Death of Jean Charles de Menezes

This name uses Portuguese naming customs. The first or maternal family name is Silva and the second or paternal family name is Menezes.
Jean Charles de Menezes
Born Jean Charles da Silva e de Menezes
(1978-01-07)7 January 1978
Gonzaga, Brazil
Died 22 July 2005(2005-07-22) (aged 27)
Stockwell, London, United Kingdom
Cause of death Gunshots to the head
Nationality Brazilian
Parent(s) Matosinhos Otoni da Silva (father)
Maria Otone de Menezes (mother)

Jean Charles da Silva e de Menezes (pronounced [ʒeˈɐ̃ ˈʃahlis dʒi meˈnezis] in Brazilian Portuguese; 7 January 1978 – 22 July 2005) was a Brazilian man killed by officers of the London Metropolitan Police Service at Stockwell Station on the London Underground after he was wrongly deemed to be one of the fugitives involved in the previous day's failed bombing attempts.[1] These events took place two weeks after the London bombings of 7 July 2005, in which 52 people were murdered.

The Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC) launched two investigations. Stockwell 1, the findings of which were initially kept secret, concluded that none of the officers would face disciplinary charges. Stockwell 2 strongly criticised the police command structure and communications to the public. In July 2006, the Crown Prosecution Service said that there was insufficient evidence to prosecute any named individual Police officers in a personal capacity, although a criminal prosecution of the Commissioner in his official capacity on behalf of his Police Force was brought under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, on the failure of the duty of care due to Menezes. The Commissioner was found guilty and his office was fined. On 12 December 2008 an inquest returned an open verdict.[2]

Biography

The son of a bricklayer, Menezes grew up on a farm in Gonzaga, Minas Gerais, Brazil. After discovering an early aptitude for electronics, he left the farm at age 14 to live with his uncle in São Paulo and further his education. At 19 he received a professional diploma from Escola Estadual (State School) São Sebastião.

According to the Home Office, he arrived in Britain on 13 March 2002, on a six-month visitor's visa. After its expiry, he applied to stay on as a student, and was granted permission to remain until 30 June 2003. The Home Office said it had no record of any further correspondence, but added: 'We have seen a copy of Mr Menezes' passport, containing a stamp apparently giving him indefinite leave to remain in the UK. On investigation, this stamp was not one that was in use by the Immigration and Nationality Directorate on the date given.' This was denied by the family of Menezes; and Foreign Secretary Jack Straw stated that he believed Menezes was living in the UK legally, but had no precise information to confirm this.[3] Immigration records show that Menezes entered the Republic of Ireland from France on 23 April 2005. There are no records to show the exact date that he returned to the UK; however, under the Common Travel Area system, a foreign citizen entering the UK through the Republic of Ireland has an automatic right to remain for three months. Therefore, Menezes was lawfully in the UK on the day he was killed, even though the stamp in his passport recording indefinite leave to remain was a forgery.[4]

Shooting

2005 London bombings

Main articles
Timeline of the 2005 London bombings
7 July 2005 London bombings
21 July 2005 London bombings
Jean Charles de Menezes
Reactions to the 2005 London bombings
21 July 2005 London bombings trial

7 July bombers
Mohammad Sidique Khan · Shehzad Tanweer
Germaine Lindsay · Hasib Hussain

21 July bombers
Yasin Hassan Omar · Osman Hussain
Muktar Said Ibrahim · Ramzi Mohammed

Locations
London Underground
Aldgate · Tavistock Square
King's Cross · Liverpool Street · Oval
Russell Square · Shepherd's Bush
Warren Street

Similar events
List of Islamist terrorist attacks
List of attacks on the London Underground

Almost all of the facts regarding the Menezes shooting were initially disputed by various parties. Contradictory witness accounts, 'off the record' statements from police, and media speculation added to the confusion. An ITV report on 16 August 2005 claimed to contain leaked documents from an IPCC investigation.[5]

Hunt for suspects

On 22 July 2005, The Metropolitan Police were searching for four suspects in four attempted bombings carried out the previous day; three at Underground stations and one on a bus in Hackney. As the perpetrators had not died in the failed suicide bombing, a large police investigation and manhunt began immediately. An address in Scotia Road, Tulse Hill, was written on a gym membership card that was found inside one of the unexploded bags used by the bombers.

Menezes, an electrician, lived in one of the flats with two of his cousins, and had just received a call to fix a broken fire alarm in Kilburn. At around 9:30am, officers carrying out surveillance saw Menezes emerge from the communal entrance of the block. The officers were watching three men who they believed may have been Somali, Eritrean, or Ethiopian.

An officer on duty at Scotia Road, referred to as 'Frank' in the Stockwell One report, compared Menezes to the CCTV photographs of the bombing suspects from the previous day, and felt he warranted further attention. As the officer was allegedly urinating, he was unable to immediately film the suspect to transmit images to Gold Command, the Metropolitan Police ('Met') operational headquarters for major incidents. The inquest transcript confirms that 'Frank' was a soldier on secondment to the undercover surveillance unit.[6]

Misidentification

On the basis of Frank's suspicion, Gold Command authorised officers to continue pursuit and surveillance, and ordered that the suspect was to be prevented from entering the Tube system.

Documents from the independent agency investigation of the shooting later concluded that mistakes in police surveillance procedure led to a failure to properly identify Menezes early on, leading to rushed assumptions and actions later at Stockwell Tube station.[7]

Pursuit

The officers followed Menezes to a bus-stop for the number 2 bus on Tulse Hill where several plainclothes police officers boarded. Menezes briefly got off the bus at Brixton Station. Seeing a notice that the station was closed due to a security alert because of the previous day's attempted bombings, he made a telephone call and reboarded the bus towards Stockwell.

Unaware the station was closed, the surveillance officers said they believed that Menezes's behaviour suggested that he might have been one of the previous day's failed bomb suspects. Officers claimed that Mr Menezes' behaviour appeared 'suspicious'.[8] They later stated that they were satisfied that they had the correct man, noting that he 'had Mongolian eyes'.[9] At some point during this journey towards Stockwell Tube station, 3.3 kilometres (2.1 mi) away, the pursuing officers contacted Gold Command, and reported that Menezes potentially matched the description of two of the previous day's suspects, including Osman Hussain.[10] Based on this information, Gold Command authorised 'code red' tactics, and ordered the surveillance officers to prevent Menezes from boarding a train. According to a 'senior police source at Scotland Yard', Police Commander Cressida Dick told the surveillance team that the man was to be 'detained as soon as possible', before entering the station.[11] Gold Command then transferred control of the operation to Specialist Firearms Command (known as 'CO19' or 'SO19'), which dispatched firearms officers to Stockwell Tube Station.

Stockwell tube station entrance

Menezes entered the Tube station at about 10:00am, stopping to pick up a free newspaper. He used his Oyster card to pay the fare, walked through the barriers, and descended the escalator. He then ran across the platform to board the newly arrived train. Menezes boarded the train and found one of the first available seats.

Three surveillance officers, codenamed Hotel 1, Hotel 3 and Hotel 9, followed Menezes onto the train. According to Hotel 3, Menezes sat down with a glass panel to his right about two seats in. Hotel 3 then took a seat on the left with about two or three passengers between Menezes and himself. When the firearms officers arrived on the platform, Hotel 3 moved to the door, blocked it from closing with his left foot, and shouted 'He's here!' to identify the suspect's location.

Shooting

The firearms officers boarded the train and it was initially claimed they challenged the suspect, though later reports indicate he was not challenged.[12] According to Hotel 3, Menezes then stood up and advanced towards the officers and Hotel 3, at which point Hotel 3 grabbed him, pinned his arms against his torso, and pushed him back into the seat. Although Menezes was being restrained, his body was straight and not in a natural sitting position. Hotel 3 heard a shot close to his ear, and was dragged away onto the floor of the carriage. He shouted 'Police!' and with hands raised was dragged out of the carriage by one of the armed officers who had boarded the train. Hotel 3 then heard several gunshots while being dragged out.[13]

Two officers fired a total of eleven shots according to the number of empty shell casings found on the floor of the train afterwards. Menezes was shot seven times in the head and once in the shoulder at close range, and died at the scene. An eyewitness later said that the eleven shots were fired over a thirty-second period, at three second intervals.[14] A separate witness reported hearing five shots, followed at an interval by several more shots.[15]

Immediately after the shooting, the Metropolitan Police stated that the shooting was 'directly linked' to the investigation of the attempted bombings the previous day. It was revealed that police policy toward suspected suicide bombers had been revised, and that officers had been ordered to fire directly toward suspects' heads, the theory according to British authorities being that shooting at the chest could conceivably detonate a concealed bomb.[16]

The SO19 firearms officers involved in the shooting were debriefed and drugs and alcohol tests were taken as a standard procedure. The officers were taken off duty pending an investigation into the shooting. One security agency source said later that members of SO19 received training from the SAS. He said the operation was not typical of the police, and bore the hallmarks of a special forces operation.[17]

It emerged that hollow-point bullets had been employed and a senior police source said that Menezes's body had been 'unrecognisable.' These bullets are widely used in law enforcement, where it may often be necessary to quickly stop an armed assailant while minimising the risk of collateral damage posed by the use of full metal jacket ammunition. A full metal jacket bullet is more likely to exit the target, while still retaining lethal force. A Home Office spokesman said, 'Chief officers can use whatever ammunition they consider appropriate for the operational circumstances.'[18]

Immediate aftermath

The day after the shooting, the Metropolitan Police identified the victim as Jean Charles de Menezes, and said that he had not been carrying explosives, nor was he connected in any way to the attempted bombings. They issued an apology describing the incident as 'a tragedy, and one that the Metropolitan Police Service regrets.'

The Menezes family condemned the shooting and rejected the apology. His grandmother said there was 'no reason to think he was a terrorist.' Although it was initially reported that they were offered almost £585,000 compensation,[19] the Menezes family eventually received £100,000 in compensation from the Metropolitan Police.[20][21]

His cousin, Alex Alves Pereira, said, 'I believe my cousin's death was result of police incompetence.' Pereira said that police claims regarding the incident had been conflicting, and took issue with their pursuit of Menezes for an extended period and their allowing the 'suspected suicide bomber' to board a bus. 'Why did they let him get on a bus if they are afraid of suicide bombers?… He could have been running, but not from the police… When the Underground stops, everybody runs to get on the train. That he jumped over the barriers is a lie.'[22]

The Brazilian government released a statement expressing its shock at the killing, saying that it looked forward 'to receiving the necessary explanation from the British authorities on the circumstances which led to this tragedy.' Foreign Minister Celso Amorim, who had already arranged to visit London, said he would seek a meeting with the UK's Foreign Secretary, Jack Straw. He later met ministers and had a telephone conversation with Straw.

The Muslim Council of Britain expressed immediate concern about the apparent existence of a 'shoot-to-kill' policy and called on police to make clear their reasons for shooting the man dead.

On 27 July 2005, Menezes's body was flown to Brazil for burial. His funeral took place in Gonzaga on 29 July 2005.[23] A public memorial service for Menezes was presided over by Cardinal Cormac Murphy-O'Connor at Westminster Cathedral around the same time.

Public reaction

In Britain

A vigil at Stockwell Station was held with some of the relatives on the Sunday immediately following the shooting and police apology. Another, called by the Stop the War Coalition, was held on 25 July. They state that a thousand people attended and then several hundred people, led by a group of Brazilians (some of whom had been friends with Jean Charles), began an impromptu demonstration.

On 23 August 2005, Dania Gorodi, whose sister Michelle Otto was killed in the 7 July 2005 London bombings, asked for an end to the criticism of Sir Ian Blair over the Menezes shooting, which she felt had moved the media focus away from the bombings. 'People have lost sight of the bigger picture,' she said. 'We need to support the police right now, not crucify one man. This is unprecedented in British history. He [Sir Ian] is doing the best he can.'[24]

When on 12 September 2006 the Metropolitan Police Authority promoted Commander Cressida Dick to the role of Deputy Assistant Commissioner, the family said they were 'absolutely disgusted'.[25] The family also criticised the awarding of the Queen's Police Medal to Commander Dick in the 2010 New Year's Day honours.[26]

On 29 September 2008, performance artist Mark McGowan 're-enacted' the killing at Stockwell station, to protest at the current lack of response. He was quoted as saying that 'People are distracted by things like The X Factor and Christmas, so I'm doing this as a reaction'.[27][28]

Police comments

Senior Scotland Yard officer Deputy Assistant Commissioner Alan Given, who had operational responsibilities in relation to the officers who had actually killed Menezes, said, '... when it came to the Stockwell shooting, there was a sense that it was no different from an incident such as police shooting a bank robber'.[29]

On the day of Menezes's death, at his mid afternoon press conference, Sir Ian Blair, stated: 'I need to make clear that any death is deeply regrettable'.[30]

In Brazil

The reaction of the Brazilian public was overwhelmingly negative. Protests and demonstrations were held in Brazil,[31] and some Brazilian commentators noted that incidents such as Menezes's killing are more expected from a developing country such as Brazil than a developed nation like the UK.[32]

Independent Police Complaints Commission inquiry

Several days after the shooting, it was announced that the incident would be subject to an internal investigation by officers from Scotland Yard's Directorate of Professional Standards and would be referred to the Independent Police Complaints Commission (IPCC), as is the case with all fatal police shootings.

Immediately after the shooting, Commissioner Sir Ian Blair telephoned the Chairman of the IPCC and wrote a letter to the Home Office describing his instruction that 'the shooting that has just occurred at Stockwell is not to be referred to the IPCC and that they will be given no access to the scene at the present time.' The letter, later released by the Met under the Freedom of Information Act, expressed the Commissioner's intent to protect the tactics and sources of information used in a counter-terrorism operation from public jeopardising future operations.[33]

Controversy between the Met and the IPCC

On 18 August, lawyers representing the Menezes family met with the IPCC and urged them to conduct a 'fast' investigation. The lawyers, Harriet Wistrich and Gareth Peirce, held a press conference where they lamented the 'chaotic mess'. They stated their desire to ask the IPCC 'to find out is how much is incompetence, negligence or gross negligence and how much of it is something sinister.'[34]

On 18 August, the IPCC issued a statement in which they said that the Metropolitan Police was initially opposed to them taking on the investigation.[35] They also announced that the inquiry was expected to last between three and six months. The IPCC announced it took over the inquiry on 25 July;[36] the inquiry was not handed over until 27 July[37] though.

The police lobbied MPs to try to influence the inquiry into the shooting. Unsolicited e-mails were sent by Nick Williams, the acting inspector at the Metropolitan Police's Diamond Support Group, to Labour MPs.[38] The Met declined repeated requests by the IPCC to disclose hundreds of pages of internal papers that gave the Met's private assessment of the operation, including discussions about how much compensation the Met thought it should pay to the Menezes family; the risk that individual officers might face murder or manslaughter charges; the vulnerability of Blair and the Met to an action for civil damages; and whether Special Branch officers altered surveillance logs.[39]

In May 2006, the Metropolitan Police Federation released a 12-page statement which was highly critical of the IPCC in general, and specifically criticised the handling of the 'Stockwell inquiry'.[40]

Leak of inquiry

On 16 August 2005, British television network ITV released a report said to be based on leaked documents from the IPCC investigation which conflicted with previous statements by police chief Sir Ian Blair.[41] The Met and the IPCC refused to comment on the allegations while the IPCC investigation was ongoing, though an anonymous 'senior police source' claimed that the leak was accurate.

Lana Vandenberghe, the IPCC secretary thought to be responsible for the leak, was suspended.[42] The IPCC launched an investigation into the leaking of the documents. On 21 September Leicestershire Constabulary Serious Crime Unit initiated dawn raids on behalf of the IPCC on one Scottish and two London residential premises, at which time Vandenberghe was arrested. On 5 October two more dawn raids took place, during which ITN journalist Neil Garrett and his girlfriend were arrested.[43] On 4 May 2006 the Leicestershire Police and the Crown Prosecution Service announced that no charges would be filed against Vandenberghe, Garrett or his partner.[44]

Stockwell 1

According to a press release made on 9 December by the IPCC's chairman Nick Hardwick and John Tate, its Director of Legal Services, the inquiry's report would list some of the criminal offences that the commission thought may have been committed by police. Though without having reached any conclusions, they also admitted the commission's judgement would be a 'lower threshold' than the standard prosecutors would apply in making any final decision to prosecute.[45]

On 14 March 2006, the IPCC announced that the first part of the inquiry, known as 'Stockwell 1' had been completed and recommendations were passed on to the Metropolitan Police Authority and Crown Prosecution Service, but the report '[could not] be made public until all legal processes have concluded.'[46]

The report was published on 8 November 2007.[1]

Stockwell 2

'Stockwell 2', the second part of the inquiry, focuses on the conduct of Sir Ian Blair and Andrew Hayman following the discovery of Menezes's identity, and was released on 2 August 2007.[47] The allegations are that MPS officers 'made or concurred with inaccurate public statements concerning the circumstances of the death. The alleged inaccurate information included statements that Mr de Menezes had been wearing clothing and behaving in a manner which aroused suspicions.'[47]

Brian Paddick

On 17 March 2006, the Met was threatened with legal action by Deputy Assistant Commissioner, Brian Paddick. In evidence to the IPCC, Paddick had stated that a member of Sir Ian's private office team believed the wrong man had been targeted just six hours after the shooting, contrary to the official line taken at the time.[48] When this information became public, Scotland Yard issued a statement that the officer making the claim (Paddick) 'has categorically denied this in his interview with, and statement to, the IPCC investigators'. The statement continued that they 'were satisfied that whatever the reasons for this suggestion being made, it is simply not true.' Paddick's interpretation of this statement was that it accused him of lying.[49]

After a statement was released on 28 March by the Met that it 'did not intend to imply' a senior officer had misled the probe into the shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes, Paddick accepted the 'clarification' and considered the matter closed.[50]

In a substantial campaigning Daily Telegraph interview (17 November 2007 – 'I know how to make Londoners feel safe') which Paddick gave to support his suitability to become Mayor, 'Policing is a dangerous job, we should trust the professional judgement of officers on the front line. We shouldn't prosecute them or their bosses if they decide to put their lives on the line for the public'.

Investigation into suppression of evidence

On 13 October 2008, at an inquest into the death, a police surveillance officer admitted that he had deleted a computer record of Cressida Dick's instruction that they could allow Menezes to 'run on to Tube as [he was] not carrying anything.' At the inquest he told the court that 'On reflection, I looked at that and thought I cannot actually say that.' The IPCC announced that it would investigate the matter '[at its] highest level of investigation'.[51]

DPP and CPS involvement

In July 2006, the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS), which like the IPCC operates independently of the Met, announced that it would not carry forward any charges against any individual involved in the shooting of Jean Charles de Menezes. The Metropolitan Police Commissioner in his official capacity faced criminal charges under sections 3(1) and 33(1)(a) of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 for 'failing to provide for the health, safety and welfare of Jean Charles de Menezes'.[52] The decision not to prosecute individuals was made on the grounds of insufficient evidence.[53] The family of Menezes appealed against the decisions of the office of the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) on behalf of the Crown Prosecution Service in the High Court.[54]

The legal representatives of the Metropolitan Police Service on behalf of the office of the Commissioner pleaded not guilty to the charges, 'after the most careful consideration'.[55] The trial started on 1 October 2007.[56]

On 14 December 2006, Lord Justice Richards (Richards LJ) of the High Court, sitting with Mr Justice Forbes (Forbes J) and Mr Justice Mackay (Mackay J), unanimously rejected an application for a judicial review into the decision of the office of the DPP on behalf of the CPS to rule out criminal prosecutions of the individual police officers who shot dead Jean Charles de Menezes, ruling that '[I]t was a reasonable decision ... on the basis that they were likely to fail'.[57][58]

On 1 November 2007, the Metropolitan Police Commissioner in his official capacity was found guilty of the above offences, and his office was fined £175,000, together with £385,000 of legal costs.[59] The Met published a terse release about this decision[60] and Len Duvall, Chair of the Metropolitan Police Authority, asked that the full report on the investigation be published.[61]

Controversy over police procedure

Much discussion following the shooting centred on the rules of engagement followed by armed police when dealing with suspected suicide bombers. Roy Ramm, a former commander of specialist operations for the Metropolitan Police, said that the rules had been changed to permit officers to 'shoot to kill' potential suicide bombers, claiming headshots are the safest way to kill the suspect without risk of detonating devices.[62]

The possibility of a police confrontation with a suicide bomber in the United Kingdom had reportedly been discussed following the September 11 attacks in the United States. Based on this possibility, new guidelines were developed for identifying, confronting, and dealing forcefully with terrorist suspects. These guidelines were given the code name 'Operation Kratos'.[63]

Based in part on advice from the security forces of Israel and Sri Lanka – two countries with experience of suicide bombings—Operation Kratos guidelines allegedly state that the head or lower limbs should be aimed at when a suspected suicide bomber appears to have no intention of surrendering. This is contrary to the usual practice of aiming at the torso, which presents the biggest target. A successful hit to the torso may detonate an explosive belt.[64]

Sir Ian Blair appeared on television on 24 July 2005 to accept responsibility for the error on the part of the Metropolitan Police, and to acknowledge and defend the 'shoot to kill' policy, saying:

'There is no point in shooting at someone's chest because that is where the bomb is likely to be. There is no point in shooting anywhere else if they fall down and detonate it.'[65]

The Met's commissioner Sir Ian Blair, and his predecessor Lord Stevens, had expressed concern about the legal position of police officers who might kill suspected suicide bombers. There is no explicit legal requirement for armed officers to warn a suspect before firing, although guidelines published by the Association of Chief Police Officers say that this 'should be considered'. A potential suicide bomber is thought to represent a circumstance where warning the suspect may put the public at greater risk because the bomber may detonate his explosives after being warned.[66]

Lord Stevens defended the policy he introduced, despite the error that had been made. Azzam Tamimi of the Muslim Association of Britain was critical, saying: 'I just cannot imagine how someone pinned to the ground can be a source of danger.' Other leaders of the UK's Muslim community took a similar view.[67] Ken Livingstone, the then Mayor of London, defended the police as having acted in the way they thought appropriate at the time, and with the aim of protecting the public.[68]

Confirmation bias on the part of the Metropolitan police may have come into play in this case. Disconfirming evidence that Menezes was the suspect may have been present, but interpreted incorrectly. The threat of a suicide bombing on the Underground may have produced stress and time pressures in individuals within the department, which in turn could have affected their decision-making thresholds.[69]

Due to the controversy surrounding the death of Menezes, the codename of Operation Kratos was dropped from all Police lexicon in 2007–08, although the tactics for dealing with a suicide threat remain broadly the same.[70][71][72]

During the trial an allegation was made that the police had doctored a photo of de Menezes released to the public so as to increase his resemblance to a 'terrorist', Hussain Oman. A forensic specialist concluded de Menezes' face 'appeared to have been brightened and lost definition'. However, when asked if there had been any manipulation of any of the primary features of the face he replied 'I don't believe there has been any...'[73]

Jean Charles de Menezes Family Campaign

Shrine to Jean Charles de Menezes outside Stockwell Underground Station

On 16 August 2005, the Jean Charles de Menezes Family Campaign, also known as 'Justice4Jean', began calling for a public inquiry into the 'unlawful killing' of Menezes.[74][75]

As there has been no legal process to assess the lawfulness or otherwise of the killing, critics argue that the Campaign's first aim to 'find out the truth about Jean’s unlawful killing' reflects a prejudging of the issue. Critics such as Conservative London Assemblyman Brian Coleman have suggested that the involvement of Asad Rehman, a former leader of the Stop the War Coalition and former adviser to Respect politician George Galloway in the campaign shows that the family's campaign had been 'hijacked' and the death of Menezes was being used to 'advance a political aim.'[76] Galloway's secretary said that Rehman had been acting in 'a personal capacity, … not in his role as political adviser', and Menezes family members Alessandro Pereira and Vivien Figueiredo denied any manipulation.[77]

Mosaic outside Stockwell station

The family campaign organised three events in 2005:

The family and their campaign continue to be actively supported by Newham Monitoring Project; on 22 July 2007 they held a minute of silence outside Stockwell Tube station to commemorate the second anniversary of Menezes's death. Two days earlier the campaign projected a massive image, 20m × 30m, of Menezes's face with the slogan 'Two Years, No Justice' on the walls of the Houses of Parliament.[79] The campaign set up a blog for the duration of the inquest starting on 22 September 2008 and released a pre-inquest briefing.

On 7 January 2010, a memorial was unveiled at Stockwell Tube Station. It was made by local artist Mary Edwards, with the help of Menezes' cousin, Vivian Figueiredo, and Chrysoula Vardaxi, a member of a group that kept alive the memorial 'shrine' to Menezes beginning within the days following his death.[80]

The Campaign commemorate the 10th anniversary of the shooting

European Court of Human Rights

On 10 June 2015 the Menezes family took the British government to the European Court of Human Rights over the decision not to prosecute anyone involved in the killing of Jean Charles de Menezes. The legal challenge was mounted under Article 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights regarding state deprivation of life and use of force.[81][82]

Inquest

The coroner Sir Michael Wright arriving at The Oval on 5 November 2008

The inquest opened on 22 September 2008 at John Major conference room at The Oval, Kennington, London. The coroner, Sir Michael Wright, a former High Court judge and assistant deputy coroner for Inner South London, and the jury were to hear from almost 70 witnesses, including over 40 police officers.[83]

On the first day, the inquest heard that the police officers who shot Menezes dead were 'convinced' at the time that he was a suicide bomber. In his comments, Sir Michael Wright said that the two officers thought Menezes was about to detonate a 'device' on the Tube. He took the inquest jury through the events leading up to Menezes's death, listing a number of occasions where officers were unclear whether or not they thought they were pursuing a bomber. The jury was told of differences between what was being relayed on radio and logged in the Scotland Yard control room and how the officers in the field were interpreting the information.[84]

He said that as Menezes entered the Stockwell Tube station, no member of the surveillance team had positively identified him as Hussain Osman. Regarding the decision of the two marksmen to shoot Menezes, Sir Michael said that they had fired nine rounds between them, seven of which had struck Menezes's head at point blank range. He added that the two officers concerned were convinced that Menezes was a suicide bomber about to detonate a device, and that the only option open was an instant killing.[84]

On 13 October the IPCC launched an investigation after a Metropolitan police surveillance officer named only as 'Owen' admitted that he had altered evidence submitted to the inquest. The officer had deleted one of his own computer notes which quoted deputy assistant commissioner Cressida Dick as concluding that Menezes was not a security threat. The note said 'CD – can run on to tube as not carrying anything'.[85]

On 24 October the inquest heard that Menezes was initially not considered as a suspect, and that the police wanted unarmed officers to halt and question him in case he had information about the failed terrorist attack of 21 July 2005. Detective Sergeant Piers Dingemans and a four-man squad were tasked with stopping Menezes for intelligence purposes as he travelled to Stockwell station on a bus. Dingemans told the inquest that his car was behind the bus when he was stood down at 09:55, and said he thought this was because Menezes was then considered a suspect.[86]

On 2 December Sir Michael ordered the jury, shortly before it retired to consider its verdict, that they may not return one of 'unlawful killing,' leaving their options as 'lawful killing,' or an open verdict. Sir Michael said that the verdict could not be inconsistent with the earlier criminal trial. As well as the short form verdict of 'lawful killing' or 'open', Sir Michael also asked them to respond to three questions of fact, and nine possible contributory factors with simple 'yes,' 'no,' or 'cannot decide' answers.[87][88] The Menezes family lodged an immediate application for a judicial review of the decision.[89]

On 4 December, during Sir Michael's summing up, members of the Menezes family got up and undid their jackets exposing printed slogans on their T-shirts, with the wording 'Your legal right to decide – unlawful killing verdict,' and left the court room after pausing for 30 seconds in front of the jury. The following day, Sir Michael asked the jury to ignore the protest.[90] In his summing up, Sir Michael stated that to return a verdict of lawful killing, the jury should be, 'satisfied of two matters on the balance of probabilities:

(a) that at the time they fired, Charlie 2 and Charlie 12 honestly believed that Mr de Menezes represented an imminent mortal danger to them and/or others around them; and
(b) that they used no more force than was reasonably necessary in the circumstances as they honestly believed them to be.'[91]

If the jury was not satisfied on both of these, they were to return an open verdict.

On 9 December, the jury asked the coroner whether they were required to find unanimity on the short form verdict and all of the additional questions. Sir Michael instructed them that they should strive for unanimity, but he would accept a 10–1 or 9–2 verdict.[92] Later that day one of the jury was permanently dismissed owing to travel plans, reducing the jury to 10, and the following day Sir Michael said he would now accept a 9–1 or 8–2 verdict.[93]

On Friday, 12 December 2008 the inquest into Jean Charles' death returned an open verdict.[94] Their answers to the specific questions and contributory facts were as follows. In the latter portion, the answers 'yes', 'no', and 'can't decide' were determined by the jury while answering the broader question 'which of these other factors, if any, contributed to the death.'[95]

Questions of fact
Did firearms officer C12 shout 'armed police'? No
Did Mr Menezes stand up from his seat before he was grabbed in a bear hug by officer Ivor? Yes
Did Mr Menezes move towards C12 before he was grabbed in a bear hug by Ivor? No
Possible contributory factors
The pressure on police after the suicide attacks in July 2005. Cannot decide
A failure to obtain and provide better photographic images of failed bomber Hussain Osman to surveillance officers. Yes
The general difficulty in providing identification of the man under surveillance in the time available. No
The fact that the views of the surveillance officers regarding identification were not accurately communicated to the command team and firearms officers. Yes
A failure by police to ensure that Mr Menezes was stopped before he reached public transport. Yes
The innocent behaviour of Mr Menezes increasing suspicion. No
The fact that the position of the cars containing the firearms officers was not accurately known by the command team as firearms teams were approaching Stockwell Tube. Yes
Shortcomings in the communications system between various police teams on the ground. Yes
Failure to conclude at the time that surveillance officers could have been used to carry out the stop on Mr Menezes at Stockwell. Yes

NOTE: The officer identified as 'Ivor' was a member of a SO12 Special Branch covert surveillance team who had followed Menezes on the bus and attempted to identify him. He has also been designated as 'Hotel 3'. The officer identified as 'C12' or 'Charlie 12' was a member of a CO19 firearms unit who first opened fire and killed Menezes.

In November 2009, the Metropolitan Police reached a compensation deal with the family of Jean Charles de Menezes. This marked the end of litigation between the parties. The amount of compensation was not disclosed.[96]

Disputed facts and events

Clothing

With regard to his dress on the day of the shooting The Observer reported that he was dressed in 'baseball cap, blue fleece and baggy trousers.' Mark Whitby, a witness to the shooting, told Reuters that he observed Menezes wearing a large winter coat, which 'looked out of place'.[97] Vivien Figueiredo, a cousin of Menezes, was later told by police that Menezes was wearing a denim jacket on the day of the shooting.[98] Anthony Larkin, another eyewitness, told the BBC that Menezes appeared to be wearing a 'bomb belt with wires coming out.'[99]

Based on these eyewitness reports, press speculation at the time said that wearing such heavy clothing on a warm day raised suspicions that Menezes was hiding explosives underneath, and was therefore a potential suicide bomber. At the time of the shooting, the temperature in London (at a Heathrow Airport weather station) was about 17 °C (62 °F).[100]

No device resembling a bomb belt was reported as found. Menezes was also not carrying a tool bag, since he had left it with his colleague the previous evening. According to the report on leaked IPCC documents, Menezes was wearing a pair of jeans and a light denim jacket. This was confirmed by a photo of his body on the floor of the carriage after the shooting.[101]

Police challenge

Police initially stated that they challenged Menezes and ordered him to stop outside Stockwell station. Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir Ian Blair said in a later press conference that a warning was issued prior to the shooting. Lee Ruston, an eyewitness who was waiting on the platform, said the police did not identify themselves. The Times reported 'senior police sources' as saying that police policy would not require a warning to be given to a suspected suicide bomber before lethal action was taken.[102]

The leaked IPCC documents indicated that Menezes was seated on the train carriage when the SO19 armed unit arrived. A shout of 'police' may have been made, but the suspect never really had an opportunity to respond before he was shot. The leaked documents indicated that he was restrained by an undercover officer before being shot.

During the 2008 inquest into Menezes's death, passengers who were travelling in the same carriage also contradicted police accounts, saying that they heard no warnings and that Menezes gave no significant reaction to arrival of the policemen. One passenger said that Menezes appeared calm even as a gun was held to his head and was clear that the police officers did not shout any warnings before shooting him.[103]

In its open verdict on 12 December 2008, the jury decided 8 to 2 that no shouted warning had been given.[104]

Ticket barrier

Witnesses stated that up to twenty police officers in plain clothes pursued Menezes into Stockwell station, that he jumped over the ticket barrier, ran down an escalator and tried to jump onto a train.[105] The Menezes family was briefed by the police that their son did not jump over the ticket barrier and may have used a Travelcard to pass through; this was subsequently confirmed by CCTV recordings shown at the Metropolitan Police trial.[98]

The pathologist's post mortem report, which was written five days after the shooting, recorded that Menezes “vaulted over the ticket barriers” and that he “ran down the stairs of the tube station”. Dr Kenneth Shorrock later told the inquest that he had been given this information by police during a 'walk-through' with officers at Stockwell Tube Station but he could not remember who had given him this incorrect information, which had also featured in earliest eye-witness reports.[106]

It had been suggested that the man reported by eyewitnesses as jumping over the barrier may have been one of the police officers in pursuit.[107]

Missing CCTV footage

Initial UK media reports suggested that no CCTV footage was available from the Stockwell station, as recording media had not been replaced after being removed for examination after the previous day's attempted bombings. Other reports stated that faulty cameras on the platform were the reason for the lack of video evidence. An anonymous source confirmed that CCTV footage was available for the ticket area, but that there was a problem with the platform coverage. The source suggested that there was no useful CCTV footage from the platform or the train carriage.[108]

Extracts from a later police report stated that examination of the platform cameras had produced no footage. It said: 'It has been established that there has been a technical problem with the CCTV equipment on the relevant platform and no footage exists.' It also reported there was no footage from CCTV in the carriage where Menezes was shot, saying 'Although there was on-board CCTV in the train, due to previous incidents [the 7 July bombings], the hard drive had been removed and not replaced.'

The platform CCTV system is maintained by the Tube Lines consortium in charge of maintaining the Northern Line; the company made a statement to The Mail on Sunday insisting that the cameras were in working order.[109] It was also reported that London Underground sources insisted that at least three of the four cameras trained on the Stockwell Tube platform were in full working order, and rejected suggestions that the cameras had not been fitted with new tapes after police took away footage from the previous day, 21 July, when suspects in the failed bombings caught trains there.[110]

During the inquest, evidence confirmed that the video tapes had been changed by a station supervisor in three video recorders monitoring the station CCTV, at 3:09am on the morning of the shooting. These machines emit an audible noise if they are not receiving an audio/video signal, but there was no indication the supervisor heard an alarm. Three days later the equipment was tested and it was found that a cable transmitting the CCTV images to the video recorders had been damaged or cut, possibly during refurbishment work (the cable may have been severed when a workman stepped on it); the following day a communications expert confirmed that the alarm was sounding as a result of this loss of signal.[111]

CCTV footage from the #2 bus Menezes caught to the station was also shown during the inquest; it too, was incomplete. The IPCC claimed this was due to excessive vibration which prevented several cameras on the bus from working.[112]

Motivations

Several reasons were initially posited by media sources and family members for why Menezes may have run from police, as indicated by initial reports. A few weeks prior, he had been attacked by a gang and may have perceived that he was in a similar situation upon seeing plainclothes officers chasing him. Several sources have speculated that irregularities about his immigration status may have given him reason to be wary of the police;[113] evidence that emerged during the course of the criminal trial into the Health and Safety charge showed that Menezes was lawfully in the country on 22 July 2005. This is mentioned in the Stockwell One report, at footnote 4 on page 21.[1] The Sydney Morning Herald reported that a colleague believed that Menezes ran simply because he was late for his job.[114] It was later indicated by the leaked IPCC documents that Menezes may have run across the platform to get a seat on the train, and did not know at the time that he was being watched or pursued.

Gunshots

It was initially stated by police that Menezes was shot five times in the head. Mark Whitby, a passenger on the train Menezes had run onto, said: 'one of [the police officers] was carrying a black handgun—it looked like an automatic—He half tripped… they pushed him to the floor, bundled on top of him and unloaded five shots into him.' Another passenger, Dan Copeland, said: 'an officer jumped on the door to my left and screamed, 'Everybody out!' People just froze in their seats cowering for a few seconds and then leapt up. As I turned out the door on to the platform, I heard four dull bangs.'[115] Menezes's cousin Alex Pereira, who lived with him, asserted that Menezes had been shot from behind: 'I pushed my way into the morgue. They wouldn't let me see him. His mouth was twisted by the wounds and it looked like he had been shot from the back of the neck.' Later reports confirmed that Jean Charles de Menezes was shot a total of eight times: seven times in the head and once in the shoulder.[116]

The leaked IPCC documents also indicated that an additional three shots had missed Menezes. One witness claimed that the shots were evenly distributed over a timespan of thirty seconds. This has not been substantiated by other witness reports or the leaked IPCC documents.[117]

Involvement of special forces

Several commentators suggested that special forces may have been involved in the shooting. Professor Michael Clarke, Professor of Defence Studies at King's College London, went as far as to say that unless there had been a major change in policy it was likely that it was not the police who had carried out the shooting, but special forces:

'To have bullets pumped into him like this suggests quite a lot about him and what the authorities, whoever they are, assumed about him. The fact that he was shot in this way strongly suggests that it was someone the authorities knew and suspected he was carrying explosives on him. […] You don't shoot somebody five times if you think you might have made a mistake and may be able to arrest him. […] Even Special Branch and SO19 are not trained to do this sort of thing. It's plausible that they were special forces or elements of special forces.'[62]

On 4 August 2005, The Guardian reported that the newly created Special Reconnaissance Regiment (SRR), a special forces unit specialising in covert surveillance, were involved in the operation that led to the shooting. The anonymous Whitehall sources who provided the story stressed that the SRR were involved only in intelligence-gathering, and that Menezes was shot by armed police not by members of the SRR or other soldiers. Defence sources would not comment on speculation that SRR soldiers were among the plainclothes officers who followed Menezes onto the No. 2 bus.[118] On 21 August, the Sunday Herald reported that SRR men are believed to have been in the tube train when the shooting occurred.[17]

Stockwell One states, of the SO12 surveillance teams: (p. 28)

'During July 2005 each surveillance team had a member of the military attached to them. Those soldiers were unarmed.'[1]

In the transcript of the 2008 inquest, some of the soldiers' testimonies are recorded, including that of 'Hotel 11'[119] and that of 'Frank'.[120]

Exonerated of sexual assault allegations

In February 2006, a woman claimed to police that a man who resembled Menezes had attacked her in a hotel room on New Year's Eve 2002 in west London. Scotland Yard spent several weeks investigating the claim. After the claim was made public in March 2006, the Menezes family denied the allegation and claimed that the Metropolitan Police were trying to smear Menezes.[121] Although the family initially denied the request, a blood sample was eventually taken with their permission from Menezes's autopsy. On 25 April 2006 Scotland Yard announced that forensic tests on the sample had cleared Menezes.[122]

The four-year legal battle by the family of Jean Charles de Menezes ended when they reached a settlement with Scotland Yard. The Metropolitan police agreed to pay compensation to the family, and in return the relatives of Menezes agreed to end their legal action. The sum of money involved in the settlement is believed to be just over £100,000; in addition the family's substantial legal costs were paid. The Metropolitan Police Commissioner said 'a further unreserved apology to the family for the tragic death of Jean Charles de Menezes and to reiterate that he was a totally innocent victim and in no way to blame for his untimely death.'[123]

One journalist reacted critically to the level of compensation paid by the Metropolitan Police, comparing the level of payout with awards by employment tribunals, and speculating that 'perhaps [de Menezes'] life was worth less because he was poor.'[124]

Similar incidents

Comparisons have been made between the death of Menezes and other innocent or unarmed people shot by British police officers in disputed circumstances,[125] including Stephen Waldorf, James Ashley, Harry Stanley, and the 2 June 2006 Forest Gate raid.

In media

The shooting was the subject of an hour-long 'factual drama'[126] titled Stockwell, first broadcast on the UK terrestrial channel ITV1 on 21 January 2009 at 9 pm.

During The Wall Live tour, Roger Waters (former member of Pink Floyd) added an acoustic coda to 'Another Brick In The Wall (Part 2)' with additional lyrics in honour of Menezes.[127]

A film about Menezes's life, titled Jean Charles, was filmed in 2008 and directed by Henrique Goldman. Selton Mello portrays Menezes and Vanessa Giácomo portrays his cousin. The movie debuted on 26 June 2009, in Brazil.[128]

The documentary play Stockwell opened in July 2009 at the Landor Theatre in Clapham in London. This play featured actors reading scripts edited by playwright Kieron Barry from transcripts of the inquest.[129]

This Much is True written by Paul Unwin (co-creator of the BBC television show Casualty) and Sarah Beck, is a documentary stage play following the journeys of those caught in the wake of the shooting, weaving together testimony from Jean’s family, Justice4Jean campaigners, senior police officers and lawyers. The production ran at Theatre 503 in Battersea from 27 October–21 November 2009.[130][131]

A Finnish thrash metal band Stam1na recorded a song called 'Viisi laukausta päähän' (lit. 'Five shots to the head') on their second album, Uudet kymmenen käskyä. The song interprets de Menezes being 'a beast', hunted by authorities due to the misidentification of him being a terrorist. It also describes a 'need' to cut the evil by its roots and track down everything associated with terrorism etc.

A critical account of the shooting was written and recorded as a song 'Hollow Point' by Chris Wood on the album Handmade Life. The song won Song Of The Year at the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards in 2011.

A song by the Pet Shop Boys refers to the shooting: 'We're all criminals now' included as an extra track on the single Love etc. (March 2009).[132]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "IPCC: Stockwell One" (PDF). IPCC. 8 November 2007. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  2. ↑ Open verdict at Menezes inquest, BBC News, 12 December 2008.
  3. ↑ "Police shot Brazilian eight times". BBC News. 25 July 2005. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
  4. ↑ "Menezes picture 'was manipulated'". BBC News. 17 October 2007. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  5. ↑ "What happened: Death of Jean Charles de Menezes". BBC News. 1 November 2007. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
  6. ↑ "Stockwell Inquest Transcript" (PDF). p. 110. Retrieved 23 April 2011.
  7. ↑ Cowan, Rosie (17 August 2005). "New claims emerge over Menezes death". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  8. ↑ "The grey area of Menezes' killing". BBC News. 12 December 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  9. ↑ "Jean Charles de Menezes inquest timeline". The Telegraph. 22 September 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  10. ↑ "UK | 21 July bombs were 'just hoaxes'". BBC News. 1 March 2007. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
  11. ↑ "Brazilian "was to be taken alive"". News. 18 August 2005. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  12. ↑ Edwards, Richard (3 August 2007). "Menezes could not have saved his life". London: Telegraph. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  13. ↑ "Executed: Anatomy of a police killing". Daily Dispatch. 23 August 2005. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  14. ↑ "De Menezes 'shot 11 times during 30 seconds'". Daily Telegraph. London. 26 August 2005. Archived from the original on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
  15. ↑ "De Menezes 'Two bursts of gunfire at Tube death, say witnesses'". Daily Telegraph. London. 27 August 2005. Archived from the original on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
  16. ↑ See press commentary, e.g. "British Police: Sorry But Policy Is Shots To Head". themoderatevoice.com. Archived from the original on 30 December 2006. Retrieved 29 July 2005.
  17. 1 2 Cusick, James (21 August 2005). "A COVER-UP? AND IF SO ... WHY?". Sunday Herald. Archived from the original on 4 December 2005.
  18. ↑ Dodd, Vikram (16 November 2005). "Police used dum-dum bullets on Brazilian shot at tube station". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  19. ↑ "London police chief defends handling of shooting". New Zealand Herald. 22 August 2005.
  20. ↑ "Jean Charles de Menezes' family settles for £100,000 Met payout". The Guardian. 23 November 2009.
  21. ↑ "Family of Jean Charles de Menezes agree compensation with Met Policer". The Telegraph (U.K.). 24 November 2009.
  22. ↑ "Cousin of innocent shooting victim speaks". Life Style Extra. 24 July 2005.
  23. ↑ "Home town buries shot Brazilian". BBC News. 29 July 2005. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  24. ↑ "'Crucifying the police will achieve nothing'". The Daily Telegraph. London. 23 August 2005. Archived from the original on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
  25. ↑ Police chief promotion attacked, The Guardian, 12 September 2006.
  26. ↑ Honour for Met chief who led Menezes operation, BBC News, 31 December 2009.
  27. ↑ "Jean Charles de Menezes shooting show outside Stockwell Tube station". Thisislocallondon. 28 November 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  28. ↑ Jarvis, Alice-Azania (28 November 2008). "Pandora: Artistic response to de Menezes death". The Independent. London. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  29. ↑ The Observer, "Top police 'clear' Met chief over Menezes" (19 March 2006), by David Rose
  30. ↑ Financial Times "Law of the Gun raises Fresh Doubts", 23 July 2005
  31. ↑ "Protest in Brazil after shooting". BBC News. 26 July 2005. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  32. ↑ Kingstone, Steve (25 July 2005). "Brazilian's death was 'third-world error'". BBC News. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  33. ↑ "Commissioner's letter to The Home Office". Metropolitan Police Service – Homepage. Archived from the original on 10 May 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2005.
  34. ↑ "De Menezes lawyers meet IPCC". ITV News. 18 August 2005. Archived from the original on 24 September 2005.
  35. ↑ "Full text: IPCC statement". The Guardian. London. 18 August 2005. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  36. ↑ IPCC take over investigation into Stockwell shooting IPCC Press Release (25 July 2005) Accessed on 18 August 2005 Archived 22 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
  37. ↑ "Met 'resisted Tube death probe'". BBC News. 18 August 2005. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  38. ↑ Colin Brown; Nigel Morris (16 November 2005). "Police accused of lobbying MPs over shooting". The Independent. Retrieved 9 April 2012.
  39. ↑ David Leppard (5 March 2006). "Met suppress files that tell full shooting story". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 9 April 2012. [B]ehind the scenes, the IPCC has pressed for the Met files at two meetings in the past three weeks. The commission has told Blair it is entitled to them under section 17 of the 2002 Police Reform Act, which gives it the power to demand 'all such information and documents' it judges necessary to conduct its inquiries.
  40. ↑ "Police criticise 'perverse' IPCC". BBC News. 9 May 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  41. ↑ "Mistakes led to tube shooting". ITV. 16 August 2005. Archived from the original on 24 January 2008.
  42. ↑ "Whistleblower suspended". Metro. 21 August 2005.
  43. ↑ Dodd, Vikram (25 January 2006). "ITN journalist arrested over leak from Stockwell shooting inquiry". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  44. ↑ "No charges follow Menezes 'leak'". BBC News. 5 May 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  45. ↑ "Charges Eyed in British Mistaken Shooting". The Guardian (via wn.com). London. AP. 10 December 2005. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015.
  46. ↑ "IPCC Completes Recommendation Report Following Stockwell Investigation". IPCC. 14 March 2006. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 10 May 2006.
  47. 1 2 "Stockwell 2" (PDF). The IPCC. 2 August 2007. Retrieved 2 February 2012.
  48. ↑ Dodd, Vikram (18 April 2006). "Officer who challenged Met chief may lose job". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 July 2006.
  49. ↑ "Menezes claim sparks libel talks". BBC News. 17 March 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  50. ↑ "Met Police 'regret' Menezes claim". BBC News. 28 March 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  51. ↑ "De Menezes officer investigated over admitting deleting evidence" Times online (13 October 2008)
  52. ↑ "Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974". Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1991. Retrieved 18 July 2006.
  53. ↑ "No charges for Menezes officers". BBC News. 17 July 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  54. ↑ "Menezes case goes to High Court". BBC News. 5 December 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  55. ↑ "Met not guilty plea over Menezes". BBC News. 19 September 2006. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  56. ↑ Siddique, Haroon (1 October 2007). "Timeline: the Stockwell shooting". Guardian. London. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  57. ↑ BBC News, British Broadcasting Corporation (14 December 2006), Menezes family lose court battle, archived from the original on 10 January 2007, retrieved 11 July 2015
  58. ↑ BBC News, British Broadcasting Corporation (14 December 2006), Menezes family lose court battle, archived from the original on 18 June 2015, retrieved 11 July 2015
  59. ↑ BBC News. Police guilty over Menezes case. Last updated 1 November 2007. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
  60. ↑ Metropolitan Police. Health and Safety trial result 1 November 2007. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
  61. ↑ Metropolitan Police. MPA and ACPO on Health and Safety verdict. 1 November 2007. Retrieved 22 January 2008.
  62. 1 2 "Will police now shoot to kill?". BBC News. 22 July 2005. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  63. ↑ "MPA: Committees: Reports: 27 Oct 05 (13) "Suicide terrorism"". Metropolitan Police Authority. 27 October 2005. Retrieved 26 August 2006.
  64. ↑ "Muslims back 'shoot to kill' despite an innocent man's death". The Daily Telegraph. London. 24 July 2005. Archived from the original on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
  65. ↑ "'Someone else could be shot,' British police chief warns". CBC News. 24 July 2005. Archived from the original on 17 January 2008.
  66. ↑ Jon Silverman (23 July 2005). "Shooting watershed for UK security". BBC News. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  67. ↑ "Debate rages over 'shoot-to-kill'". BBC News. 24 July 2005. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  68. ↑ "Shot man not connected to bombing". BBC News. 23 July 2005. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  69. ↑ Rossmo, Kim. (2008). Criminal Investigative Failures. CRC Press.
  70. ↑ Williams, Rachel (12 December 2008). "De Menezes: How the Met tried to win the PR war". The Guardian. London.
  71. ↑ Wilson, Jeremy (2 April 2009). MPS response to the MPA Stockwell scrutiny (Report). Metropolitan Police Authority.
  72. ↑ Stewart, Moir (20 February 2009). Inquest into the death of Jean Charles de Menezes – Metropolitan Police Commissioner's response to the Rule 43 Report (PDF) (Report). Metropolitan Police Service.
  73. ↑ "Police 'doctored photo to make Menezes look like terrorist'". Daily Mail. 18 October 2007.
  74. ↑ "The Jean Charles de Menezes Family Campaign". Justice4jean.com. Retrieved 25 August 2005.
  75. ↑ "de Menezes Family Campaign Launch And Rally". The Londonist. 7 October 2005. Retrieved 17 July 2006.
  76. ↑ Philip Johnston (24 August 2005). "'Marxists have hijacked family's quest for justice'". London: The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 27 December 2005.
  77. ↑ Kennedy, Dominic (24 August 2005). "Galloway adviser is helping Brazilian campaign". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 11 February 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
  78. ↑ Cowan, Rosie (23 August 2005). "Brazilian officials in UK for answers on killing". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  79. ↑ "Jean Charles 'Two Years, No Justice'". icSouthLondon. 23 July 2007. Archived from the original on 5 November 2007.
  80. ↑ Siddique, Haroon (7 January 2010). "Jean Charles de Menezes memorial unveiled at Stockwell station". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
  81. ↑ "Jean Charles de Menezes family in European court challenge". BBC News. 10 June 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  82. ↑ "Jean Charles de Menezes: European court to hear human rights challenge". The Guardian. 10 June 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
  83. ↑ Casciani, Dominic (22 September 2008). "Q&A: The Menezes inquest". BBC News.
  84. 1 2 "Police 'thought Menezes had bomb'". BBC News. 22 September 2008.
  85. ↑ Walker, Peter (13 October 2008). "Met officer tells inquest he tampered with De Menezes evidence". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
  86. ↑ Batty, David (24 October 2008). "De Menezes inquest: initial plan was to question Brazilian, says detective". The Guardian. London.
  87. ↑ Transcript, 4 December, page 26 at line 20, The Stockwell Inquest, Sir Michael Wright. Archived 22 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  88. ↑ Key questions, The Guardian, 3 December 2008
  89. ↑ "Menezes: ban on unlawful killing verdict | News". Thisislondon.co.uk. 22 July 2005. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
  90. ↑ De Menezes jurors told to ignore family protests, The Guardian, 5 December 2008
  91. ↑ (PDF) https://web.archive.org/web/20090122183417/http://www.stockwellinquest.org.uk/hearing_transcripts/dec_04.pdf. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 10 December 2008. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  92. ↑ De Menezes coroner invites majority verdict, 9 December 2008, The Guardian
  93. ↑ Majority ruling for de Menezes jury, Press Association, 10 December 2008
  94. ↑ "Open verdict at Menezes inquest". BBC. 12 December 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  95. ↑ "Menezes jury's verdict explained". BBC. 12 December 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  96. ↑ Menezes family to receive compensation from police. BBC News.
  97. ↑ "Bomb suspect gunned down on Tube after frantic chase with armed police". London: The Telegraph. 23 July 2005. Archived from the original on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
  98. 1 2 "Menezes family 'briefed by Met'". BBC News. 23 August 2005. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  99. ↑ "Man shot dead by police on Tube". BBC News. 22 July 2005. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
  100. ↑ "Weather in London, United Kingdom on Friday, 22 July 2005". WeatherUnderground.com. Retrieved 29 July 2005.
  101. ↑ Honigsbaum, Mark (28 July 2005). "Brazilian did not wear bulky jacket". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  102. ↑ UngoedThomas, jon; Leppard, David (31 July 2005). "Shoot-to-kill without warning". The Sunday Times. London. Archived from the original on 14 January 2006. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
  103. ↑ Walker, Peter (4 November 2008). "Driver of De Menezes train thought police were terrorists". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  104. ↑ "Menezes jury's verdict explained". BBC. 12 December 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2008.
  105. ↑ "Police shoot man at underground station". Reuters. 22 July 2005. Archived from the original on 31 December 2005.; & "Man shot dead by police on Tube". BBC News. 22 July 2005. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  106. ↑ Percival, Jenny (5 November 2008). "Orders given to police who shot Jean Charles de Menezes were 'ambiguous'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  107. ↑ "Doubts grow over facts of Tube shooting". The Scotsman. 31 July 2005. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  108. ↑ Cowan, Rosie (23 August 2005). "Row over 'blank' CCTV tapes at station". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  109. ↑ Morris, Bennetto, Clement, Nigel, Jason, Barrie (23 August 2005). "Police and Tube firm at odds over CCTV footage of innocent Brazilian's shooting". The Independent. London. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  110. ↑ Taylor, Ben (23 August 2005). "Tube CCTV: Was there a cover-up?". The Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  111. ↑ Murray, James (7 December 2008). "Where is CCTV film of police tube shooting?". The Sunday Express. London. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  112. ↑ Gillan, Audrey (24 September 2008). "Jean Charles de Menezes inquest sees CCTV footage of last moments". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  113. ↑ "Unenviable choices on suicide bombers". Financial Times. 26 July 2005.
  114. ↑ Gibson, Jano (25 July 2005). "Day Jean Charles's luck turned lethal". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  115. ↑ "I saw Tube man shot – eyewitness". BBC News. 22 July 2005. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  116. ↑ "BBC: Police shot Brazilian eight times". BBC News. 25 July 2005.
  117. ↑ Dodd, Vikram (26 August 2005). "De Menezes – shot for 30 seconds". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
  118. ↑ Norton-Taylor, Richard (4 August 2005). "New special forces unit tailed Brazilian". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
  119. ↑ http://www.julyseventh.co.uk/j7-jean-charles-de-menezes-inquest/de-menezes-inquest-transcripts/oct_23.pdf
  120. ↑ http://www.julyseventh.co.uk/j7-jean-charles-de-menezes-inquest/de-menezes-inquest-transcripts/oct_20.pdf
  121. ↑ "Menezes family deny rape claim". Sky News. 26 April 2006.
  122. ↑ "De Menezes cleared of rape – police". Sky News. London. 25 April 2006.
  123. ↑ Dodd, Vikram (23 November 2009). "Jean Charles de Menezes' family settles for £100,000 Met payout | UK news | guardian.co.uk". Guardian. London. Retrieved 24 November 2009.
  124. ↑ Hirsch, Afua (25 November 2009). "Why are payouts so unfair?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 November 2009.
  125. ↑ Chris Summers (24 July 2005). "The police marksman's dilemma". BBC. Retrieved 27 November 2007.
  126. ↑ The opening credits read: This is a true story based on the testimony of Police Officers and eyewitnesses. Some events have been simplified and dialogue created for the purposes of dramatisation. Most names are codenames given by the court to protect individual officers' identities
  127. ↑ "'It's a surprise to people': Roger Waters discusses the new song he's added to The Wall tour". Something Else!. Retrieved 27 November 2014.
  128. ↑ Jean Charles (2009) at IMDb
  129. ↑ Naughton, Philippe; Sage, Adam. "Stockwell at the Landor Theatre, SW9". The Times. Retrieved 15 February 2011.
  130. ↑ Unwin, Paul; Sarah Beck (28 October – 21 November 2009). "This Much is True". Theatre503. Archived from the original on 18 June 2010. Retrieved 15 February 2011.
  131. ↑ Alistair Smith (2 October 2009). "Theatre 503 to premiere second London play about de Menezes shooting". Thestage.co.uk. Retrieved 24 November 2009.
  132. ↑ http://www.petshopboys.co.uk/lyrics/1241/W

Further reading

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/18/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.