Gun-howitzer M84 NORA

Gun-howitzer 152mm M84 NORA

Type	Towed howitzer
Place of origin	Yugoslavia Serbia
Service history
Used by	Serbia and numerous others
Wars	Yugoslav Wars
Production history
Designer	Military Technical Institute Belgrade
Designed	Circa 1974-80
Manufacturer	Complex Battle System factory in Velika Plana, Serbia BNT Novi Travnik, BiH
Produced	1984 to present
Number built	88+
Variants	NORA-A 152mm NORA-B 152mm NORA-C 152mm NORA-A1 155mm NORA M08 152mm
Specifications
Weight	6880kg or 7030kg up to 7680kg
Length	9.67 m (31 ft 9 in)
Width	5.73 m (18 ft 10 in)
Height	2.16 m (7 ft 1 in)
Crew	9

Caliber	152.4 mm (6 in)
Breech	Vertical semi-automatic sliding wedge
Recoil	hydraulic buffer and hydropneumatic recuperator
Carriage	trail
Elevation	-5° to 65°
Traverse	50°
Rate of fire	Burst: 6 rpm A1 version 8 rpm Sustained: 4 rpm
Muzzle velocity	810 m/s (
Effective firing range	24,0 km
Maximum firing range	28,1 km (base bleed M-84/GG)
Sights	direct fire ×5.5 optical sight and ×3.7 panoramic sight

Gun howitzer NORA (Serbian: Топ — хаубица НОРА, tr. Top — haubica NORA) is a Yugoslav and Serbian 152mm and 155mm gun-howitzer developed by the Military Technical Institute (MTI) for the Yugoslav People's Army, Serbian army and export. Gun-howitzer NORA (Serbian: Ново оружије артиљерије, tr. Novo oružije artiljerije) or New Artillery Weapon has few basic version M-84, M-84B1 and M-84B2 and they are usually towed by FAP 2026 BS/AV truck. ^[1]

Development

After producing domestic howitzer H155 mm M65 based on US M114 155 mm howitzer, Yugoslav People's Army was not satisfied with maximum range of that gun and current artillery weapons at disposal. Decisions was made to start domestic production of new large caliber guns. In same time construction documentation of 152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20) with few D-20 guns was bought from Soviet Union. Dissatisfied with range of both US 155mm and Soviet 152mm gun and after analyzing both US 155mm and Soviet Union 152mm guns and considering lack of desired features a specifications was defined with characteristics that new domestic gun-howitzer should have:

- range with unassisted projectile of 24km (155mm howitzer M65 had range 14,9km, and 152mm gun D-20 had range of 17,4km)

- design new extended range ammunition (28 to 30km)

- new weapon should be able to fire all types of old ammunition for 152mm gun D-20

- weapon should have wider elevation range (from -5° to +65°)

- rate of fire should be minimum 4, achieved by development of new semi-automatic wedge-type breach mechanism (155mm howitzer М65 has rate of fire of only 1 to 2 rpm).

It was planed that during whole development phase of new artillery weapons three versions of NORA should be made:

NORA-A gun — howitzer 152mm with 39 caliber barrel
NORA-B self — propelled 152mm gun with 45 caliber barrel based on FAP-2832 as carrier
NORA-C Auxiliary power unit 152mm gun — howitzer 152mm with 45 caliber barrel — parts of this project was planned to be used with new 203mm gun code named KOLOS with max range of more than 50km that was not realized due to lack of funds.

Work on NORA project began in 1975, and in May 1980 first prototype of NORA-A was sent to Technical Testing Center. In 1984 development was finished and NORA-A designated as M-84 NORA was accepted by Yugoslav People's Army. In 1989 M-84 powder chamber was redesigned and mass of gun was reduced with and new designation was adopted as M-84B1. The M-84B2 version is fitted with a pneumatic loader which is operational at all gun elevations, with the capacity of over 30 work cycles from one standard compressed air tank mounted on one of the trails.

Development of NORA-C was abandoned in 1991 and NORA-B had almost similar fate. But after 2001 decision was made to continue NORA-B project and development was reactivated and after few years in 2006 and with many new improvements and modifications a new self propelled gun was developed known as Nora B-52. Today latest version of Nora B-52 has little similarities with original NORA-B project as new self-propelled artillery gun system is much more modern and automated.

On basis of NORA M-84 development conversion was set for up-gunning Soviet 130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46) to bigger caliber and new gun was developed for that purposes. In 1986 it was accepted by Yugoslav People's Army under designation M-46/86 in 152mm caliber and in same time it was developed one more version for export as M46/86 with 155mm gun caliber.^[2]

Two more versions of Nora M-84 was developed after 2008 known as:

155 mm / 39 CAL. NORA-A1 LIGHT GUN-HOWITZER ^[3]
M08 152mm / 45 cal. towed gun ^[4]

Variants

There is few variants of Nora artillery systems now in use or offered for sales or export:

Nora M-84

Basic variant that was accepted in armament of in 1984. Small quantities are in use.

Nora M-84B1

Variant with 18 liter redesigned powder chamber and reduced mass to 6.88 tones. Most used variant.

Nora M-84B2

Variant fitted with a pneumatic loader which is operational at all gun elevations, with the capacity to fire over 30 round.

M46/84

Converted M-46 130mm gun to Nora standard using 152mm or 155mm 45 caliber barrel and other parts developed trough Nora program. In 155mm M46/84 variant range of 39km is achieved with ERFB/BB ammunition's with 2078 square meters lethal zone compared to 27km standard range and 630 square meters lethal area for original M-46 130mm gun.

Nora A1

Light weight variant with 155mm 39 caliber barrel and high rate of fire(8 rpm), new counter recoil system and possibility of use of semi-automatic loader.

M08

M08 represents further development of M46/84 gun and it is 152mm gun with 45 caliber barrel having range that is exceeding 40km with new M05 155mm projectile.

Ammunition

152mm Nora is capable to fire M84/GG projectile ^[5] with range of 34.5km and all other ammunition developed for D-20 gun and Nora gun. Nora guns in caliber of 155mm is capable to fire all domestic and foreign counterpart ammunition developed for 155mm guns within pressure allowed in chamber and barrel. The illumination round for Nora gun 152mm is designated M88.

Transportation and use

Nora gun-howitzer are transported by FAP-2026 or Kamaz 43118 6x6 cross country trucks. From traveling into combat position and vice versa it takes about 3—5 minutes. Crew of 9 is needed to operate it successfully in combat within designed parameters.

Serbian Army Nora 152mm howitzer

Current operators

Bosnia

Bosnian Army is equipped with 17 M-84 152mm Nora.

Croatia

Croatian Army is equipped with 21 M-84 152mm Nora

Serbia

The Serbian Army is equipped with 52 M-84 152mm Nora, most of them are in Mixed Artillery Brigade with some in reserve.

Former operators

Yugoslavia

Potential operators

Yugoimport has teamed up with Punj Lloyd for 'Buy and Make Indian' program to offer 155mm Mounted Gun in tender for procurement of 814 guns. ^[6]

Gallery

Serbian Army FAP 2026BS/AV 6x6 trucks towing M-84 Nora-A 152 mm gun-howitzers during the military parade "March of the Victorious" on the occasion of marking 100 years since the beginning of the Great War and 70 years since the liberation of the capital in the Second World War.

Video about Nora in combat action during 1999. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QNrybl88Ud0

References

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/26/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.