Gamebook

Not to be confused with Playbook (disambiguation).

A gamebook is a work of printed fiction that allows the reader to participate in the story by making choices. The narrative branches along various paths, typically through the use of numbered paragraphs or pages. Gamebooks are sometimes called choose your own adventure books or CYOA after the influential Choose Your Own Adventure series originally published by Bantam Books. Gamebooks are an early example of hypertext fiction.[1]

Production of new gamebooks in the West decreased dramatically during the nineties as choice based stories have moved away from print based media, although the format may be getting a new lease of life on mobile and ebook platforms. [2] Such digital gamebooks are considered interactive fiction.

Description

Gamebooks can be grouped into three families.[3]

In all gamebooks, the story is presented as a series of sections of printed text. Branching-plot novel sections often run to several pages in length, whereas solitaire and adventure gamebook sections are usually no longer than a paragraph or two. At the end of a text section, the reader is usually given a choice of narrative branches that they may follow. Each branch contains a reference to the number of the paragraph or page that should be read next if that branch is chosen (e.g. to go north turn to section 98). The story continues this way until a paragraph or page which ends that branch of the story. In most solitaire or adventure gamebooks, there is usually one "successful" ending, and the remainder are "failures."[4] Branching plot novels, on the other hand, tend to be more concerned with narrative resolution rather than winning or losing, thus often have several endings which may be deemed "successful".

Gamebooks are typically written in the second person with the reader assuming the role of a character to experience the world from that character's point of view (e.g. 'you walk into the cold and dark forest').

Many titles are usually published in series containing several books, although individual gamebooks have also been published. While the books in many series are stand-alone narratives, others continue the narrative from the previous books in the series.

History Of Gamebooks

Origins

Several influences contributed to the development of the gamebook format during the twentieth century. The possibility of having stories branching out into several different paths seems to have been first suggested by Jorge Luis Borges in his short story An Examination of the Work of Herbert Quain (1941). This story features an author whose novel is a three-part story containing two branch points, and with nine possible endings.[5][6] Another story by Borges, titled "The Garden of Forking Paths" (1941), also describes a book with a maze-like narrative reminiscent of modern gamebooks.[6][7] These stories, however, did not carry out the idea of branching-path narrative to full execution.

In 1945, a book titled Treasure Hunt was published in Britain under the name of "Alan George" (probably a pseudonym). This book, which involves a group of children who have outdoor adventures, allows the reader to choose among several possible actions at the end of each story section. Treasure Hunt has been acknowledged as the first gamebook in the modern sense.[8]

Programmed learning materials, first proposed by B.F. Skinner,[9]

have been recognized as an early influence on the development of branching path books.[10] This learning method was first applied in the TutorText series of interactive textbooks, published from the late fifties up until the early seventies. These books present the reader with a series of problems related to a particular area of study, allowing him or her to choose among several possible answers. If the answer to a problem is correct, the reader moves on to the next problem. If the answer is incorrect, the reader is given feedback and is asked to pick a different answer. This educational technique would form a basis for many later narrative gamebook series .[11][12]

In the realm of literary experimentation, the French-language novel L'ironie du sort (The Irony of Chance, 1961) by Paul Guimard, the Spanish-language novel Hopscotch (Rayuela, 1963) by Julio Cortazar, as well as the works of the French literary group known as the Oulipo (1967) represent some early attempts to introduce stories with branching paths and/or multiple endings.[13][14][15] Other early experiments include the short stories "Alien Territory" and "The Lost Nose: a Programmed Adventure" (both 1969) by John Sladek, the novel The French Lieutenant's Woman (1969) by John Fowles, and the collection of short stories titled Tante storie per giocare (Many Tales to Play With, 1971) by Italian author Gianni Rodari.[16][17][18]

Taken together, these influences may have contributed to the development of several pioneering gamebooks in the sixties and seventies. These include Lucky Les by E.W. Hildick (1967), State of Emergency by Dennis Guerrier and Joan Richards (1969), and the Swedish-language book Den mystiska påsen (The Mysterious Bag, 1970) by Betty Orr-Nilsson. The first gamebook series proper appears to have been Tracker Books, published by Transworld in the UK between 1972 and 1980. This series includes adventures in a variety of genres such as science fiction, mystery, and sports.[19][20][21][22][23] Meanwhile, in the US, the The Adventures of You series appeared in 1976-77, with two titles that would later become part of the groundbreaking Choose Your Own Adventure series: Sugarcane Island and Journey Under the Sea.

Tabletop role-playing games such as Dungeons and Dragons were another early influence that would contribute in major ways to the development of the gamebook form. The first module which combined a branching-path narrative with a set of role-playing game rules was Buffalo Castle for the Tunnels and Trolls system (1975). Buffalo Castle was innovative for its time, as it allowed the reader to experience a role-playing session without need for a referee. It has been followed by many other solitaire adventures for the T&T system, as well as solos for other tabletop role-playing games.

Popularization (1970s–onwards)

Branching-path books

The The Adventures of You series, authored by Edward Packard and R.A. Montgomery and initially published by Vermont Crossroads Press, laid much of the groundwork for the later surge in popularity of the gamebook format. The series was born with Sugarcane Island by Edward Packard, which was written in 1969 but did not see publication until 1976. The series later included Journey Under the Sea by R. A. Montgomery (1977). After the series' end, two standalone gamebooks authored by Packard would follow, both published by Lippincott: Deadwood City (1978) and The Third Planet from Altair (1979). While these early efforts apparently achieved some popularity with readers, they (and the gamebook format in general) still did not have a publisher with the marketing strength required to make them available to mass audiences.

Packard and Montgomery took the idea of publishing interactive books to Bantam, and thus the Choose Your Own Adventure (CYOA) series was born in 1979, beginning with The Cave of Time. The series became immensely popular worldwide and several titles were translated into more than 25 languages.[24] The series reached the peak of its popularity with children in the eighties. It was during this period that Bantam released several other interactive series to capitalize on the popularity of the medium (a few examples are: Choose your Own Adventure for Younger Readers, Time Machine and Be An Interplanetary Spy). Many other American publishers released their own series to compete with CYOA. One of the most popular competitors seems to have been TSR, who released several branching-path novels based on their own role-playing games. The most famous TSR series was Endless Quest. Another strong competitor was Ballantine with their Find Your Fate series, which featured adventures in the Indiana Jones, James Bond and Doctor Who universes. Famous author R. L. Stine wrote several books for this line, including The Badlands of Hark, as well as for other series such as Wizards, Warriors and You. Several Choose your Own Adventure spin-offs and many competing series were translated into other languages.

Branching-path books also started to appear during the eighties in several other countries, including Spain, France, the United Kingdom, Mexico, Chile, and Denmark. In some other countries, publication both of translated series and of original books began in later years. For example, the first original books in Brazil and Italy seem to have appeared in the nineties. Translated editions of Choose your Own Adventure and other Western series only appeared in Eastern European countries after the fall of Communism.[25]

This type of book was seen predominantly as a form of entertainment for children. Nonetheless, there were books with more didactic purposes (ranging from historical series such as the aforementioned Time Machine to books with religious themes such as the Making Choices series). Also, a few branching-path books were aimed at adults, ranging from business simulations to works of erotica.

The branching-path book commercial boom dwindled in the early nineties, and the number of new series diminished. However, new branching-path books continue to be published to this day in several countries and languages. Choose your Own Adventure went on to become the longest running gamebook series with 185 titles. The first run of the series ended in 1998.[26][27][28][29][30]

R. A. Montgomery started rereleasing some Choose Your Own Adventure titles in 2005. His company has also released some new titles. New books and series continue to be published in other countries to this day. Examples are the 1000 Gefahren series in Germany and the Tú decides la aventura series in Spain.

Outside the English-speaking world

Despite the domination of works that have been translated from English in most non-English speaking countries, a sizable number of original gamebooks—both individual books and series—have been published in various countries; this is especially the case in France (e.g. the La Saga du Prêtre Jean series).

In the 1990s, the gamebook genre became highly popular in Bulgaria for approximately ten years.[31] Whilst internationally well-known series such as Choose Your Own Adventure and Fighting Fantasy were translated for the Bulgarian market, the works of numerous Bulgarian gamebook authors were most popular with readers.

During the popularity peak of gamebooks in Bulgaria, Bulgarian publishing houses believed that only Western authors would sell and, as a consequence, virtually all Bulgarian gamebook authors adopted English pseudonyms.[31][32] This tradition persisted after their nationality was publicly disclosed. A smaller number of Hungarian authors also adopted Western pseudonyms, in addition to "official titles" that were also in English.[33]

Several adventure gamebooks have been released in the Czech Republic and Russia. In Azerbaijan, Narmin Kamal's novel, Open It's Me, offers the reader a choice to either read the book as a random collection of thirty-nine short stories about the same character, or as a single novel. A photo of the book's hero is published on the final page and the author asks the reader questions about the character.

Gamebook types

Mainstream fiction

While most gamebooks have traditionally being aimed at young audiences, there have been several attempts to write adult-oriented branching path stories. Barring the aforementioned works of Dennis Guerrier in the sixties, one of the earliest examples of the form is the five-volume Barcelona, Maxima Discrecion series, which adapted the noir fiction genre to an interactive form.[34] Published in the eighties, this series was only available in Catalan and Spanish.

Heather McElhatton published a bestselling[35] gamebook for adults in 2007, called Pretty Little Mistakes: A Do-Over Novel. It was followed by a sequel titled Million Little Mistakes published in 2010.[36]

Some contemporary literary novels have used the gamebook format, including Kim Newman's Life's Lottery (1999) and Nicholas Bourbaki's If (2014).[37]

Education

In 2011, McGraw-Hill Education began releasing adaptations of the original Choose Your Own Adventure titles as graded readers. The stories were retold in simplified language and re-organized plotlines, in order to make them easier for English as a second or foreign language readers to play. The choice format of gamebooks has proved to be popular with ESL teachers as a way to motivate reluctant students, target critical thinking skills, and organize classroom activities.[38]

Erotica

Various erotic gamebooks have been published by major publishers. In 1994 Derrière la porte by Alina Reyes was published by Pocket Books France and Éditions Robert Laffont, and later translated into English for Grove Press and Weidenfeld & Nicolson (as Behind Closed Doors) and into Italian for Ugo Guanda Editore (as Dietro le porte). Melcher Media in 2003 packaged two "Choose-Your-Own-Erotic-Adventure" books for Penguin Books' Gotham Books imprint, including Kathryn in the City by Mary Anne Mohanraj, a well-known writer of erotica.

Role-playing solitaire adventures

Solitaire adventures were a parallel development. This type of book is intended to allow a single person to use the rules of a role-playing game to experience an adventure without need of a referee. The first role-playing game solitaire adventures to be published were those using the Tunnels and Trolls system, beginning with the book Buffalo Castle in 1976, making Tunnels and Trolls the first role-playing game to support solitaire play. Flying Buffalo released 24 solo adventure books (plus several pocket size adventures) in the period 1976–1993. A number of the adventures are still in print today.[39][40] They were very successful among players of role-playing games and inspired many imitators.

Another early role-playing game with solitaire modules made for it was The Fantasy Trip. The first such module was Death Test, published in 1978. Eight adventures were released in total. One thing that set them apart was the need for miniatures and a hexmap, in order to take advantage of the combat and movement systems. These adventures were also very popular and influential.

Meanwhile, several third-party publishers started to publish solitaire adventures meant for use with popular roleplaying systems. Some of the earliest adventures in this vein were The Solo Dungeon (1978) by British author Richard Bartle, and Survival of the Fittest (1979), published by Judges' Guild in the United States. Both of these adventures were meant to be used with Dungeons and Dragons rules.

Solitaire role-playing adventures also experienced a boom in the eighties. Many role-playing rulesets included solo adventures which were intended to teach the rules systems to the players. Some companies released lines of solitaire adventures for their own games. Examples of games with prolific solitaire lines were Dungeons & Dragons, GURPS, Das Schwarze Auge, DC Heroes, and Call of Cthulhu. Some third-party publishers continued to release solo adventures for established RPG systems (including Judges' Guild, who released solos for Advanced Dungeons and Dragons). Solitaire adventures were also featured quite frequently in professional RPG magazines and fanzines. Several solo adventures (such as those for Tunnels & Trolls, Dungeons & Dragons, and Das Schwarze Auge) were translated into other languages.

As was the case with other types of gamebooks, the production of solitaire RPG adventures decreased dramatically during the nineties. However, new solos continue to be published to this day. Some companies continue to produce solo adventures for Tunnels & Trolls. There are also new solo adventures for a variety of systems, and even some influenced by the Fantasy Trip solos (such as the ones by Dark City Games). The Internet has provided a channel to distribute solitaire adventures, with both free and commercial adventures made available as electronic documents.

Adventure gamebooks

Adventure gamebooks incorporate elements from Choose Your Own Adventure books and role-playing solitaire adventures. The books involve a branching path format in order to move between sections of text, but the reader creates a character as in a role-playing game, and resolves actions using a game-system. Unlike role-playing solitaire adventures, adventure gamebooks include all the rules needed for play in each book. Adventure gamebooks are usually not divided into numbered pages, but rather into numbered sections of text, so that several sections may fit in a single page, or a single section can span several pages.

The Warlock of Firetop Mountain was published in 1982, the first of what became the Fighting Fantasy series of gamebooks, one of the first adventure gamebook series. With over 60 titles, including a variety of spin-offs, the series popularised the gamebook format in the UK and many other countries, such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Singapore, the United States, Portugal, Tanzania, Brazil, Spain, France, Germany, Italy, Denmark, Israel, Japan, and after the fall of communism, Eastern Europe.[41][42] In 1981, American author Jeffrey C. Dillow published the first solo adventure book for his High Fantasy role-playing game, entitled High Fantasy, that was followed by Adventures in High Fantasy (1981) and Goldchester: More Adventures in High Fantasy (1982).[43]

Adventure gamebooks experienced a publishing boom in the eighties, most notably in the United Kingdom, the United States, Italy and France. British series such as Fighting Fantasy, Lone Wolf, and The Way of the Tiger were translated into several languages and became very popular worldwide. The boom decreased considerably in the nineties, with Fabled Lands being the last major British gamebook series. In the 2000s, reissues of the Fighting Fantasy and Lone Wolf series emerged, and garnered some commercial success.

Several authors in different countries continue to publish adventure gamebooks to this day. Notable examples are German fantasy authors Wolfgang Hohlbein and Markus Heitz, and British author Jonathan Green.

See also

References

  1. ↑ The Evolution of Fantasy Role-Playing Games By Michael J. Tresca page 100
  2. ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/technology/gamesblog/2011/jan/11/interactive-fiction-ebooks-apple-kindle
  3. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions on gamebooks.org".
  4. ↑ Staff. "What Is Fighting Fantasy?". Fighting Fantasy. ICON (Wizard) Books Ltd. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
  5. ↑ "Examen de la obra de Herbert Quain on gamebooks.org".
  6. 1 2 "Miscellaneous Works by Jorge Luis Borges on gamebooks.org".
  7. ↑ "El Jardín de senderos que se bifurcan on gamebooks.org".
  8. ↑ "The Early History of Gamebooks: Discoveries". Fighting Fantazine. Retrieved 2016-09-19.
  9. ↑ "Programmed Learning - Operant Conditioning, Students, and Answers - JRank Articles". Psychology.jrank.org. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  10. ↑ http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/gamebook
  11. ↑ "TutorText on gamebooks.org".
  12. ↑ "Programmed Learning - Operant Conditioning, Students, and Answers - JRank Articles". Psychology.jrank.org. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  13. ↑ "Un conte à votre façon on gamebooks.org".
  14. ↑ "The Theater Tree: A Combinatory Play on gamebooks.org".
  15. ↑ "Miscellaneous Works by the Oulipo on gamebooks.org".
  16. ↑ http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?873656
  17. ↑ "About John Sladek".
  18. ↑ "Alien Territory". Gamebooks.org. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  19. ↑ "Lucky Les on gamebooks.org".
  20. ↑ "Lucky Les (2) on gamebooks.org".
  21. ↑ "Miscellaneous Works by Dennis Guerrier on gamebooks.org".
  22. ↑ "Den mystiska påsen on gamebooks.org".
  23. ↑ "Den mystiska påsen (2) on gamebooks.org".
  24. ↑ "Choose Your Own Adventure". Gamebooks.org. 2004-06-09. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  25. ↑ "Demian's Gamebook Web Page".
  26. ↑ "Sugarcane Island on gamebooks.org".
  27. ↑ "Journey Under the Sea on gamebooks.org".
  28. ↑ "The Adventures of You on gamebooks.org".
  29. ↑ "The Cave of Time on gamebooks.org".
  30. ↑ "Choose Your Own Adventure on gamebooks.org".
  31. 1 2 Hakop & J0K3RA (2006-11-15). "Цитаделата". Citadelata.com. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  32. ↑ "Items Published in Bulgaria". Gamebooks.org. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  33. ↑ Demian Katz (1998–2012). "Items Published in Hungary". Demian's Gamebook Web Page. Demian Katz. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
  34. ↑ "Barcelona máxima discreción".
  35. ↑ "Boston Globe bestseller list for paperback fiction: June 5, 2007". Boston.com. 2007-06-05. Retrieved 2012-10-22.
  36. ↑ Kerr, Euan. "Author lets readers choose what to do with lottery millions" Minnesota Public Radio September 26, 2010
  37. ↑ "INTERVIEW: Nicholas Bourbaki, author of If". ElectricLiterature.com. 2014-11-08. Retrieved 2014-11-12.
  38. ↑ Ferlazzo, Larry. "The best places to read and write "choose your own adventure" stories". Retrieved 5 December 2012.
  39. ↑ "Buffalo Castle on gamebooks.org".
  40. ↑ "Tunnels and Trolls on gamebooks.org".
  41. ↑ "The Warlock of Firetop Mountain on gamebooks.org".
  42. ↑ "Fighting Fantasy on gamebooks.org".
  43. ↑ "subject:"High Fantasy (Game)"". Google Books. Google Inc. 2013. Retrieved 12 November 2013.

External links

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