Front Palace

The Front Palace in the Phra Nakhon District in Bangkok, now the Bangkok National Museum.

Front Palace (Thai: วังหน้า wang na) is the colloquial name for the residence, person and office of Krom Phra Rajawang Bovorn Sathan Mongkol (กรมพระราชวังบวรสถานมงคล pronunciation), which was the Siamese monarchy's equivalent of the viceroyal office of uparaja (อุปราช ; rtgs: Upparat) until the end of the nineteenth century. The office-holder was considered second only to the King, and the heir presumptive. The office is also referred to in English as "Vice King" and "Second King." It originated in the Ayutthaya period and later gained significant powers during the Rattanakosin period. Front Palace occupants were usually a son or brother of the reigning monarch. The office existed until the death of the last occupant, Prince Vichaichan, in 1885. King Chulalongkorn then abolished the office of an heir presumptive, introducing in its stead the Western concept of a crown prince as heir apparent, and styled the new office "Crown Prince of Siam."[1]

Ayutthaya period

The Uparaja or Uparat concept of a Viceroy was of Greater Indian origin. In 1448, Sukhothai King Trailokanat was crowned as the king of Ayutthaya, uniting the two kingdoms. During the 15th century, the Kingdom of Sukhothai, which centered on Pitsanulok, served as the seat of most of Uparats, as they were, with few exceptions, also king of Sukhothai. After the first fall of Ayutthaya in 1569, Maha Thammaracha crowned his son Naresuan as Uparat and king of Sukhothai/Pitsanulok. Naresuan then had a palace built in front of his Royal Palace, to be his son's place of residence when visiting Ayutthaya - thereby giving rise to the name "Front Palace." In 1583, Naresuan annexed the Sukhothai kingdom to Ayutthaya, and Pitsanulok ceased to be the seat of the Uparat. After his coronation, Naresuan appointed his brother Ekathotsarot to be the Uparat, stating that his brother in the Front Palace had equal status to the King in the Royal Palace.

Phetracha in 1688 appointed his son Luang Sorasak (later Sanpet VIII) as the Uparat living at the Front Palace. For the first time the descriptive term used was "Krom Phrarajawang Bovorn Sathan Mongkol" (Thai: กรมพระราชวังบวรสถานมงคล) (lit. The Great Auspicious Place). The Uparat was usually the brother of the king, and only heir presumptive to the throne, not heir apparent. This created an air of uncertainty about the succession upon the death of the king; keeping the heir close at hand in the Great Auspicious Place proved a means for keeping an eye on him, lest he presume too much. When the Uparat died before the king, the title often remained vacant for several years, until the King deigns to appoint a new vice-king.

Rattanakosin period

Photograph of the Front Palace or Wang Na (circa 1890) now the Bangkok National Museum.

With the foundation of the Chakri dynasty in 1782, Phutthayotfa Chulalok made his younger brother Bunma the Front Palace (as Maha Sura Singhanat). Maha Sura Singhanat supervised the construction of Front Palace in Bangkok. Later Front Palaces continued the expansion of the palace. Prince Isarasundhorn was the only Front Palace who did not reside in the Front Palace but instead lived at the Thonburi Palace. Ironically, with the exception of Prince Isarasundhorn (who succeeded to the throne as Phutthaloetla Naphalai), none of the Rattanakosin Front Palaces were actually crowned as they were mostly the monarch's siblings. During this time the Vice-King resided in the Front Palace (วังหน้า: Wang Na) north of the Grand Palace, which is now the main building of the National Museum.

The Front Palaces during the Rattanakosin period wielded great power, with their own private army and even a navy. In 1851, King Mongkut made his brother Pinklao the Front Palace and then crowned him as a King equal in rank to himself, as was the case of Naresuan and Ekatotsarot. Pinklao also received all the styles and titles usually reserved only for the monarch; to Europeans he refers to himself as the Second King. In 1868, after the coronation of young Chulalongkorn, Sri Suriyawongse his regent arranged the grant of the title of Front Palace to Pinklao's son Prince Yingyot, as Front Palace Bovorn Vichaichan.

Though the office had been superseded, Mahidol Adulyadej, the Prince Father was posthumously given an equivalent rank.[2]

End to the system

Main article: Front Palace crisis

The conflicts between the reformist King Chulalongkorn and conservative Vice King came to a head in the so-called Front Palace Crisis in 1874 - a fire in the Grand Palace was attributed to the Vice-King Bovorn Vichaicharn, who sought protection in the British consulate. The crisis started due to the fast-paced reforms started by the young King Chulalongkorn. As a result, the reforms were stalled for several years, and when the Vice-King died in 1885 the whole Uparath system was abolished by the King. Instead he named his son as heir and Crown Prince.

See also: Crown Prince of Thailand

List of the Front Palaces

Ayutthaya

Front Palace Appointed by Relation to the monarch Reign Ascension or Death
Sorasak Petracha Son 1688 - 1703 as Sanpet VIII
Phet Sanpet VIII Son 1703 - 1708 as Sanphet IX
Phon Sanphet IX Brother 1708 - 1732 as Boromakot
Maha Senaphithak Boromakot Son 1732 - 1746 Executed
Phonphinit Borommakot Son 1757 - 1758 as Uthumphon

Thonburi

Front Palace Appointed by Relation to the monarch Reign Ascension or Death
Inthraphithak Taksin Son 1767 - 1782 Executed

Rattanakosin

Front Palace Appointed by Relation to the monarch Reign Ascension or Death
Maha Sura Singhanat Phutthayotfa Chulalok Brother 1782 - 1803 Died
Isarasundhorn Phutthayotfa Chulalok Son 1806 - 1809 as Phutthaloetla Naphalai
Maha Senanurak Phutthaloetla Naphalai Brother 1809 - 1817 Died
Maha Sakdi Polsep Nangklao Uncle 1824 - 1832 Died
Pinklao Mongkut Brother 1851 - 1865 Crowned as co-ruler with Mongkut
Vichaichan Chulalongkorn Cousin 1868 - 1885 Died, Title abolished

With the death of Vichaichan, Chulalongkorn did not appoint any new Front Palaces. In 1886, Chulalongkorn made his son Prince Maha Vajirunhis, "Crown Prince of Siam", therefore abolishing the title of Front Palace altogether.

Rear Palace

Around the time of Luang Sorasak's appointment, King Phetracha also appointed a Third King, Krom Phraratchawang Bowon Sathan Phimuk (Thai: กรมพระราชวังบวรสถานพิมุข) or Rear Palace (วังหลัง wang lang). Nai Chopkhotchaprasit, a commoner, was appointed to the position. He, however, fell out of favour at some time during the king's reign and was executed. Around 1703, King Sanpet VIII appointed Prince Petch, his first-born son, as the Front Palace and younger son Prince Porn as Rear Palace. Because of the inauspicious end of the first Rear Palace, the King decided to change the title of the Front and Rear Palaces to Phra Banthun Yai (พระบัณฑูรใหญ่) and Phra Banthun Noi (พระบัณฑูรน้อย) respectively. The literal translation is "Big" and "Little Royal Command," thus analogous to the naval ranks of Commander and Lieutenant Commander. The titles were later merged.

Prince Anurak Devesh, a nephew of King Rama I, was the only Rear Palace appointed during the Rattanakosin period, in 1785. After his death in 1806, the office went vacant. Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok is now on the site of the former Rear Palace.

Ayutthaya

Rear Palace Appointed by Reign
Chopkhotchaprasit Phetracha circa 1688 - ?
Phon Sanpet VIII circa 1703 - 1708

Rattanakosin

Rear Palace Appointed by Reign
Anurak Devesh Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I) circa 1782 – 1806

See also

References

  1. ↑ "HM Second King Pinklao". Soravij. Retrieved 2009-10-17.
  2. ↑ ราชกิจจานุเบกษา, ประกาศเฉลิมพระนามาภิไธย สมเด็จพระบรมราชชนก และ สมเด็จพระบรมราชชนนี, เล่ม ๘๗, ตอน ๕๒, ๑๒ มิถุนายน พ.ศ. ๒๕๑๓, ฉบับพิเศษ หน้า ๑
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