Flint River (Michigan)

For other rivers named Flint, see Flint River.
Flint River

The Flint River Watershed
Country United States
Basin
Main source Lapeer County, Michigan
River mouth Saginaw River
Basin size Saginaw River watershed
Physical characteristics
Length 78 miles (126 km)

The Flint River is a 78.3-mile-long (126.0 km) river in the Flint/Tri-Cities region of Michigan in the United States. The river's headwaters are in Brandon Township in Oakland County and flows through the counties of Lapeer, Genesee, and Saginaw. The cities of Lapeer, Flint, Flushing, and Montrose are along its course.

Name

The river's name is a translation from the Ojibwe language Biiwaanagoonh-ziibi (Flinty River).[1] For a time, an Indian Reservation named Pewonigowink (Biiwaanagoonying: By the Flinty [River]) existed near Genesee, Michigan.[2]

Course

Map of the Saginaw River watershed including the Flint River

The Flint River drains 1,332 square miles (3,450 km2) of Michigan, in Lapeer, Genesee, Shiawassee, Saginaw, Oakland, Tuscola, and Sanilac counties.

The river forms in Lapeer County near Columbiaville where the river's South Branch and North Branch come together. Its volume is supplemented by numerous creeks, including: Kearsley Creek, Thread Creek and Swartz Creek in Genesee County, and Misteguay Creek in Saginaw County. The river flows in a southwesterly direction past Flint before turning northward near Flushing. It empties into the Shiawassee River in the Shiawassee National Wildlife Refuge near the city of Saginaw, as do the Bad River and Cass River. The Shiawassee then converges with the Tittabawassee River to form the Saginaw River. The Saginaw empties into the Saginaw Bay of Lake Huron.

Features along the Flint River

The river is dammed in Richfield Township to form the Holloway Reservoir, which was formed in 1953 and fully completed 1955. The reservoir was constructed, originally, as a water supply for Flint, and to move the river through the city more quickly to dilute sewage.[3] By 1967, though, the city got its drinking water from Lake Huron through a pipeline from Detroit, and only used the reservoir as an emergency back-up water supply.

The C.S. Mott Dam just 5 miles (8 km) downstream and west of Genesee forms Mott Lake and was completed in 1972 for recreational use. Local attractions along the lake include Crossroads Village (home of the Huckleberry Railroad), Stepping Stone Falls, and the riverboat Genesee Belle.

The next dam is the Utah Dam. A largely steel dam, it was completed in 1928 to prevent industrial discharges from entering the drinking water supply downstream. The gates have since been locked in the open position so that it no longer impedes the flow of the river.

The Hamilton Dam exists downstream at the University of Michigan–Flint campus in downtown Flint. Constructed in 1920, it once also served as a pedestrian bridge, but is now in severe disrepair. Because of its dilapidation, the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality ordered that steps be taken by 2008, and if that did not occur that the river be lowered to reduce the use of the dam.[4] In 2008, the city of Flint spent $30,000 on a pre-engineering study to assess whether a new dam was needed or the old one be repaired.[4]

Finally, downstream from the Hamilton Dam is an inflatable dam just west of the Grand Traverse Street Bridge. The Fabridam was completed in 1979 mostly for visual and recreational purposes as it impounds very little of the river. It was replaced in 2001 with a $604,000 Obermeyer Hydro Inc. dam.[5]

In the city of Flint, the river flows past the sites of several former General Motors factories, most notably Chevrolet's first assembly plant, which was bisected by the river, and downtown through the campus of the University of Michigan–Flint and Riverbank Park. Also along the river front is the Flint Carriage Factory site, later Dort Motors. The Durant-Dort Carriage Company Office, now a historic landmark, is across the street. Continuing downstream, the river runs past Kettering University and McLaren Hospital, then into Flint Township and through Flushing. The stretch of the Flint River from downtown Flint to Kettering University is channelized with concrete sides.

A recreational trail called the Flint River Trail runs along the river from Grand Traverse Street in downtown Flint to Carpenter Road on one side and Johnson Elementary School on Pierson Road on the other. It is a paved path, except behind the Flint water plant. North of Carpenter Road, the trail connects to the Mott Lake Trailway, which goes to Bluebell Beach on Bray Road and Stepping Stone Falls on Branch Road in Genesee Township. Another portion of the Mott Lake Trailway runs alongside the lake from the corner of Center Road and Coldwater Road to the corner of Genesee Road and Stanley Road. Together, the trails run 21.5 miles (34.6 km). An organization named Friends of the Flint River Trail maintains it, in addition to the Genesee County Parks & Recreation Commission and Flint Parks & Recreation Department.[6][7]

Wildlife, conservation, and pollution

The river has suffered from decades upon decades of industrial pollution,[8] although cleanups following the Clean Water Act mean that pollution is vastly improved from the 1950s and 1960s.[9][10]

The river has the same fishing advisory as the Great Lakes.[10] Fish in the river include smallmouth bass, walleye, and some trout.[10]

The water in the Flint River has high levels of chlorides (thought to be the result of, in part, road salt), making it highly corrosive to lead pipes.[8] Chlorides do not pose a direct threat to fish, wildlife, or humans, but cause problems because they corrode lead and other metals in piping and plumbing.[9] A study conducted by Virginia Tech professor Marc Edwards, a leading authority on water quality, showed that the Flint River water corrodes lead pipes at 19 times the rate of water piped from Detroit.[8]

Flint water crisis

Main article: Flint water crisis

In April 2013, reacting to years of cost increases in water purchased from Detroit, the City of Flint voted to join a new water project bringing Lake Huron water directly to Flint by 2016. When the decision was announced, Detroit invoked a termination clause in the contract cutting Flint off from Detroit water in one year. Flint and Detroit negotiated to maintain the connection to the Detroit system but ultimately the decision was made to switch its water source from Detroit back to water from the Flint River.[11][12] Almost immediately, residents began complaining about the water's taste and appearance, saying it was cloudy in appearance, and emitted a foul odor.[12]

The city issued a notice informing Flint residents of their water containing unlawful levels of trihalomethanes, a chlorine byproduct linked to cancer and other diseases.[12] The Hurley Medical Center, in Flint, released a study in September 2015, which stated the proportion of infants and children with the high concentrations of lead in their blood had nearly doubled since the city switched its water source.[12] Tests showed after water left Flint's treatment plant, it was lead free, but by the time it reached the tap, it sometimes had elevated levels of lead. This happened because the Flint River water was more corrosive to lead pipes than the previously used water source, Lake Huron.[13] On October 16, 2015, Flint switched back to the Detroit water system for its source of water.[12]

Cities and villages along the river

References

  1. ↑ Rhodes, Richard A. 1985. "biiwaan'goonh-ziibi" in Eastern Ojibwa-Chippewa-Ottawa Dictionary. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-013749-6
  2. ↑ Wood, Edwin O. 1916. "Chapter III: The Tribal Reservation" in History of Genesee County, Michigan, Her People, Industries and Institutions. Michigan Historical Commission. Retrieved on May 22, 2013
  3. ↑ Holloway Reservoir, Genesee & Lapeer counties (T8N, R8, 9E, Section Many), by William C. Bryant, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Status of the Fishery Resource Report 92-1, 1992.
  4. 1 2 John Foren, Flint's Hamilton Dam under the microscope for repairs, Flint Journal via MLive (February 22, 2008).
  5. ↑ Around the Corps Newsletter, January 2001, accessed October 1, 2008
  6. ↑ Friends of the Flint River Trail Homepage
  7. ↑ Map of the Flint River Trail
  8. 1 2 3 John Wisely & Robin Erb, Chemical testing could have predicted Flint's water crisis, Detroit Free Press (October 11, 2015).
  9. 1 2 The Flint: A good river with a bad reputation, Charles Stewart Mott Foundation (December 2, 2015).
  10. 1 2 3 Scott Atkinson, The Flint River isn't what you think it is, and here's why you should check it out, MLive (August 11, 2014).
  11. ↑ http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/michigan/flint-water-crisis/2016/02/02/late-bid-failed-avert-flint-detroit-water-deal/79735848/
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Wang, Yanan (15 December 2015). "In Flint, Mich., there's so much lead in children's blood that a state of emergency is declared". Washington Post. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  13. ↑ Fonger, Ron (7 October 2015). "Here's how that toxic lead gets into Flint water". Mlive. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
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