Environment Agency

For environmental agencies of other countries, see List of environmental ministries.
Environment Agency

Environment Agency logo
Abbreviation EA
Formation 1995
Type Non-departmental public body
Legal status Government agency
Purpose Environmental protection and regulation in England
Headquarters Horizon House, Deanery Road, Bristol
Chairman
 Emma Howard Boyd
Chief Executive
 Sir James Bevan
Affiliations Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs
Website www.gov.uk/ea

The Environment Agency (EA) is a non-departmental public body, established in 1995 and sponsored by the United Kingdom government's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA), with responsibilities relating to the protection and enhancement of the environment in England (and until 2013 also Wales).

Roles and responsibilities

Purpose

The Environment Agency's stated purpose is, "to protect or enhance the environment, taken as a whole" so as to promote "the objective of achieving sustainable development" (taken from the Environment Act 1995, section 4). Protection of the environment relates to threats such as flood and pollution. The vision of the Agency is of "a rich, healthy and diverse environment for present and future generations".[1]

Scope

The Environment Agency's remit covers the whole of England, about 13 million hectares of land, 22,000 miles (35,000 km) of river and 3,100 miles (5,000 km) of coastline seawards to the three-mile limit which includes 2 million hectares of coastal waters.[2] In a sharing arrangement with the Scottish Environment Protection Agency (SEPA), it also exercises some of its functions over parts of the catchments of the River Tweed and the Border Esk which are, for the most part, in Scotland

Structure

The Environment Agency employs around 11,200 staff. It is organised into eight directorates that report to the chief executive.[3]

There are two "policy and process" directorates. One deals with Flood and Coastal Risk Management and the other with Environment and Business. These are backed up by the Evidence directorate. The fourth directorate is a single Operations "delivery" unit, responsible for national services, and line management of all the Regional and Area staff.

The remaining directorates are central shared service groups for Finance, Legal Services, Resources and Communications.

In support of its aims, the Agency acts as an operating authority, a regulatory authority and a licence authority.

Finance

The agency is funded in part from the UK government Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA). Additional money is raised from the issuing of licences and permits such as abstraction licences, waste handler registrations, navigation rights and rod (fishing) licences and from licensing data for which the Agency is owner.

Funding for asset management and improvement and acquisition of flood risk management assets has traditionally come from local authorities via Flood Defence Committees. This was then effectively repaid by central Government in later years as part of the Formula Spending Share. In 2005 this was simplified by making a direct transfer from Treasury to the Environment Agency in the form of Flood Defence Grant in Aid.

The Environment Agency's total funding in 2007–08 was £1,025 million, an increase of £23 million on 2006–07. Of that total, £628 million (61 per cent) was provided in the form of 'flood defence grant-in-aid' from government (£578 million for England and £50 million for Wales). In addition, £347 million (34 per cent) was raised through statutory charging schemes and flood defence levies; and a further £50 million (5 per cent) came from other miscellaneous sources.[4][5]

In 2007–08 had an operational budget of £1.025 billion, of which £628m was grant from the Agency's sponsoring Government Departments. Approximately half the Agency's expenditure is on flood risk management, and a third is spent on environment protection (pollution control). Of the remainder, 12% goes to water resources, and 6% to other water functions including navigation and wildlife.[4][5]

Overall governance

The Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs has the lead sponsorship responsibility for the Environment Agency as a whole and is responsible for the appointment of the chairman and the Environment Agency Board.

In addition the Secretary of State is responsible for overall policy on the environment and sustainable development within which the Agency undertakes its work; the setting of objectives for the Agency's functions and its contribution to sustainable development; the approval of its budget and payment of Government grant to the Agency for its activities in England and approval of its regulatory and charging regimes.[2] Its chief executive is Sir James Bevan.

Sir Philip Dilley resigned as chairman on 11 January 2016, with Emma Howard Boyd becoming acting chair.[6]

History

The Environment Agency was created by the Environment Act 1995, and came into existence on 1 April 1996. It had responsibility for the whole of England and Wales but with specifically designated border arrangements with Scotland covering the catchment of the River Tweed. It took over the roles and responsibilities of the National Rivers Authority (NRA), Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Pollution (HMIP) and the waste regulation authorities in England and Wales including the London Waste Regulation Authority (LWRA). All of the predecessor bodies were disbanded and the local authorities relinquished their waste regulatory role. At the same time, the Agency took responsibility for issuing flood warnings to the public, a role previously held by the police.

On 1 April 2013, that part of the Environment Agency covering Wales was merged into Natural Resources Wales, a separate body managing the Welsh environment and natural resources.[7][8]

Flood and coastal risk management

The Thames Barrier is one of the flood risk management installations operated by the Environment Agency

The Environment Agency is the principal flood risk management operating authority. It has the power (but not the legal obligation) to manage flood risk from designated main rivers and the sea. These functions in relation to other rivers (defined as ordinary watercourses) in England are undertaken by Local Authorities or internal drainage boards. The Environment Agency is also responsible for increasing public awareness of flood risk, flood forecasting and warning and has a general supervisory duty for flood risk management. As of 2008 the Environment Agency also has a strategic overview role for all flood and coastal erosion risk management.[9] The term "Flood Risk Management" in place of "Flood Defence" recognises that managed flooding is essential to meet the requirements of a sustainable flood strategy.[10] It is often not economically feasible or even desirable to prevent all forms of flooding in all locations, and so the Environment Agency uses its powers to reduce either the likelihood or consequences of flooding.

Activities to reduce likelihood of flooding

The Environment Agency is responsible for operating, maintaining and replacing an estimated £20 billion worth of flood risk management (FRM) installations. According to a report by consultants in 2001, these are estimated to prevent annual average damage costs of approximately £3.5 billion.[11] The Agency also invests in improving or providing new installations in areas where there remains a high risk of flooding, particularly where, because of the possible consequences, the damage risk is the highest. Recent examples of major defences against coastal flooding include the Thames Barrier,which was completed long before the EA was created and, recent examples of major inland flood prevention schemes include the Jubilee River.

Activities to reduce consequences of flooding

A remote controlled ARC-Boat that is used to collect river and estuarine data, assisting in flood forecasting[12]

The Environment Agency provides flood forecasting and warning systems and maintains maps of areas liable to flood, as well as preparing emergency plans and responding when an event occurs. The Environment Agency carries out an advisory function in development control – commenting on planning applications within flood risk areas, providing advice to assist planning authorities in ensuring that any development is carried out in line with the National Planning Policy Framework. The agency provides technical advice on the flood risk assessment that must be submitted with most planning applications in flood risk areas. The Agency also runs public awareness campaigns to inform those at risk who may be unaware that they live in an area that is prone to flooding, as well as providing information about what the flood warning codes and symbols mean and how to respond in the event of a flood.[13] The agency operates Floodline, a 24-hour telephone helpline on flooding. Floodline covers England, Wales and Scotland but not Northern Ireland, and provides information and advice including property flood-risk checks, flood warnings, and flood preparation advice.

In partnership with the Met Office it runs the Flood Forecasting Centre (FFC) which provides warnings of flooding which may affect England and Wales. Formed in 2009, the FFC is based in the Operations Centre at the Met Office headquarters in Exeter.[14]

Environment and business

The Agency is the main regulator of discharges to air, water, and land – under the provisions of a series of Acts of Parliament. It does this through the issue of formal consents to discharge or, in the case of large, complex or potentially damaging industries by means of a permit.[15] Failure to comply with such a consent or permit or making a discharge without the benefit of a consent can lead to criminal prosecution. Magistrates' Court can impose fines of up to £50,000 or 12 months imprisonment for each offence of causing or knowingly permitting pollution. If prosecuted in the Crown Court, there is no limit on the amount of the fine and sentences of up to 5 years imprisonment may be imposed on those responsible for the pollution or on Directors of companies causing pollution.

The Agency has an important role in conservation and ecology specifically along rivers and in wetlands. More general responsibility for the countryside and natural environment in England falls to the organisation Natural England. The Environment Agency's activities support users of the rivers and wetlands, including anglers and boaters.

Climate change

The Agency states that they take a "leading role in limiting and preparing for the impacts of climate change."[16]

Air quality

The Agency is a regulator for the release of air pollutants into the atmosphere from large, complex industrial processes. This will soon include emissions from some large-scale agricultural activities, but air pollutant releases from many agricultural activities will continue to be unregulated.[17]

Major sources of air pollution, such as transport, are subject to various measures at the European, national and local level. Local authorities regulate air pollution from smaller industrial processes. The Agency works with local authorities, the Highways Agency and others to implement the UK government's air quality strategy in England as mandated in the Environment Act 1995. The Environment Agency has an Air Quality Modelling and Assessment Unit (AQMAU) that aims to ensure that air quality assessments for permit applications, enforcement and air pollution incident investigations are consistent, of a high standard and based on sound science.

Land quality

The Agency is the regulatory authority for all waste management activities including the licensing of sites such as landfill, incineration and recycling facilities. It also regulates the movement of hazardous wastes such as fibrous asbestos, infectious clinical wastes and harmful chemicals. The Agency issues Environmental Permits to waste management sites and any individuals or companies found to have caused pollution or have infringed their licence conditions can be prosecuted. In serious cases the Environment Agency has the power to revoke the Environmental Permits issued to sites that contravene the conditions of their permits stopping all waste handling activities.[18]

Water quality

The Agency has a duty to maintain and improve the quality of surface waters and ground-waters and, as part of the duty, it monitors the quality of rivers, lakes, the sea and groundwater on a regular basis. Much of this information is required by law under the provisions of a number of European Directives to be reported both to Parliament and to Europe and to be made public. Some of these duties have been in force through predecessor agencies and as a consequence the Agency maintains some long term data sets which in some cases such as the Harmonised monitoring scheme exceed 30 years of consistent data collection.

Monitoring is also carried out of many discharges to the aquatic environment including sewage effluents and trade and agricultural discharges.

Water resources

The Agency manages the use and conservation of water through the issue of water abstraction licences for activities such as drinking water supply, artificial irrigation and hydro-electricity generation. The Agency is in charge of inland rivers, estuaries and harbours in England. Its remit also extends into Scotland in the River Tweed and River Solway catchments where special arrangements exist with SEPA to avoid duplication but retain management on a catchment basis.

Complex arrangements exist for the management of river regulation reservoirs, which are used to store winter water in the wetter parts of England to maintain levels in the summer time so that there is sufficient water to supply the drier parts of the country with drinking water.

Fishing

The Agency is a regulator of angling and sells over a million rod licences a year. It uses the proceeds (approx £20M per annum)[19] to maintain and improve the quality of fisheries in England by improving habitat. The Agency also regulates the commercial exploitation of shellfish.

The Environment Agency operates numerous locks, such as this one at Godstow, Oxfordshire

After the Canal & River Trust, the Environment Agency is the second largest navigation authority in the United Kingdom managing navigation for 634 miles (1,020 km) of England's rivers. The Agency's lock-keepers maintain and operate systems of sluices, weirs and locks to manage water-levels for navigation, and where necessary to control flooding. Annual spending to maintain these installations, with an estimated replacement value of £700M, is around £22M per annum.[20] The Agency uses the registration fees of some 31,000 craft on the waterways to provide some of the income.[21] The Agency's responsibilities include the non-tidal River Thames, the Medway Navigation, River Wye and River Lugg, the Royal Military Canal and the Fens and Anglian systems. The Environment Agency is organising the Fens Waterways Link a major construction project to link rivers in the Fens and Anglian Systems for navigation. The first stage is the South Forty-Foot Drain.[22][23] Functions in relation to most canals are undertaken by the Canal and River Trust.

Other marine responsibilities

The Environment Agency is the harbour authority for Rye and the Conservancy Authority for the Dee Estuary.[24] The Environment Agency also publishes information about tidal bores, these being the Trent Aegir and the Severn bore.[25]

Consultation and influencing

The Agency uses its influence and provides education to change attitudes and behaviour towards the environment. Action, in several policy areas, is directed towards business and commerce at all levels, children in education, the general public and Government and local government. This last area is quite distinct from the Agency's statutory role to advise Government.

In local government planning processes, the Environment Agency is a statutory consultee on all planning matters from County Strategic plans down to individual planning applications. In reality only those applications judged to pose special risks to the environment are commented on in any detail. For many years the Agency has been offering strong advice against the development of land in floodplains because of the risk of flooding. Whilst in some instances, this advice may not have been appreciated in its entirety, in a large number of cases this advice has been used to reach decisions on planning applications.

The Environment Agency is also an advisory board member of the River Restoration Centre at Cranfield University.[26]

Advice to Government

Until the formation of the Environment Agency, the Government took specialist advice on the management of the environment from civil servants employed in appropriate ministries. This led to considerable duplication of effort and frequent disagreements between Government and the regulatory agencies. The Environment Agency now advises Government directly about those issues within its purview.

Regional organisation

The operational arm of the Environment Agency consists of 16 areas, all of which report to the Director of Operations. As of April 2014, the Environment Agency removed its regional level of administration (formerly Anglian Region, Midlands Region, North West Region, South East Region, South West Region and Yorkshire & North East Region) to be replaced by an "area once, national once" model. The 16 area names were also changed to better reflect the areas that they serve. The new area names are:

- Northumberland, Durham and Tees
- Cumbria and Lancashire
- Yorkshire
- Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire and Leicestershire
- Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire

- Greater Manchester, Merseyside and Cheshire
- Staffordshire, Warwickshire and West Midlands
- Shropshire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire and Gloucestershire
- Wessex
- Devon and Cornwall

- Cambridgeshire and Bedfordshire
- Essex, Norfolk and Suffolk
- Hertfordshire and North London
- West Thames
- Solent and South Downs
- Kent and South London

Criticism

Since the establishment of the Environment Agency several major flood events have occurred and the Agency has been the target of criticism. A number of reports have been produced which chart various developments in flood management.

Easter 1998 Floods and Bye report

At Easter 1998, the equivalent of one months rain fell in the Midlands in 24 hours and flooding caused £400m damage and five deaths. In the light of criticism, the Agency commissioned a report from a review team under the Chairmanship of Peter Bye, a former chief executive of Suffolk CC. The report concluded that in many respects, the Environment Agency's policies, plans and operational arrangements were sound, and that staff did their best in extreme circumstances, but there were instances of unsatisfactory planning, inadequate warnings for the public, incomplete defences and poor co-ordination with emergency services.[27] Specifically the report highlighted the flood warning system and said the scale of the damage could have been avoided if the agency had issued more advice to those living in the worst affected areas and noted "People who do not understand what they can do to protect themselves when they are warned are not protected."[28]

Autumn 2000 Floods and Learning to Live with Rivers

In the Autumn 2000 floods, damage was reduced by flood defences and by timely warnings and evacuations where the defences could not hold back the water. As a result, 280,000 properties were protected from the floods, but over 10,000 properties were still flooded at an estimated cost of £1 billion. Defra commissioned an independent review by the Institution of Civil Engineers under George Fleming.[29] The review was to consider methods of estimating and reducing flood risk and look at whether flood risk management could make more use of natural processes. Other terms of reference included the possible impact of climate change and experience of other countries. The resulting report entitled Learning to Live with Rivers specifically criticised a reluctance to use computer models and inadequate representation of the dynamic effects of land use, catchment processes and climatic variability. More broadly, the report noted that sustainable flood risk management could only be achieved by working with the natural response of the river basin and by providing the necessary storage, flow reduction and discharge capacity. It concluded that floods can only be managed, not prevented, and the community must learn to live with rivers.

June 2007 National Audit Office report

On 15 June 2007 the National Audit Office produced a report on the performance of the Environment Agency with respect to its administrative targets and information systems. The report highlighted that the Environment Agency had not reached its targets for maintaintaining flood defence systems and producing catchment area plans, and that since 2001 the general conditions of assets had not improved significantly. It concluded the agency could reduce the need for extra funding by improving cost effectiveness.[30]

On the basis of the report, and to the background of the Summer 2007 floods, on 27 June 2007 the Committee of Public Accounts under Edward Leigh subjected the Environment Agency management to severe interrogation and concluded that the agency had "not delivered protection for the British people".[31] Issuing a strong response, the chief executive rejected the charge that the Environment Agency has massively failed, as alleged in the commons public accounts committee, noting that in the last seven years, defences had been created to protect 100,000 homes in floodplains, numbers receiving flood warning had dramatically increased and greatly improved flood mapping and forecasting had been implemented.[32]

Summer 2007 Floods and the Pitt Review

Following the 2007 United Kingdom floods, which left 13 people dead, 44,600 homes flooded[33] and caused £3bn damage, Defra announced an independent review by Sir Michael Pitt.

The Environment Agency directors attracted criticism when it emerged that shortly before the floods they had received five-figure "performance bonuses",[34][35] with numerous calls for the bonuses to be donated to flood relief funds. An opposition spokesperson raised a question over the timing of the release of the information—"just as MPs left for their 11-week summer recess—guaranteeing minimum parliamentary scrutiny".[36]

Pitt's review, published in full in June 2008 contained 92 recommendations looking at all aspects of the "biggest civil emergency in British history".[37] Of these, thirteen were directed at the Environment Agency, the first of which stated that the Environment Agency should take on a national overview of all flood risk (2). It recommended the Environment Agency should further develop its modelling tools and techniques working with its partners on such (4)(5), and also make flood visualisation data more accessible (36)(37). It recommended closer working with the Met Office (6)(34)(35)(65). The Agency should provide a more specific flood warning system for infrastructure operators (33), work with local responders to raise awareness in flood risk areas (61) and work with telecoms companies to roll out telephone flood warning schemes. Other recommendations were that the Environment Agency should continue its existing processes (8)(25).

The review also argued that the Government's £800 million-a-year flood defence budget for 2010 to 2011 was "about right" but stated that money should be spent more wisely. Sir Michael said: "What we are arguing is that we were not well prepared last summer for the scale of flooding that took place."[38][39][40]

After the 2007 floods, the present organisation of flood management in England and Wales, with a large number of separate bodies responsible for different components, was called into question. George Fleming, who chaired the committee which produced the Learning to Live with Rivers report argued that the Environment Agency had too many roles and faced too great a conflict between its roles as habitat protector and planning regulator and suggested it was time to break it up and create a dedicated Flood Management Agency.[41] On leaving her post as CEO in June 2008 Barbara Young responded to these suggestions, predicting that the Pitt report was unlikely to recommend the break-up of the Environment Agency.[42]

Winter 2013-14 Floods

The Environment Agency and its then chair Chris Smith was involved with a row with Environment Secretary Owen Paterson and other members of the government, and landowners and residents in Somerset. The row focused on the flooding of the Somerset Levels and whether the River Parrett should be dredged. Dredging had been quietly abandoned, to allow the levels to return to their condition centuries ago, without concern for the residents affected. [43]

Winter 2015-16 Floods

The Environment Agency, responsible for main river maintenance, was criticised for failures which led to flooding following a period of heavy rainfall in December 2015 (Storm Desmond, Storm Eva) across northern England and parts of Scotland. In particular, the decision to open a barrier on the River Foss resulted in flooding of supposedly protected houses.[44] Additionally, the Environment Agency was accused of misleading the public by stating that its chairman Philip Dilley was “at home with his family” when he was at his wife's family home in Barbados.[45] In the days following the floods, it was reported that Agency staff responsible for protecting the UK from flooding were paid almost £300,000 in bonuses or received large payoffs in 2015,[46] notably the Environment Agency's publicity chief who lead the press team who tried to cover-up their Chairman's absence; Pam Gilder quit with a £112,000 pay-off. [47]

The extent of damage caused in such a short period across wide areas has brought into focus the overall performance of UK central government flood defence strategies. Expensive flood defence systems were proven ineffective and in some cases appeared to increase the problem. Professor Dieter Helm, Chair of the UK government's Natural Capital Committee stated in January 2016: "Flooding crises tend to follow an established pattern. First, there is immediate help and assistance. Then second, there is a “review”. On occasions, this leads to a third stage of genuine reform, but in most cases “sticking plasters” are applied. These are incremental and often sensible, but typically fail to address the core issues and hence provide only a temporary respite. There are very good reasons why ”sticking plasters” will not work this time. The conventional approach to flood defence, carried out by the Environment Agency (EA), and financed largely by the Treasury, is at best inefficient. Sometimes it is even counterproductive, encouraging the sorts of land use and land management decisions that can actually make flooding worse in the medium term." [48] The UK government House of Commons Select Committee for the environment challenged the Chief Executive Officer of the Environment Agency on its performance by stating: “You [Sir James Bevan, CEO] said "The capacity of a river doesn't matter!" You've got to be certain the leopard has changed its spots. And I will keep repeating this. You haven't really given us an answer as to whether you have monitored the situation. I'm fearful. You allowed the River Parrett [Somerset] to silt up, you allowed the Tone to silt up, you allowed the tributaries to silt up, and then it flooded.” The Committee added: “The EA don't provide [quotes for work] when doing projects so we can't compare like with like [with other project providers]. There is an argument for transparency on your spending... You say the right words and hold onto your power." [49]

Sir Philip Dilley resigned as chairman of the Environment Agency on 11 January 2016. Sir Philip stated he was stepping down because “expectations” of his role have changed to mean he has to be “available at short notice throughout the year”.

Past and present officers

Chairman:

Chief Executive:

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Our Vision". Environment Agency. Archived from the original on 2 November 2008. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
  2. 1 2 "The Environment Agency – Defra Sponsorship". Defra. Archived from the original on 4 November 2008. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
  3. ↑ "How we are structured". Environment Agency. Retrieved 15 January 2000. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  4. 1 2 "2006–07 Annual Report" (PDF). Environment Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
  5. 1 2 "2007–08 Annual Report" (PDF). Environment Agency. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
  6. 1 2 Foster, Matt (11 January 2016). "Environment Agency chair Sir Philip Dilley resigns amid row over holiday during floods". Civil Service World. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  7. ↑ "Single Body". Welsh Government. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  8. ↑ "Forestry concern as minister names natural resources body". BBC News. 25 October 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  9. ↑ Defra's overview of how flood and coastal erosion risk is managed in England Archived 26 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  10. ↑ "Urban Flood Management". Building Research Establishment. Retrieved 22 December 2008.
  11. ↑ "National Appraisal of Assets at Risk from Flooding and Coastal Erosion, including the potential impact of climate change Final Report July 2001" (PDF). Defra. p. 26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011. Retrieved 11 January 2009.
  12. ↑ "Innovative monitoring boat developed". HR Wallingford. 17 May 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
  13. ↑ "Environment Agency Flood warnings". Environment-agency.gov.uk. 16 November 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  14. ↑ "Flood Forecasting Centre moves to Exeter". Exeter Science. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
  15. ↑ "Environment Agency Environmental permitting". Environment-agency.gov.uk. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  16. ↑ "Limiting and adapting to climate change: position statement". Environment Agency. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
  17. ↑ "Environment Agency Pollution and emissions". Environment-agency.gov.uk. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  18. ↑ "Environment Agency Waste". Environment-agency.gov.uk. 11 November 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  19. ↑ "Rod Licence Sales". Environment Agency. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
  20. ↑ "2020 Vision for Funding our Waterways" (PDF). Environment Agency. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
  21. ↑ "Crackdown on River Boat Licences". BBC News. 30 August 2008. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
  22. ↑ Staff (20 July 2005). "Project is 'answer to the Broads'". BBC News. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
  23. ↑ Adams, John. "Fens Waterways Link". Environment Agency. Archived from the original on 31 August 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2008.
  24. ↑ "Coastal Cruising". Environment Agency. Retrieved 24 December 2008.
  25. ↑ "Severn Bore and Trent Aegir". Environment Agency. 11 November 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  26. ↑ "Current Members," River Restoration Centre. Accessed: 22 January 2013.
  27. ↑ "Hansard ''Easter Floods'' 20 October 1998, Statement of Parliamentary Secretary to MAFF". Hansard.millbanksystems.com. 20 October 1998. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  28. ↑ "BBC report on Flood Failures". BBC News. 2 October 1998. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  29. ↑ Fleming, George; et al. (November 2001). "Learning to live with rivers" (PDF). Institution of Civil Engineers. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
  30. ↑ "National Audit Office ''Building and maintaining river and coastal flood defences in England'' HC: 528 2006–2007 ISBN 978-0-10-294552-2". Nao.org.uk. 15 June 2007. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  31. ↑ "House of Commons Committee of Public Accounts ''Environment Agency:Building and maintaining river and coastal flood defences in England'' Fourth Report of Session 2007–2008" (PDF). Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  32. ↑ "edie newsletter 'Environment Agency hits back at flood criticism'". Edie.net. 6 July 2007. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  33. ↑ "Flooding action plan promised". BBC News. 25 June 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  34. ↑ Pierce, Andrew (31 July 2007). "Directors face bonus anger". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  35. ↑ Philippe Naughton. "Directors get big cash bonuses". Timesonline.co.uk. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  36. ↑ Phelvin, Patrick (12 April 2008). "Former CEO would give up bonus". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  37. ↑ "Cabinet Office Pitt Review Full Report" (PDF). Archive.cabinetoffice.gov.uk. 22 October 2010. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  38. ↑ Peterkin, Tom (25 June 2008). "Britain ill prepared for new flooding crisis". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  39. ↑ "The Pitt Review: Lessons learned from the 2007 floods". Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  40. ↑ Designing Buildings. "The Pitt Review: Lessons learned from the 2007 floods".
  41. ↑ "NCE article Ripe for Change". Nce.co.uk. 16 May 2008. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
  42. ↑ Oliver, Anthony (6 June 2006). "Young rubbishes flood agency calls". NCE. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
  43. ↑ Rowena Mason; Patrick Wintour (10 February 2014). "UK floods: Cameron gives lukewarm backing to Environment Agency boss". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
  44. ↑ "York floods: Why did the Foss Barrier fail?". The Telegraph. 28 December 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
  45. ↑ "Environment Agency 'misled the public' over chairman's movements amid flood disaster". The Telegraph. 30 December 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  46. ↑ "Under-fire Environment Agency bosses received almost £300k in bonuses". The Telegraph. 3 January 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  47. ↑ "The flood fat cats: Environment Agency publicity chief QUITS with £112,000 pay off while another boss is getting £60,000 on gardening leave". The Daily Mail. 3 January 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
  48. ↑ Helm, 2016: http://www.dieterhelm.co.uk/natural-capital/water/flood-defence-time-for-a-radical-rethink/?url=/node/1414
  49. ↑ Defra (2016) Enquiry session held on 13 April 2016 http://www.parliamentlive.tv/…/6c734492- 077e-441f-8417-aa0e…
  50. ↑ "New Chairman of the Environment Agency announced". gov.uk. UK Government. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
  51. ↑ "Sir Philip Dilley quits as Environment Agency chairman after Barbados holiday during floods". The Daily Telegraph. 11 January 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2016.
  52. 1 2 "Sir James Bevan has been appointed chief executive of the Environment Agency following a competitive recruitment process.". gov.uk. UK Government. 28 September 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
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