]

Parole hearings

A footnote to the conclusion of California v. Anderson, the 1972 decision that neutralized California's death sentences, stated that, "any prisoner now under a sentence of death … may file a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the superior court inviting that court to modify its judgment to provide for the appropriate alternative punishment of life imprisonment or life imprisonment without possibility of parole specified by statute for the crime for which he was sentenced to death."[41]

This made Manson eligible to apply for parole after seven years' incarceration.[2]:488 Accordingly, his first parole hearing took place on November 16, 1978, at the California Medical Facility in Vacaville, and his petition was rejected.[2]:498[42]

Manson was denied parole for the 12th time on April 11, 2012. Manson did not attend the hearing, in which prison officials argued that Manson had a "history of controlling behavior" and "mental health issues" including schizophrenia and paranoid delusional disorder and was too great a danger to be released.[43] It was determined that Manson would not be reconsidered for parole for another 15 years, i.e. not before 2027,[44] at which time he would be 92 years old.

On October 4, 2012, Bruce Davis, who had been convicted of the murder of Shorty Shea and the attempted robbery by Manson Family members of a Hawthorne gun shop in 1971, was recommended for parole by the California Department of Corrections' parole board at his 27th parole hearing. In 2010, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger had reversed the board's previous finding in favor of Davis, denying him parole for two more years.[45] On March 1, 2013, and again on August 8, 2014, Governor Jerry Brown also denied parole for Davis.[46]

In July 2016, former Manson follower Leslie Van Houten's petition for parole was endorsed by the parole board and forwarded to California governor Jerry Brown who rejected it.[47]

Charles Manson's California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation inmate number at Corcoran State Prison is B33920.[48][49]

Legacy

Recordings

On March 6, 1970, the day the court vacated Manson's status as his own attorney,[2]:258–269 LIE, an album of Manson music, was released.[50][51][52] This included "Cease to Exist", a Manson composition the Beach Boys had recorded with modified lyrics and the title "Never Learn Not to Love".[53][54] Over the next couple of months, only about 300 of the album's 2,000 copies sold.[55]

Since that time, there have been several releases of Manson recordings – both musical and spoken.[56] The Family Jams includes two compact discs of Manson's songs recorded by the Family in 1970, after Manson and the others had been arrested. Guitar and lead vocals are supplied by Steve Grogan;[2]:125–127 additional vocals are supplied by Lynette Fromme, Sandra Good, Catherine Share, and others.[56][57] One Mind, an album of music, poetry, and spoken word, new at the time of its release, in April 2005,[56] was put out under a Creative Commons license.[58][59]

American rock band Guns N' Roses recorded Manson's "Look at Your Game, Girl", included as an unlisted 13th track on their 1993 album "The Spaghetti Incident?"[2]:488–491[60][61] "My Monkey", which appears on Portrait of an American Family by Marilyn Manson (no relation, as is explained below), includes the lyrics "I had a little monkey / I sent him to the country and I fed him on gingerbread / Along came a choo-choo / Knocked my monkey cuckoo / And now my monkey's dead."[62] These lyrics are from Manson's "Mechanical Man",[63] which is heard on LIE. Crispin Glover covered "Never Say 'Never' To Always" on his album The Big Problem ≠ The Solution. The Solution = Let It Be released in 1989. Transgressive punk rock performance artist GG Allin covered "Garbage Dump" (from LIE) on his album You Give Love A Bad Name.

Several of Manson's songs, including "I'm Scratching Peace Symbols on Your Tombstone" (a.k.a. "First They Made Me Sleep in the Closet"), "Garbage Dump", and "I Can't Remember When", are featured in the soundtrack of the 1976 TV-movie Helter Skelter, where they are performed by Steve Railsback, who portrays Manson.[64]

According to a popular urban legend, Manson unsuccessfully auditioned for the Monkees in late 1965; this is refuted by the fact that Manson was still incarcerated at McNeil Island at that time.[65]

Cultural influence

Beginning in January 1970, Manson was embraced by the underground newspapers Los Angeles Free Press and Tuesday's Child, with the latter proclaiming him "Man of the Year".[66] In June 1970, he was the subject of a Rolling Stone cover story, "Charles Manson: The Incredible Story of the Most Dangerous Man Alive".[66] When a Rolling Stone writer visited the Los Angeles District Attorney's office in preparing that story,[67] he was shocked by a photograph of the bloody "Healter [sic] Skelter" that would bind Manson to popular culture.[68]

Bernardine Dohrn, a leader of the Weather Underground reportedly said about the Tate murders: "Dig it, first they killed those pigs, then they ate dinner in the same room with them, then they even shoved a fork into a victim's stomach. Wild!".[69]

Manson has been a presence in fashion,[70][71] graphics,[72][73] music,[74] and movies, as well as on television and the stage. In an afterword composed for the 1994 edition of the non-fiction book Helter Skelter, prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi quoted a BBC employee's assertion that a "neo-Manson cult" existing then in Europe was represented by, among other things, approximately 70 rock bands playing songs by Manson and "songs in support of him".[2]:488–491

Manson has even influenced the names of musical performers such as Kasabian, Spahn Ranch, and Marilyn Manson, the last a stage name assembled from "Charles Manson" and "Marilyn Monroe".[75] The story of the Family's activities inspired John Moran's opera The Manson Family and Stephen Sondheim's musical Assassins, the latter of which has Lynette Fromme as a character.[76][77] The tale has been the subject of several movies such as the 1984 film Manson Family Movies,[78] including two television dramatizations of Helter Skelter.[79][80] In the South Park episode "Merry Christmas, Charlie Manson", Manson is a comical character whose inmate number is 06660, an apparent reference to 666, the Biblical " number of the beast.[81][82]

The 2002 novel The Dead Circus by John Kaye includes the activities of the Manson Family as a major plot point.[83]

In 2015, NBC premiered the crime drama Aquarius, with Gethin Anthony playing Manson. The series was set in 1967 and included storylines inspired by actual events involving Manson.[84]

Documentaries

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Johnson, Bruce; Martin Cloonan (2013). Dark Side of the Tune: Popular Music and Violence. Ashgate. p. 83. ISBN 1-4094-9392-X.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Bugliosi, Vincent with Gentry, Curt. Helter Skelter – The True Story of the Manson Murders 25th Anniversary Edition, W.W. Norton & Company, 1994. ISBN 0-393-08700-X. oclc=15164618.
  3. ↑ "Internet Accuracy Project: Charles Manson, a websited dedicated to providing accurate information on the web". Accuracyproject.org. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  4. ↑ Emmons, Nuel. Manson in His Own Words. Grove Press, New York; 1988. ISBN 0-8021-3024-0, p. 28. (If link does not go directly to page 28, scroll to it; "no name Maddox" is highlighted.)
  5. 1 2 Smith, Dave. Mother Tells Life of Manson as Boy. 1971 article; retrieved June 5, 2007.
  6. ↑ Reitwiesner, William Addams. Provisional ancestry of Charles Manson; retrieved April 26, 2007.
  7. 1 2 Photocopy of Manson birth certificate Archived August 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. MansonDirect.com; retrieved April 26, 2007. Archived August 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  8. ↑ "Internet Accuracy Project: Charles Manson". Accuracyproject.org. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  9. ↑ Emmons, Nuel. Manson in His Own Words. Grove Press, New York (1988); ISBN 0-8021-3024-0, pp. 28–29.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Emmons, Nuel. Manson in His Own Words. Grove Press, New York (1988); ISBN 0-8021-3024-0
  11. ↑ "Long Before Little Charlie Became the Face of Evil". The New York Times. August 7, 2013. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
  12. ↑ "Short Bits 2 – Charles Manson and the Beach Boys". Lost in the Grooves. Retrieved July 2, 2012.
  13. ↑ Rule, Ann (August 18, 2013). "There Will Be Blood". The New York Times Book Review (August 18, 2013): 14.
  14. ↑ 1981 Tom Snyder interview with Charles Manson Part 1 through 7. OneMansBlog.com. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
  15. ↑ Joynt, Carol. Diary of a Mad Saloon Owner Archived July 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.. April–May 2005. Archived July 14, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  16. ↑ "Rivera's 'Devil Worship' was TV at its Worst". Review by Tom Shales. San Jose Mercury News, October 31, 1988.
  17. ↑ Itzkoff, Dave (July 31, 2007). "Hearts and Souls Dissected, in 12 Minutes or Less". New York Times. Retrieved October 31, 2009. Appraisal of Tom Snyder, upon his death. Includes photograph of Manson with swastika on forehead during 1981 interview.
  18. ↑ Charles Manson Superstar, 1989
  19. ↑ Interano Radio "Interview with Nikolas Schreck" August 1988.
  20. 1 2 "Manson moved to a tougher prison after drug charge". Sun Journal. Lewiston, Maine. AP. August 22, 1997. p. 7A. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  21. ↑ "Beausoleil Seconds interviews". beausoleil.net. Archived from the original on June 7, 2007.
  22. ↑ "Beausoleil Oui interview". charliemanson.com. Archived from the original on November 22, 2010.
  23. ↑ Transcript, MSNBC Live. September 5, 2007. Retrieved November 21, 2007.
  24. ↑ "Charles Manson Murders". Most Evil. Season 3. Episode 1. January 31, 2008. Discovery Channel. Archived from the original on February 22, 2008.
  25. ↑ "AP Exclusive: On Manson's trail, forensic testing suggests possible new grave sites". http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1986312/posts Associated Press, posted at International Herald Tribune. Retrieved March 16, 2008. Archived March 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  26. ↑ More tests at Manson ranch for buried bodies. CNN.com. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
  27. ↑ Authorities delay decision on digging at Manson ranch Associated Press report, mercurynews.com. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
  28. ↑ Authorities to dig at old Manson family ranch cnn.com. Retrieved May 9, 2008.
  29. ↑ Letter from Manson lieutenant. CNN. Retrieved May 9, 2008.
  30. ↑ Monthly View – May 2008. Archived July 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Aboundinglove.org. Retrieved May 9, 2008. Archived July 14, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
  31. ↑ Four holes dug, no bodies found ... Archived March 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. iht.com. Retrieved May 26, 2008. Archived March 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  32. ↑ Dig turns up no bodies at Manson ranch site CNN.com, May 21, 2008. Retrieved May 26, 2008.
  33. ↑ "New prison photo of Charles Manson released". CNN. March 20, 2009. Retrieved July 21, 2009.
  34. ↑ Borland, Huw, "Man Finds His Long-Lost Dad Is Charles Manson Archived August 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. http://news.sky.com/story/1100003/youngest-manson-family-member-denied-parole",, Sky News Online, November 23, 2009. Archived August 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.http://news.sky.com/story/1100003/youngest-manson-family-member-denied-parole
  35. ↑ Samson, Peter, "I traced my dad ... and discovered he is Charles Manson", The Sun, November 23, 2009 (membership required for access).
  36. ↑ Wilson, Greg (December 3, 2010). ""Cell" Phone: Charles Manson Busted with a Mobile". Nbclosangeles.com. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  37. ↑ 5 Things to Know About the 26-Year-Old Woman Charles Manson Might Marry time.com. Retrieved January 5, 2015.
  38. ↑ Deutsch, Linda. "Charles Manson Gets Marriage License". ABC News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 17, 2014. Retrieved November 17, 2014.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sanderson, Bill (February 8, 2015). "Charles Manson's fiancee wanted to marry him for his corpse: Source". The New York Post. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
  40. ↑ Hooton, Christopher (February 9, 2015). "Charles Manson wedding off after it emerges that fiancee Afton Elaine Burton 'just wanted his corpse for display'". The Independent. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
  41. ↑ People v. Anderson, 493 P.2d 880, 6 Cal. 3d 628 (Cal. 1972), footnote (45) to final sentence of majority opinion. Retrieved April 7, 2008.
  42. ↑ "Charles Manson Family and Sharon Tate-Labianca Murders – Cielodrive.com". Retrieved April 24, 2012.
  43. ↑ "Charles Manson Quickly Denied Parole". LA Times. April 11, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2012.
  44. ↑ Jones, Kiki (April 11, 2012). "Murderer Charles Manson Denied Parole – Central Coast News KION/KCBA". Kionrightnow.com. Archived from the original on April 13, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2012.http://www.pressherald.com/2012/04/11/manson-skips-12th-parole-hearing-may-be-his-last/
  45. ↑ "Bruce Davis, Manson Follower, Gets Cleared For Release By California Parole Board". Huffingtonpost.com. October 5, 2012. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
  46. ↑ "Governor denies parole to ex-Manson follower". seattlepi. Retrieved March 1, 2013.http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/03/01/bruce-davis-manson-release-denied/1957737/
  47. ↑ "California Governor Denies Parole for Manson Ex-Follower Leslie Van Houten", NBC, 23 July 2016
  48. ↑ "Life Prisoner Parole Consideration Hearings May 7, 2007 – June 2, 2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 2, 2007.. Board of Parole Hearings, Calif. Dept. of Corrections and Rehabilitation. P. 3. Retrieved May 2, 2007.
  49. ↑ "Inmate Search." California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. Retrieved on October 15, 2010. "Name: MANSON, CHARLES CDCR#: B33920 Age: 75 Admission Date: April 22, 1971 Current Location: Corcoran"
  50. ↑ Sanders 2002, 336.
  51. ↑ Lie: The Love And Terror Cult Archived February 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.. ASIN: B000005X1J. Amazon.com. Access date: November 23, 2007. Archived February 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  52. ↑ Syndicated column re LIE release Mike Jahn, August 1970.
  53. ↑ Sanders 2002, 64–65.
  54. ↑ Dennis Wilson interview Circus magazine, October 26, 1976. Retrieved December 1, 2007.
  55. ↑ Rolling Stone story on Manson, June 1970 Archived November 22, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. http://www.rollingstone.com/coverwall/1970 CharlieManson.com. Retrieved May 2, 2007. Archived November 22, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.http://www.rollingstone.com/coverwall/1970
  56. 1 2 3 List of Manson recordings mansondirect.com. Retrieved November 24, 2007.
  57. ↑ The Family Jams. ASIN: B0002UXM2Q. 2004. Amazon.com.
  58. ↑ Charles Manson Issues Album under Creative Commons pcmag.com. Retrieved April 14, 2008.
  59. ↑ Yes it's CC! Photo verifying Creative Commons license of One Mind. blog.limewire.com. Retrieved April 13, 2008. Archived December 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  60. ↑ Review of The Spaghetti Incident? allmusic.com. Retrieved November 23, 2007.
  61. ↑ Guns N' Roses biography Archived November 13, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/guns-n-roses/biography rollingstone.com. Retrieved November 23, 2007. Archived November 13, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/guns-n-roses/biography
  62. ↑ "Manson related music." Archived August 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. charliemanson.com. Retrieved June 3, 2009. Archived August 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  63. ↑ Lyrics of "Mechanical Man" Archived August 18, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. http://www.lyricsmania.com/mechanical_man_lyrics_charles_manson.html charliemanson.com. Retrieved January 22, 2008. Archived August 18, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.http://www.lyricsmania.com/mechanical_man_lyrics_charles_manson.html
  64. ↑ Soundtrack, Helter Skelter (1976) Section of Steve Railsback entry, imdb.com. Retrieved March 25, 2008.
  65. ↑ "The Music Manson." snopes.com. Retrieved October 5, 2008.
  66. 1 2 Charles Manson: The Incredible Story of the Most Dangerous Man Alive rollingstone.com. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
  67. ↑ Manson on cover of Rolling Stone Archived April 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. rollingstone.com. Retrieved May 2, 2007. Archived April 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  68. ↑ Dalton, David. If Christ Came Back as a Con Man. gadflyonline.com. Retrieved September 30, 2007. Archived October 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  69. ↑ "The Seeds of Terror". The New York Times. November 22, 1981. p. 5. Retrieved February 2, 2014.
  70. ↑ "Bant Shirts Manson T-shirt". Bant-shirts.com. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
  71. ↑ "Prank Place Manson T-shirt". Prankplace.com. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
  72. ↑ "No Name Maddox" Manson portrait in marijuana seeds. Retrieved November 23, 2007.
  73. ↑ Poster of Manson on cover of Rolling Stone Archived August 17, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  74. ↑ Manson-related music Archived August 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. charliemanson.com. Retrieved February 8, 2008. Archived August 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  75. ↑ Biography for Marilyn Manson imdb.com. Retrieved November 23, 2007.
  76. ↑ "Will the Manson Story Play as Myth, Operatically at That?" New York Times. July 17, 1990. Retrieved November 23, 2007.
  77. ↑ "Assassins". Sondheim.com. November 22, 1963. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
  78. ↑ David Kerekes, David Slater (1996). Killing for Culture. Creation Books. pp. 222–223, 225, 268. ISBN 1-871592-20-8. Retrieved November 18, 2015.
  79. ↑ Helter Skelter (2004) at the Internet Movie Database
  80. ↑ Helter Skelter (1976) at the Internet Movie Database
  81. ↑ Merry Christmas Charlie Manson http://shop.southparkstudios.com/Christmas-Time-In-South-Park/A/B000UAE7UE.htm Video clips at southpark.comedycentral.com Archived August 27, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  82. ↑ Beast Number WolframMathWorld. Retrieved November 29, 2007.
  83. ↑ Stephanie Zacharek (August 18, 2002). "Bad Vibrations". The New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2011.
  84. ↑ Aquarius Official Website NBC
  85. ↑ Manson at the Internet Movie Database
  86. ↑ Charles Manson Superstar at the Internet Movie Database
  87. ↑ "Life After Manson (2014)". IMDb. May 23, 2014. Retrieved November 17, 2015.

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