# Electromagnetic stress–energy tensor

In relativistic physics, the electromagnetic stress–energy tensor is the contribution to the stress–energy tensor due to the electromagnetic field.[1] The stress–energy tensor describes the flow of energy and momentum in spacetime. The electromagnetic stress–energy tensor contains the classical Maxwell stress tensor that governs the electromagnetic interactions.

## Definition

### SI units

In free space and flat space–time, the electromagnetic stress–energy tensor in SI units is[2]

where is the electromagnetic tensor and where is the Minkowski metric tensor of metric signature (−+++). When using the metric with signature (+−−−), the expression for will have opposite sign.

Explicitly in matrix form:

where

is the Poynting vector,

is the Maxwell stress tensor, and c is the speed of light. Thus, is expressed and measured in SI pressure units (pascals).

### CGS units

then:

and in explicit matrix form:

where Poynting vector becomes:

The stress–energy tensor for an electromagnetic field in a dielectric medium is less well understood and is the subject of the unresolved Abraham–Minkowski controversy.[3]

The element of the stress–energy tensor represents the flux of the μth-component of the four-momentum of the electromagnetic field, , going through a hyperplane ( is constant). It represents the contribution of electromagnetism to the source of the gravitational field (curvature of space–time) in general relativity.

## Algebraic properties

The electromagnetic stress–energy tensor has several algebraic properties:

.

The symmetry of the tensor is as for a general stress–energy tensor in general relativity. The tracelessness relates to the masslessness of the photon.[4]

## Conservation laws

Main article: Conservation laws

The electromagnetic stress–energy tensor allows a compact way of writing the conservation laws of linear momentum and energy in electromagnetism. The divergence of the stress–energy tensor is:

where is the (3D) Lorentz force per unit volume on matter.

This equation is equivalent to the following 3D conservation laws

respectively describing the flux of electromagnetic energy density

and electromagnetic momentum density

where J is the electric current density and ρ the electric charge density.

## References

1. Gravitation, J.A. Wheeler, C. Misner, K.S. Thorne, W.H. Freeman & Co, 1973, ISBN 0-7167-0344-0
2. Gravitation, J.A. Wheeler, C. Misner, K.S. Thorne, W.H. Freeman & Co, 1973, ISBN 0-7167-0344-0
3. however see Pfeifer et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 79, 1197 (2007)
4. Garg, Anupam. Classical Electromagnetism in a Nutshell, p. 564 (Princeton University Press, 2012).
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 9/22/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.