Fall of communism in Albania

Fall of communism in Albania

The toppling of Enver Hoxha's statue in central Tirana
Date December 11, 1990 (1990-12-11)
Location Albania, mainly Shkodër, Kavajë, and Tirana
Territory of former Eastern Bloc states with the dates that Communist rule ended. Dates of declaring independence for former USSR states.

The fall of communism in Albania, the last such event in Europe outside the USSR, started in earnest in December 1990 with student demonstrations in the capital, Tirana, although protests had begun earlier that year in other cities.[1] The Central Committee of the communist Party of Labour of Albania allowed political pluralism on 11 December and the largest opposition party, the Democratic Party, was founded the next day.[2] March 1991 elections left the Party of Labour in power, but a general strike and urban opposition led to the formation of a "stability government" that included non-communists. Albania's former communists were routed in elections in March 1992 amid economic collapse and social unrest, with the Democratic Party winning most seats and its party head, Sali Berisha, becoming president.

Background

Enver Hoxha, who ruled the Socialist People's Republic of Albania for four decades, died on April 11, 1985. Ramiz Alia succeeded Hoxha, and gradually introduced economic reforms and opened diplomatic ties with Western European countries.[3]

During the revolutions of 1989 many Albanians remained unaware of events due to the dearth of information within the isolated state. Some Albanians didn't even know that the Berlin Wall had fallen in November 1989.[4]

In January 1990, the first revolts started in Shkodra, where a few hundred people wanted to demolish Joseph Stalin's statue, and spread to a few other cities. Eventually, the existing regime introduced some liberalization, including measures in 1990 providing for freedom to travel abroad. Efforts were begun to improve ties with the outside world.

Mikhail Gorbachev had adopted new policies of glasnost and perestroika in the Soviet Union in 1985. After Nicolae Ceauşescu, the communist leader of Romania, was executed during the Romanian Revolution of 1989, Alia knew that he might be next if radical changes were not made. He then signed the Helsinki Agreement which forced Albania to respect human rights. Under Alia, the first pluralist elections took place since the communists took power in Albania in 1944. Alia's party won the election of March 31, 1991.[5]

Nevertheless, it was clear that the transition to capitalism would not be stopped. Many leading members of the newly formed Democratic Party wore light trench coats during demonstrations, while Sali Berisha, then still a Party of Labour member, was heard thanking Ramiz Alia when addressing the students protests, and was seen driving around Skanderbeg Square with a government vehicle.[6][7]

The communists managed to retain control of the government in the first round of elections, but fell two months later during a general strike. A committee of "national salvation" took over but also collapsed within six months.[8] Alia resigned as president and was succeeded by Berisha, the first democratically-elected leader of Albania since Bishop Fan Noli.

Post-communist government

The change from socialism to capitalism evidently had many challenges. The Democratic Party had to implement the reforms it had promised, but they were either too slow or did not solve the nation's problems, so people were disappointed when their hopes for fast prosperity went unfulfilled. Many Albanians were also frustrated by Sali Berisha's growing authoritarianism, including pressure on the opposition, media and civil society.[9] In the general elections of June 1996 the Democratic Party tried to win an absolute majority and manipulated the results.[10]

The government fell in 1997 after the collapse of a number of large pyramid schemes and widespread corruption, which caused disorder and rebellion throughout the country.[11] The government attempted to suppress the revolt by force but the attempt failed, due to low morale and corruption in the armed forces.[2] With the help of international mediation led by OSCE special envoy Franz Vranitzky, the ruling and opposition parties agreed to form a Reconciliation Government and to hold new elections. To secure calm and to prevent an outward refugee flow, nine states contributed military forces to in international force called Operation Alba.[12]

Elections in June 1997 brought the opposition Socialist Party (former communist party) to power, and it ruled under various prime ministers until 2005. The Democratic Party won parliamentary elections in 2005 and 2009, and Albania was governed again by Sali Berisha, this time as prime minister. The Socialist Party won the elections in 2013, and is governed by its party head and Prime Minister Edi Rama.

According to the constitution, approved by referendum on November 22, 1998, promulgated on November 28, 1998, and amended in January 2007, Albania has a democratic system of government with separation of powers and protection of fundamental human rights.[13]

Since the end of communism, the country became more aligned towards the West than its, albeit unenthused, relations with Moscow or Beijing. Albania joined NATO in 2009 and will join the European Union in the future.

References

  1. ↑ Mysteries of December 1990 (Misteret e Dhjetoret), TV Klan.
  2. 1 2 Abrahams, Fred C. (2015). Modern Albania: From Dictatorship to Democracy. New York: NYU Press. pp. 169–221. ISBN 0814705111.
  3. ↑ Lami, Remzi. "Albania: nine years after". AIM Tirana. Archived from the original on August 3, 2003. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
  4. ↑ Albania and the European Union: the tumultuous journey towards integration. p. 21. Retrieved 2011-06-27.
  5. ↑ Journal of Democracy
  6. ↑ YouTube
  7. ↑ YouTube
  8. ↑ http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_democracy/election_watch/v003/index.html#v003.3
  9. ↑ Human Rights Watch, Human Rights in Post-communist Albania, March 1, 1996.
  10. ↑ Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Parliamentary Elections 26 May and 2 June: Observations, July 2, 1996.
  11. ↑ Vaughan-Whitehead, Daniel (1999). Albania in Crisis: The Predictable Fall of the Shining Star. Edward Elgar Pub. ISBN 1840640707.
  12. ↑ The nine participating states were: Austria, Denmark, France, Greece, Italy, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, and Turkey.
  13. ↑ Constitution of the Republic of Albania.

Further reading

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