French Madagascar

Colony of Madagascar and Dependencies
Colonie de Madagascar et dépendances
French colony
1897–1958
Flag
Anthem La Marseillaise  •  Ry Tanindrazanay malala ô! (instrumental only)
Colony of Madagascar and Dependencies in 1930
Capital		Tananarive
Languages		French · Malagasy · Comorian · Arabic
Religion		Christianity · Islam · Traditional beliefs
Government		Colony (1897–1946) Overseas territory (1946–1958)
Governor-General
•	1897–1905	Joseph Gallieni
•	1946–1948	Jules Marcel de Coppet
High Commissioner
•	1948–1950	Pierre Gabriel de Chevigné
•	1953–1958	André Soucadaux
Prime Minister
•	1957–1958	Philibert Tsiranana
Historical era		New Imperialism
•	Established	February 28, 1897
•	Autonomy	October 14, 1958
Area
•	1936	597,126 km² (230,552 sq mi)
•	1950	594,890 km² (229,688 sq mi)
Population
•	1936 est.	3,900,000
Density		6.5 /km²  (16.9 /sq mi)
•	1950 est.	4,182,000
Density		7 /km²  (18.2 /sq mi)
Currency		French franc (1897–1925) Malagasy franc (1925–1945) Madagascar-Comores CFA franc (1945–1958)
Preceded by Succeeded by Kingdom of Madagascar Malagasy Protectorate French Comoros Banc du Geyser Bassas da India Europa Island Glorioso Islands Juan de Nova Island Adélie Land Amsterdam Island Crozet Islands Kerguelen Islands Saint Paul Island Malagasy Republic French Comoros French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Today part of		Madagascar  Comoros  France  French Southern and Antarctic Lands  Mayotte

The Colony of Madagascar and Dependencies (French: Colonie de Madagascar et dépendances) was a French colony off the coast of Southeast Africa between 1897 and 1958.

History

The Franco-Hova Wars (1883–1896) resulted in the fall of the Merina Kingdom and the establishment of a French protectorate (1896) that became a colony one year later.

Nationalist sentiment against French colonial rule emerged among a group of Merina intellectuals. The group, based in Antananarivo, was led by a Malagasy Protestant clergyman, Pastor Ravelojoana, who was especially inspired by the Japanese model of modernization. A secret society dedicated to affirming Malagasy cultural identity was formed in 1913, calling itself Iron and Stone Ramification (Vy Vato Sakelika, VVS). Although the VVS was brutally suppressed, its actions eventually led French authorities to provide the Malagasy with their first representative voice in government.

Malagasy veterans of military service in France during World War I bolstered the embryonic nationalist movement. Throughout the 1920s, the nationalists stressed labor reform and equality of civil and political status for the Malagasy, stopping short of advocating independence. For example, the French League for Madagascar under the leadership of Anatole France demanded French citizenship for all Malagasy people in recognition of their country's wartime contribution of soldiers and resources. A number of veterans who remained in France were exposed to French political thought, most notably the anti-colonial and pro-independence platforms of socialist parties. Jean Ralaimongo, for example, returned to Madagascar in 1924 and became embroiled in labor questions that were causing considerable tension throughout the island.

Among the first concessions to Malagasy equality was the formation in 1924 of two economic and financial delegations. One was composed of French settlers, the other of twenty-four Malagasy representatives elected by the Council of Notables in each of twenty-four districts. The two sections never met together, and neither had real decision-making authority.

Only in the aftermath of World War II was France willing to accept a form of Malagasy self-rule under French tutelage. In the fall of 1945, separate French and Malagasy electoral colleges voted to elect representatives from Madagascar to the Constituent Assembly of the Fourth Republic in Paris. The two delegates chosen by the Malagasy, Joseph Raseta and Joseph Ravoahangy, both campaigned to implement the ideal of the self-determination of peoples affirmed by the Atlantic Charter of 1941 and by the Brazzaville Conference of 1944.

Raseta and Ravoahangy, together with Jacques Rabemananjara, a writer long resident in Paris, organized the Democratic Movement for Malagasy Restoration (MDRM), the foremost among several political parties formed in Madagascar by early 1946. Although Protestant Merina were well represented in MDRM's higher echelons, the party's 300,000 members were drawn from a broad political base reaching across the entire island and crosscutting ethnic and social divisions. Several smaller MDRM rivals included the Party of the Malagasy Disinherited (Parti des Déshérités Malgaches), whose members were mainly côtiers or descendants of slaves from the central highlands.

The 1946 constitution of the French Fourth Republic made Madagascar a territoire d'outre-mer (overseas territory) within the French Union. It accorded full citizenship to all Malagasy parallel with that enjoyed by citizens in France. But the assimilationist policy inherent in its framework was incongruent with the MDRM goal of full independence for Madagascar, so Ravoahangy and Raseta abstained from voting. The two delegates also objected to the separate French and Malagasy electoral colleges, even though Madagascar was represented in the French National Assembly. The constitution divided Madagascar administratively into a number of provinces, each of which was to have a locally elected provincial assembly. Not long after, a National Representative Assembly was constituted at Antananarivo. In the first elections for the provincial assemblies, the MDRM won all seats or a majority of seats, except in Mahajanga Province.

Despite these reforms, the political scene in Madagascar remained unstable. Economic and social concerns, including food shortages, black-market scandals, labor conscription, renewed ethnic tensions, and the return of soldiers from France, strained an already volatile situation. Many of the veterans felt they had been less well treated by France than had veterans from metropolitan France; others had been politically radicalized by their wartime experiences. The blend of fear, respect, and emulation on which Franco-Malagasy relations had been based seemed at an end.

On March 29, 1947, Malagasy nationalists revolted against the French. Although the uprising eventually spread over one-third of the island, the French were able to restore order after reinforcements arrived from France. Casualties among the Malagasy were estimated in the 11,000 to 80,000 range. The group of leaders responsible for the uprising, which came to be referred to as the Revolt of 1947, never has been identified conclusively. Although the MDRM leadership consistently maintained its innocence, the French outlawed the party. French military courts tried the military leaders of the revolt and executed twenty of them. Other trials produced, by one report, some 5,000 to 6,000 convictions, and penalties ranged from brief imprisonment to death.

In 1956 France's socialist government renewed the French commitment to greater autonomy in Madagascar and other colonial possessions by enacting the loi-cadre (enabling law). The loi-cadre provided for universal suffrage and was the basis for parliamentary government in each colony. In the case of Madagascar, the law established executive councils to function alongside provincial and national assemblies, and dissolved the separate electoral colleges for the French and Malagasy groups. The provision for universal suffrage had significant implications in Madagascar because of the basic ethnopolitical split between the Merina and the côtiers, reinforced by the divisions between Protestants and Roman Catholics. Superior armed strength and educational and cultural advantages had given the Merina a dominant influence on the political process during much of the country's history. The Merina were heavily represented in the Malagasy component of the small elite to whom suffrage had been restricted in the earlier years of French rule. Now the côtiers, who outnumbered the Merina, would be a majority.

The end of the 1950s was marked by growing debate over the future of Madagascar's relationship with France. Two major political parties emerged. The newly created Democratic Social Party of Madagascar (Parti Social Démocrate de Madagascar – PSD) favored self-rule while maintaining close ties with France. The PSD was led by Philibert Tsiranana, a well-educated Tsimihety from the northern coastal region who was one of three Malagasy deputies elected in 1956 to the National Assembly in Paris. The PSD built upon Tsiranana's traditional political stronghold of Mahajanga in northwest Madagascar and rapidly extended its sources of support by absorbing most of the smaller parties that had been organized by the côtiers. In sharp contrast, those advocating complete independence from France came together under the auspices of the Congress Party for the Independence of Madagascar (Antokon'ny Kongresy Fanafahana an'i Madagasikara – AKFM). Primarily based in Antananarivo and Antsiranana, party support centered among the Merina under the leadership of Richard Andriamanjato, himself a Merina and a member of the Protestant clergy. To the consternation of French policy makers, the AKFM platform called for nationalization of foreign-owned industries, collectivization of land, the "Malagachization" of society away from French values and customs (most notably use of the French language), international nonalignment, and exit from the Franc Zone.

Territorial evolution

Territorial changes of French Madagascar

	Area (km²)	Predecessor entity	Attached	Detached	Successor entity
Madagascar	587,040	Malagasy Protectorate	February 28, 1897	June 26, 1960	Malagasy Republic
Mayotte	374	Mayotte and Dependencies	April 9, 1908	October 27, 1946	Territory of the Comoros
Anjouan	424	Protectorate of the Comoros	July 25, 1912
Grande Comore	1,148
Mohéli	290
Banc du Geyser	175	Directly administred by the French Ministry of the colonies	October 1897	April 1, 1960	Administration subordinated to the Prefect of Réunion
Bassas da India	0,2
Europa Island	30
Glorioso Islands	7
Juan de Nova Island	4,4
Adélie Land	432,000		November 21, 1924	August 6, 1955	French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Amsterdam Island	58
Crozet Islands	352
Kerguelen Islands	7,215
Saint Paul Island	8

See also

• Madagascar
• History of Madagascar

References

•  This article incorporates public domain material from the Library of Congress Country Studies website http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/.