Deep Space Atomic Clock

The miniaturized Deep Space Atomic Clock, for precise and real-time radio navigation in deep space

The Deep Space Atomic Clock (DSAC) is a miniaturized, ultra-precise mercury-ion atomic clock for precise radio navigation in deep space. It is orders of magnitude more stable than existing navigation clocks, and has been refined to limit drift of no more than 1 nanosecond in 10 days.^[1] It is expected that a DSAC would incur no more than 1 microsecond of error in 10 years of operations.^[2] It is expected to improve the precision of deep space navigation, and enable more efficient use of tracking networks. The project is managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

Overview

Current ground-based atomic clocks are fundamental to deep space navigation; however, they are too large to be flown in space. This results in tracking data being collected and processed here on Earth (a two-way link) for most deep space navigation applications.^[2] The Deep Space Atomic Clock (DSAC) is a miniaturized and stable mercury ion atomic clock that is as stable as a ground clock. ^[2] The technology could enable autonomous radio navigation for spacecraft's time-critical events such as orbit insertion or landing, promising new savings on mission operations costs.^[1] It is expected to improve the precision of deep space navigation, enable more efficient use of tracking networks, and yield a significant reduction in ground support operations.^[1][3]

Its applications in deep space include:^[2]

• Simultaneously track two spacecraft on a downlink with the Deep Space Network (DSN)
• Improve tracking data precision by an order of magnitude using the DSN's Ka-band downlink tracking capability.
• Mitigate Ka-band's weather sensitivity (as compared to two-way X band) by being able to switch from a weather-impacted receiving antenna to one in a different location with no tracking outages.
• Track longer by using a ground antenna's entire spacecraft viewing period. At Jupiter, this yields a 10 to 15 percent increase in tracking; at Saturn, it grows to 15 to 25%, with the percentage increasing the farther a spacecraft travels.
• Make new discoveries as a Ka-band—capable radio science instrument with a 10 times improvement in data precision for both gravity and occultation science and deliver more data because of one-way tracking's operational flexibility.
• Explore deep space as a key element of a real-time autonomous navigation system that tracks one-way radio signals on the uplink and, coupled with optical navigation, provides for robust absolute and relative navigation.
• Fundamental to human explorers requiring real-time navigation data.

Principle and development

Over 20 years, engineers at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory have been steadily improving and miniaturizing the mercury-ion trap atomic clock.^[4] The DSAC technology uses the property of mercury ions' hyperfine transition frequency at 40.50 GHz to effectively "steer" the frequency output of a quartz oscillator to a near-constant value. DSAC does this by confining the mercury ions with electric fields in a trap and protecting them by applying magnetic fields and shielding.^[2][5]

• Approximate dimensions: 29 cm × 26 cm × 23 cm ^[5]
• Mass: 17.5 kg
• Power: 44 W

Its development will include a test flight in low-Earth orbit in March 2017,^[6][7] while using GPS signals to demonstrate precision orbit determination and confirm its performance in radio navigation. It will be deployed as part of the U.S. Air Force's Space Test Program 2 (STP-2) mission aboard a Space X Falcon Heavy rocket.^[8]

References

1. Boen, Brooke (January 16, 2015). "Deep Space Atomic Clock (DSAC)". NASA. Retrieved 2015-10-27.
2. "Deep Space Atomic Clock" (PDF). NASA. 2014. Retrieved 2015-10-27.
3. "NASA to test atomic clock to keep space missions on time". NASA. Gizmag. 30 April 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-28.
4. "Technology Demonstration Missions: Deep Space Atomic Clock (DSAC)". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA. 16 January 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-28.
5. "DSAC (Deep Space Atomic Clock)". NASA. Earth Observation Resources. 2014. Retrieved 2015-10-28.
6. Stephen Clark [StephenClark1] (2016-03-01). "Payload officials with satellites aboard STP-2 mission (second Falcon Heavy) say launch has slipped from Oct. 2016 to March 2017." (Tweet) – via Twitter.
7. David, Leonard (April 13, 2016). "Spacecraft Powered by 'Green' Propellant to Launch in 2017". Space. Retrieved 2016-04-15.
8. "Deep Space Atomic Clock". NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA. 27 April 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-28.

External links

• DSAC: Description and Nominal Mission Operations