Chinantecan languages

Chinantec
Tsa Jujmi
Native to	Mexico
Region	Oaxaca
Ethnicity	Chinantecs
Native speakers	130,000 (2010 census)[1]
Language family	Oto-Mangue Western Oto-Mangue Oto-Pame–Chinantecan Chinantec
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously: cco – Comaltepec Chinantec chj – Ojitlán Chinantec chq – Quiotepec Chinantec chz – Ozumacín Chinantec cle – Lealao Chinantec cnl – Lalana Chinantec cnt – Tepetotutla Chinantec cpa – Palantla Chinantec csa – Chiltepec Chinantec cso – Sochiapan Chinantec cte – Tepinapa Chinantec ctl – Tlacoatzintepec Chinantec cuc – Usila Chinantec cvn – Valle Nacional Chinantec
Glottolog	chin1484[2]
The Chinantecan languages, number 9 (chartreuse), east.

The Chinantec or Chinantecan languages constitute a branch of the Oto-Manguean family. Though traditionally considered a single language, Ethnologue lists 14 partially mutually unintelligible varieties of Chinantec.^[3] The languages are spoken by the indigenous Chinantec people who live in Oaxaca and Veracruz, Mexico, especially in the districts of Cuicatlán, Ixtlán de Juárez, Tuxtepec and Choapan, and in Staten Island, New York.^[4]

Languages

Egland and Bartholomew (1978)^[5] established fourteen Chinantec languages on the basis of 80% mutual intelligibility. Ethnologue found that one that had not been adequately compared (Tlaltepusco) was not distinct, but split another (Lalana from Tepinapa). At a looser criterion of 70% intelligibility, Lalana–Tepinapa, Quiotepec–Comaltepec, Palantla–Valle Nacional, and geographically distant Chiltepec–Tlacoatzintepec would be languages, reducing the count to ten. Leolao (Latani) is the most divergent.

70%	Language (80% intelligibility)	Where spoken
*	Chinantec of Lealao	Northeastern Oaxaca, San Juan Lealao, Latani, Tres Arroyos, and La Hondura
*	Chinantec of Chiltepec	San José Chiltepec Oaxaca
	Chinantec of Tlacoatzintepec	Northern Oaxaca
*	Chinantec of Comaltepec	Comaltepec, Northern Oaxaca
	Chinantec of Quiotepec (Highland Chinantec)	San Juan Quiotepec and surrounding towns, Oaxaca
*	Chinantec of Lalana	25 towns on the border between Oaxaca and Veracruz
	Chinantec of Tepinapa	Northern Oaxaca, Choapan District. Very remote area.
*	Chinantec of Ojitlán	Northern Oaxaca and Veracruz municipos of Minatitlan and Hidalgotitlan
*	Chinantec of Ozumacín	San Pedro Ozumacín and surrounding towns, Oaxaca
*	Chinantec of Palantla	San Juan Palantla and surrounding towns, Oaxaca
	Chinantec of Valle Nacional	Yetla, North Oaxaca
*	Chinantec of Sochiapan	Northern Oaxaca
*	Chinantec of Tepetotutla	Northern Oaxaca
*	Chinantec of Usila	Oaxaca one town in Veracruz

Segmental phonology

A typical Chinantecan phoneme inventory distinguishes 7 vowels /i, e, a, u, o, ɨ, ø/ and consonants /p f b m θ d t ts s r l n k ŋ ʔ h/. Vowels can be nasalized, except usually /u/ and /ø/.

Tone

the tonal system of Usila Chinantec

Chinantec is a tonal language and some dialects (Usila Chinantec) have five register tones, an uncommon trait in the world's languages. Whistled language is common. In the practical orthographies for Chinantec, tones are marked with superscript numbers after each syllable; in linguistic transcription the dedicated tone diacritics ⟨◌ꜗ ◌ꜘ ◌ꜙ ◌ꜚ⟩ are used.

Chinantec also has ballistic syllables, apparently a kind of phonation.^[6][7][8]

Grammar

Grammars are published for Sochiapam Chinantec,^[9] and a grammar and a dictionary of Palantla (Tlatepuzco) Chinantec.^[10][11]

Example phrase:

ca¹-dsén¹=jni chi³ chieh³

‘I pulled out the hen (from the box).^[11]

The parts of this sentence are: ca¹ a prefix which marks the past tense, dsén¹ which is the verb stem meaning "to pull out an animate object", the suffix -jni referring to the first person, the noun classifier chi³ and the noun chieh³ meaning chicken.

Media

Chinantec-language programming is carried by the CDI's radio stations XEOJN, broadcasting from San Lucas Ojitlán, Oaxaca, and XEGLO, broadcasting from Guelatao de Juárez, Oaxaca.

• 
  Example of Chinantec in written form from the Biblioteca Cervantina
• 
  Example of Chinantec in written form from the Biblioteca Cervantina

References

1. INALI (2012) México: Lenguas indígenas nacionales
2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Chinantecan". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
3. Enrique L. Palancar. Revisiting the complexity of the Chinantecan verb conjugation classes. Forthcoming in Jean-Léo Léonard and Alain Kihm (eds.), Issues in Meso-American morphology. Paris: Michel Houdiard
4. Claudio Torrens (2011-05-28). "Some NY immigrants cite lack of Spanish as barrier". UTSanDiego.com. Retrieved 2015-03-02.
5. • Egland, S. and Bartholomew, D.. 1978. La inteligibilidad inter-dialectal en Mexico: Resultados de algunos sondeos. Mexico, D.F.: Instituto Linguistico de Verano
6. Merrifield, William and Calvin R. Rensch. 1990. Syllables, Tone, and Verb Paradigms, [Studies in Chinantec Languages 4]. Summer Institute of Linguistics and The University of Texas at Arlington.
7. Mugele, R. L. 1982. Tone and Ballistic Syllables in Lalana Chinantec. Ph.D. dissertation. Austin: University of Texas.
8. Rensch, Calvin. 1978. Ballistic and controlled syllables in Otomanguean Languages, in Alan Bell and Joan B. Hooper (eds.), Syllables and Segments, pp. 85-92. Amsterdam : North Holland Publishing Company.
9. Foris, David Paul. 2000. A grammar of Sochiapam Chinantec. Studies in Chinantec languages 6. Dallas, TX: SIL International and The University of Texas at Arlington.
10. Merrifield, William R. 1968. Palantla Chinantec grammar. Papeles de la Chinantla 5, Serie Científica 9.México: Museo Nacional de Antropología.
11. Merrifield, William R. and Alfred E. Anderson. 2007. Diccionario Chinanteco de la diáspora del pueblo antiguo de San Pedro Tlatepuzco, Oaxaca. [2nd Edition]. Serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas “Mariano Silva y Aceves” 39. Mexico DF: Summer Linguistic Institute..

External links

• The Chinantec language family (SIL-Mexico)