Football in London
Football is the most popular sport, both in terms of participants and spectators, in London.[1] London has several of England's leading football clubs, and the city is home to fourteen professional teams and more than 80 from amateur leagues regulated by the London Football Association.[2] Most London clubs are named after the district in which they play or used to play.
Introduction
Fulham is London's oldest club still playing professionally, having been founded in 1879. Royal Arsenal were London's first team to turn professional in 1891. Arsenal is London's most successful team with 43 honours. Arsenal were the first and only London club to go an entire League season unbeaten, in the 2003–04 Premier League season – a 38-game season. The only other club to achieve this feat are Preston North End who remained unbeaten across the 22 games of the inaugural season of the Football League in 1888–89. Arsenal have won The FA Cup for a joint record 12 times. Arsenal were the first London club to win the Football League First Division in the 1930–31 season and the Premier League in the 1997–98 season
Chelsea is the first and the only London club to win the UEFA Champions League after winning the 2012 tournament. On 15 May 2013, Chelsea won the UEFA Europa League to become one of four clubs, and the only British club to win all three main UEFA club competitions. Chelsea is also the first and the only London club to participate in the FIFA Club World Cup. They became the runner-up of 2012 tournament after losing to Corinthians.
Tottenham Hotspur were the first club in Britain to win a European trophy, winning the Cup Winners Cup in 1963. Arsenal, Chelsea and Tottenham Hotspur are London's most successful teams. Between them, they've won a total of 97 titles and trophies. Wembley Stadium, England's national stadium, is in London. It is the home venue of the England national football team and has traditionally hosted the FA Cup Final since 1923.
History
The playing of team ball games (almost certainly including football) was first recorded in London by William FitzStephen around 1174-1183. He described the activities of London youths during the annual festival of Shrove Tuesday.
- "After lunch all of the city's youth would go out into the fields to take part in a ball game. The students of each school have their own ball; the workers from each city craft are also carrying their balls. Older citizens, fathers, and the wealthy would come on horseback to watch their juniors competing, and to relive their own youth vicariously: you can see their inner passions aroused as they watch the action and get caught up in the fun being had by the carefree adolescents."[3]
The playing of some form of football in London has been well documented since its creation in 1314. Regular references to the game occurred throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, including the first reference to word "football" in English when it was outlawed by King Henry IV of England in 1409. Early games were probably disorganised and violent. In the sixteenth century, the headmaster of St Paul's School Richard Mulcaster is credited with taking mob football and transforming it into organised and refereed team football. In 1581 he described in English his game of football, which included smaller teams, referees, set positions and even a coach.
The modern game of football was first codified in 1863 in London and subsequently spread worldwide. Key to the establishment of the modern game was Londoner Ebenezer Cobb Morley who was a founding member of the Football Association, the oldest football organisation in the world. Morley wrote to Bell's Life newspaper proposing a governing body for football which led directly to the first meeting at the Freemasons' Tavern in central London of the FA. He wrote the first set of rules of true modern football at his house in Barnes. The modern passing game was invented in London in the early 1870s by the Royal Engineers A.F.C..[4][5]
Prior to the first meeting of the Football Association in the Freemasons' Tavern in Great Queen Street, London on 26 October 1863, there were no universally accepted rules for the playing of the game of football. The founder members present at the first meeting were Barnes, Civil Service, Crusaders, Forest of Leytonstone (later to become Wanderers), N.N. (No Names) Club (Kilburn), the original Crystal Palace, Blackheath, Kensington School, Percival House (Blackheath), Surbiton and Blackheath Proprietary School; Charterhouse sent its captain, B.F. Hartshorne, but declined the offer to join. All of the 12 founding clubs were from London though many are since defunct or now play rugby union.
There was a rise in the popularity of football in London dates from the end of the 19th century, when a fall in church attendance left many people searching for a way to spend their weekend leisure time.[6] In 1882 the London Football Association was set up. Over the next 25 years clubs sprang up all over the capital, and the majority of these teams are still thriving in the 21st century. Of those clubs currently playing in the Football League, Fulham is generally considered to be London's oldest club still in existence, having been founded in 1879.[7] However, Isthmian League side Cray Wanderers is the oldest extant club in all of the Greater London area, having been founded in 1860 in St Mary Cray[8] | (then part of Kent but now in the London Borough of Bromley).
Initially, football in London was dominated by amateur teams, drawing their membership from former public schoolboys but gradually working-class sides came to the forefront. Woolwich Arsenal was London's first professional team, becoming so in 1891,[10] a move which saw them boycotted by the amateur London Football Association. Other London clubs soon followed Arsenal's footsteps in turning professional, including Millwall (1893), Tottenham Hotspur (1895), Fulham (1898) and West Ham (1898).
In the meantime, Woolwich Arsenal went on to be the first London club to join the Football League, in 1893. The following year, the Southern League was founded and many of its members would go on to join the Football League. In 1901 Tottenham Hotspur became the first club from London to win the FA Cup in the professional era, although it would not be until 1931 that a London side would win the Football League, the team in question being Arsenal (having moved to Highbury in 1913 and dropped the "Woolwich" from their name).
Historically, the London clubs have not accumulated as many trophies as those from North West England, such as Liverpool and Manchester United; however, today Arsenal and Chelsea are regarded as two of the Premier League's "big four" alongside them. In 2003-04 they became the first pair of London clubs to finish first and second in the top flight, with Arsenal winning. In 2004-05 they did so again, this time with Chelsea winning. The 2009–10 Premier League saw Chelsea, Arsenal and Tottenham finish in the top 4 places, the first time ever that three London clubs had done so, and it meant that all three qualified for the UEFA Champions League.
Before Chelsea's recent rise in fortunes the two highest profile London clubs were Arsenal and their long-standing North London rivals Tottenham Hotspur, both of whom were considered to be members of English football's "big five" for most of the post-war period. All three clubs occupy the top ten in the all-time top-flight table for England – Arsenal, Chelsea and Tottenham being third, seventh and eighth respectively.[11]
Clubs
The table below lists all London clubs in the top eight tiers of the English football league system: from the top division (the Premier League), down to Step 4 of the National League System. League status is correct for the 2016–17 season. Stadiums and capacity are of 1 May 2013.
| Club | Stadium | Capacity | Founded | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Premier League (1) | ||||
| Arsenal | Emirates Stadium | 60,432 | 1886 | London's first professional club, originally based in Woolwich. First London team to become English League Champions, in 1931. Joint Record FA Cup winners with 12 titles. |
| Chelsea | Stamford Bridge | 41,798 | 1905 | Won the last ever FA Cup final at the old Wembley in 2000 and first at the new stadium in 2007. First London club to win the UEFA Champions League in 2012. |
| Crystal Palace | Selhurst Park | 26,309 | 1905 | A Crystal Palace team established in 1861 were FA founder members. |
| Tottenham Hotspur | White Hart Lane | 36,230 | 1882 | Became in 1901 the first and only non-league team to this day to win the FA Cup, beating Sheffield United. |
| West Ham United | Olympic Stadium | 56,977 | 1895 | Founded as Thames Ironworks. |
| Football League Championship (2) | ||||
| Brentford | Griffin Park | 12,763 | 1889 | Founded in 1889 to serve as a winter pursuit for the Brentford Rowing Club. |
| Fulham | Craven Cottage | 25,700 | 1879 | Oldest London club in the Football League. |
| Queens Park Rangers | Loftus Road | 18,360 | 1882 | Have had nearly 20 different home stadia. |
| Football League One (3) | ||||
| AFC Wimbledon | Kingsmeadow | 4,850 | 2002 | Formed by fans of Wimbledon in protest when club announced relocation to Milton Keynes. Achieved Football League status after only nine years. |
| Charlton Athletic | The Valley | 27,111 | 1905 | Formed by local youths. The club's first ground was Siemens Meadow (1905–1907). |
| Millwall | The Den | 20,146 | 1885 | Founded in East London on the Isle of Dogs, moved to Bermondsey in 1910. |
| Football League Two (4) | ||||
| Barnet | The Hive Stadium | 5,100 | 1888 | First London team to be promoted from the Conference into the League (in 1991). |
| Leyton Orient | Brisbane Road | 9,271 | 1881 | Leyton Orient was originally formed by members of the Glyn Cricket Club in 1881. |
| National League (5) | ||||
| Bromley | Hayes Lane | 5,000 | 1892 | |
| Dagenham & Redbridge | Victoria Road | 6,078 | 1992 | Formed from Ilford (formed in 1881), Leytonstone (1886), Walthamstow Avenue (1900), Dagenham (1949) and Redbridge Forest (1979). Have not played in the top flight. |
| Sutton United | Gander Green Lane | 7,032 | 1898 | |
| National League South (6) | ||||
| Wealdstone | St. George's Stadium | 2,640 | 1899 | First ever non-league team to achieve the non-league double of FA Trophy and Conference championship in the same season, 1984-85 |
| Welling United | Park View Road | 3,500 | 1963 | . |
| Isthmian League Premier Division (7) | ||||
| A.F.C. Hornchurch | Hornchurch Stadium | 3,500 | 1923 | Formerly Hornchurch |
| Dulwich Hamlet | Champion Hill | 3,000 | 1893 | |
| Enfield Town | Queen Elizabeth II Stadium | 2,500 | 2001 | Set up by supporters of Enfield (now based outside Greater London boundaries) in protest at owners' actions. |
| Hampton & Richmond Borough | Beveree Stadium | 3,000 | 1921 | |
| Harrow Borough | Earlsmead Stadium | 3,070 | 1933 | |
| Hendon | Vale Farm | 3,000 | 1908 | |
| Kingstonian | Kingsmeadow | 4,850 | 1885 | Currently tenants of AFC Wimbledon |
| Metropolitan Police | Imber Court | 3,000 | 1919 | |
| VCD Athletic | Oakwood | 1,180 | 1916 | VCD Athletic's name was originally short for Vickers, Crayford & Dartford Athletic |
| Southern Football League Premier Division (7) | ||||
| Hayes & Yeading United | York Road | 3,000 | 2007 | Formed by a merger of Hayes F.C. and Yeading F.C. in 2007. Currently tenants of Maidenhead, former Hayes' ground (Church Road) demolished in 2011, waiting to move to the new SKYex Community Stadium in Yeading, due to be opened in 2016. |
| Isthmian League Division One North (8) | ||||
| Cray Wanderers | Hayes Lane | 6,000 | 1860[8] | Currently tenants of Bromley. Oldest club in Greater London. |
| Redbridge | Oakside | 3,000 | 1958 | Formerly Ford United |
| Romford | Mill Field | 1,100 | 1876 | |
| Thamesmead Town | Bayliss Avenue | 6,000 | 1969 | Formerly Thamesmead |
| Wingate & Finchley | Franklyn Road Sports Ground | 1,500 | 1946 | |
| Isthmian League Division One South (8) | ||||
| Carshalton Athletic | War Memorial Sports Ground | 5,000 | 1905 | |
| Corinthian-Casuals | King George's Fields | 2,700 | 1878 | Formed by a merger of Corinthian F.C. and Casuals F.C. in 1939. |
| Tooting & Mitcham United | Imperial Fields | 3,500 | 1932 | |
| Southern Football League Division One Central (8) | ||||
| A.F.C. Hayes | Farm Park | 1,500 | 1974 | |
| Hanwell Town | Reynolds Field | 3,000 | 1920 | |
| North Greenford United | Berkeley Fields | 2,000 | 1944 | |
| Northwood | Northwood Park | 3,075 | 1899 | |
| Uxbridge | Honeycroft | 3,770 | 1871 | |
Below the eighth teir, London Clubs are represented within the Combined Counties League (SW), Essex Senior League (NE), Southern Counties East Football League (SE) and the Spartan South Midlands League (NW).
Defunct clubs
| Club | Stadium | Founded | Dissolved/ Merged | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Casuals | ? | 1878 | 1939 | Founder members of the Isthmian League in 1905 and won the FA Amateur Cup in 1936. Merged with Corinthian F.C. to form Corinthian-Casuals. |
| Clapham Rovers | Clapham Common | 1869 | 1911 | Former FA Cup Winners, and scorers of the first ever FA Cup goal |
| Corinthian | Queen's Club, Crystal Palace, Leyton |
1882 | 1939 | Rarely partook in competitive matches yet defeated many strong teams, often by a wide margin - e.g. FA Cup holders Blackburn Rovers 8–1 (1884) and Bury FC 10-3 (1903). Merged with Casuals FC to form Corinthian-Casuals. |
| Croydon Athletic | KT Stadium | 1986 | 2011/2012 | Supporters of the defunct club and some of the old club management and officials formed a new member owned, fan owned, club - AFC Croydon Athletic. |
| Croydon Common | Croydon Common Athletic Ground | 1897 | 1917 | The only First Division club not to return to action after the War. |
| Croydon Municipal | Croydon Arena | 2009 | 2010 | Offshoot of Croydon FC. Withdrew from the league at the conclusion of their first season. |
| Ealing | West London, including Wembley Stadium | 1905 | 2013 | Founding Member of the Ishmian League. Southern Amateur League and Amateur Cup double in 1927. Folded due to sad demise of long term team officials and increased costs. First amateur team to play at Wembley. Played 8 home games there in 1928. |
| Edgware Town | White Lion Ground (Now at Silver Jubilee Park, Kingsbury) | 1939 | 2008 (Reformed 2014) | At the end of the 2007-08 season, Edgware Town were forced to resign from the Isthmain League Division One North when lack of funds meant that the club were unable to confirm a new ground for the following season after their lease at the White Lion ground had expired. |
| Fisher Athletic | Champion Hill | 1908 | 2009 | Once tenants of Dulwich Hamlet. A new fan-owned club, Fisher F.C., was formed. |
| Hayes | Church Road | 1909 | 2007 | Merged with Yeading to form Hayes & Yeading United |
| Leyton | Leyton Stadium | 1868 | 2011 | In January 2011, after a short suspension from the league for not paying its subscription, the club was forced to withdraw from the Isthmian League Division One North division due to debt. |
| London XI | Multiple | 1955 | 1958 | Created specifically to take part in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup between 1955 and 1958, reaching the final |
| Nunhead F.C. | Brown's Ground (also known as 'Nunhead Sports Ground')[12] | 1888 | 1949, with day-to-day operations ceasing at the end of the 1940-41 season[12] | Originally founded as Wingfield House Football Club in 1888, the name was changed to Nunhead F.C. in 1904[12] |
| Thames | West Ham Stadium | 1928 | 1932 | Members of the Football League between 1930 and 1932 |
| Upton Park | West Ham Park | 1866 | 1911 | Represented Great Britain at the 1900 Summer Olympics football tournament, winning the gold medal |
| Wanderers | The Oval and others | 1859 | c.1887 | Winners of the first ever FA Cup |
| Wimbledon | Plough Lane, Selhurst Park | 1889 | 2004 | Moved to Milton Keynes in 2003, renamed Milton Keynes Dons in 2004. AFC Wimbledon formed in 2002 by the majority of its former fans. |
| Yeading | The Warren | 1960 | 2007 | Merged with Hayes to form Hayes & Yeading United |
There are also a huge number of minor London clubs playing outside the top eight levels of English football. Hackney Marshes in east London, home to many amateur sides, is reportedly the single largest collection of football pitches in the world, with 100 separate pitches.[1]
Most successful clubs overall (1871 – present)
| Team | English Football Champions | FA Cup | League Cup | FA Community Shield | Football League Championship | Domestic Total | UEFA Champions League | UEFA Cup Winners' Cup | UEFA Europa League | UEFA Super Cup | UEFA Intertoto Cup | Fairs Cup |
Intercontinental Cup / FIFA Club World Cup | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arsenal | 12 | 12 | 2 | 14 | - | 40 | – | 1 | – | – | – | (1)* | – | 41 |
| Chelsea | 5 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 23 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | – | - | – | 28 |
| Tottenham Hotspur | 2 | 8 | 4 | 7 | 2 | 23 | – | 1 | 2 | – | – | – | – | 26 |
| West Ham United | – | 3 | – | 1 | 2 | 6 | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | – | – | 8 |
| Wanderers | – | 5 | – | – | - | 5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5 |
| Queens Park Rangers | – | – | 1 | – | 2 | 3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 3 |
| Fulham | – | – | – | – | 2 | 2 | – | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | 3 |
| Charlton Athletic | – | 1 | – | – | 1 | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 |
| Crystal Palace | – | - | – | – | 2 | 2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2 |
| Clapham Rovers | – | 1 | – | – | - | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| Wimbledon | – | 1 | – | – | - | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| Brentford | – | - | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
| Millwall | – | - | – | – | 1 | 1 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 |
The figures in bold represent the most times this competition has been won by an English team.
Shared Community Shield results listed as wins.
* The Fairs Cup is not considered a UEFA competition, and hence Arsenal's record in the Fairs Cup is not considered part of its European record (although it won it in 1970, at a time when participation was based on league position).
English football champions
- Titles (clubs) : 20 (3)
- Runners-up (clubs) : 18 (5)
| Club | Winners | Runners-up | Winning Years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arsenal | |
|
1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1947–48, 1952–53, 1970–71, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04 |
| Chelsea | |
|
1954–55, 2004–05, 2005–06, 2009–10, 2014–15 |
| Tottenham Hotspur | |
|
1950–51, 1960–61 |
| Queens Park Rangers | |
|
(1975–76) |
| Charlton Athletic | |
|
(1936–37) |
FA Cup winners
- Titles (clubs) : 38 (8)
- Runners-up (clubs) : 20 (10)
| Team | Winners | Runners-up | Years won | Years runner-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arsenal | 12 | 7 | 1930, 1936, 1950, 1971, 1979, 1993, 1998, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2014, 2015 | 1927, 1932, 1952, 1972, 1978, 1980, 2001 |
| Tottenham Hotspur | 8 | 1 | 1901, 1921, 1961, 1962, 1967, 1981, 1982, 1991 | 1987 |
| Chelsea | 7 | 4 | 1970, 1997, 2000, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2012 | 1915, 1967, 1994, 2002 |
| Wanderers | 5 | 0 | 1872, 1873, 1876, 1877, 1878 | — |
| West Ham United | 3 | 2 | 1964, 1975, 1980 | 1923, 2006 |
| Charlton Athletic | 1 | 1 | 1947 | 1946 |
| Clapham Rovers | 1 | 1 | 1880 | 1879 |
| Wimbledon | 1 | 0 | 1988 | — |
| Crystal Palace | 0 | 2 | — | 1990, 2016 |
| Fulham | 0 | 1 | — | 1975 |
| Queens Park Rangers | 0 | 1 | — | 1982 |
| Millwall | 0 | 1 | — | 2004 |
Football League Cup winners
- Titles (clubs) : 12 (4)
- Runners-up (clubs) : 14 (5)
| Team | Winners | Runners-up | Years won | Years runner-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chelsea | 5 | 2 | 1965, 1998, 2005, 2007, 2015 | 1972, 2008 |
| Tottenham Hotspur | 4 | 4 | 1971, 1973, 1999, 2008 | 1982, 2002, 2009, 2015 |
| Arsenal | 2 | 5 | 1987, 1993 | 1968, 1969, 1988, 2007, 2011 |
| Queens Park Rangers | 1 | 1 | 1967 | 1986 |
| West Ham United | 0 | 2 | — | 1966, 1981 |
Football League Championship winners
| Town or city | Number of titles (clubs) | Clubs |
|---|---|---|
| London | |
Chelsea (2), Crystal Palace (2), Fulham (2), Queens Park Rangers (2), Tottenham Hotspur (2), West Ham United (2), Brentford (1), Charlton Athletic (1), Millwall (1). |
London football in Europe
- Titles (clubs): 13 (5)
- Runners-up (clubs): 8 (6)
UEFA Champions League
- Titles : 1
- Runners-up : 2
| Team | Winners | Runners-up | Years won | Years runner-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chelsea | 1 | 1 | 2012 | 2008 |
| Arsenal | 0 | 1 | – | 2006 |
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup
- Titles : 5
- Runners-up : 3
| Team | Winners | Runners-up | Years won | Years runner-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chelsea | 2 | 0 | 1971, 1998 | – |
| Arsenal | 1 | 2 | 1994 | 1980, 1995 |
| West Ham United | 1 | 1 | 1965 | 1976 |
| Tottenham Hotspur | 1 | 0 | 1963 | – |
UEFA Cup and UEFA Europa League
- Titles : 3
- Runners-up : 3
| Team | Winners | Runners-up | Years won | Years runner-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tottenham Hotspur | 2 | 1 | 1972, 1984 | 1974 |
| Chelsea | 1 | 0 | 2013 | – |
| Arsenal | 0 | 1 | – | 2000 |
| Fulham | 0 | 1 | – | 2010 |
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
- Titles : 1
- Runners-up : 1
| Team | Winners | Runners-up | Years won | Years runner-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arsenal | 1 | 0 | 1970 | – |
| London XI | 0 | 1 | – | 1958 |
UEFA Super Cup
- Titles : 1
- Runners-up : 3
| Team | Winners | Runners-up | Years won | Years runner-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chelsea | 1 | 2 | 1998 | 2012, 2013 |
| Arsenal | 0 | 1 | – | 1994 |
UEFA Intertoto Cup
- Titles : 2
- Runners-up : 0
| Team | Winners | Runners-up | Years won | Years runner-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| West Ham United | 1 | 0 | 1999 | – |
| Fulham | 1 | 0 | 2003 | – |
London football in FIFA Club World Cup
- Titles : 0
- Runners-up : 1
| Team | Winners | Runners-up | Years won | Years runner-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chelsea | 0 | 1 | – | 2012 |
Stadia
Wembley Stadium
Wembley Stadium, in north-west London, is the national football stadium, and is traditionally the home of the FA Cup Final as well as England's home internationals. The old stadium was closed in 2000 in order to be demolished and completely rebuilt, and reopened in 2007; during the closure Cardiff's Millennium Stadium was the venue for cup finals, while England played at various venues around the country. Wembley was one of the venues for the 1966 FIFA World Cup and the 1996 European Football Championship, and hosted the final of both tournaments. It also was the venue for the European Cup final in 1968, 1978, 1992, 2011 and 2013. With a 90,000-capacity, it's the second largest stadium in Europe.
Other stadia
Most clubs in London have their own stadium, although some clubs share between them, and some clubs may temporarily take up a tenancy at another's ground due to their own ground being redeveloped. The largest operational football stadium in London apart from Wembley is Arsenal's Emirates Stadium, with a capacity of 60,355. Other large stadiums include West Ham United's Olympic Stadium (56,977), Chelsea's Stamford Bridge (41,798), and Tottenham's White Hart Lane (36,240). There are 10 stadiums in London with capacities over 10,000.
Administration
London is the location of the headquarters of the Football Association, at Wembley Stadium (formerly Soho Square and Lancaster Gate), while the Premier League's offices are located in Gloucester Place near Marble Arch. The Football League maintains its headquarters in Preston, although its commercial offices are based in Gloucester Place as well.
See also
References
- 1 2 "London :: Football". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
- ↑ "Football Clubs in London - Professional & amateur London football". www.first4london.com. Retrieved 1 October 2010.
- ↑ Stephen Alsford, FitzStephen's Description of London, Florilegium Urbanum, 5 April 2006
- ↑ Wall, Sir Frederick (2005). 50 Years of Football, 1884-1934. Soccer Books Limited. ISBN 1-86223-116-8.
- ↑ "Early History of Football". The Encyclopedia of British Football.
- ↑ "Football in London". Life in London Magazine.
- ↑ "History Overview". Fulhamfc.com.
- 1 2 History of Cray Wanderers
- ↑ Lindsay, Richard (1991). Millwall: A Complete Record, 1885–1991. Breedon Books Publishing Co Ltd. ISBN 1-85983-833-2. Retrieved 28 February 2014.
- ↑ "125 years of Arsenal history - 1891-1896". arsenal.com.
- ↑ "England – First Level All-Time Tables 1888/89-2014/15". RSSSF.
- 1 2 3 Blakeman, Mick (2000). Nunhead Football Club 1888-1949. The Book Factory, London. ISBN 1874427534.