Genographic Project

The Genographic Project, launched on 13 April 2005 by the National Geographic Society and IBM, is a multi-year genetic anthropology study that aims to map historical human migration patterns by collecting and analyzing DNA samples from hundreds of thousands of people from around the world.^[1]

Overview

Created and led by project director Dr. Spencer Wells from 2005 to 2015, field researchers at 11 regional centers around the world collect DNA samples from indigenous populations. The project also sells self-testing kits to members of the general public.

The project is a privately funded, not-for-profit collaboration between the National Geographic Society, IBM and the Waitt Foundation.

In Fall 2012, The Genographic Project announced the completion of a new genotyping array, dedicated to Genetic Anthropology, called the GenoChip. GenoChip is specifically designed for anthropological testing and includes SNPs from autosomal DNA, X-chromosome DNA, Y-chromosome DNA and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The design of the new chip was a collaborative effort between Spencer Wells of National Geographic, Dr. Eran Elhaik of Johns Hopkins, Family Tree DNA, and Illumina.^[2]

Geno 2.0 test

The Admixture test developed by Wells and Elhaik classifies individuals by assessing their proportions of genomic ancestry related to nine ancestral regions: Northeast Asian, Mediterranean, Southern African, Southwest Asian, Oceanian, Southeast Asian, Northern European, Sub-Saharan African and Native American.^[3]

Population	Mediterranean	Northern European	Southwest Asian	Sub-Saharan African	Southern African	Northeast Asian	Southeast Asian	Native American	Oceanian	Total
African American	6	10	4	73	4			2		99
Altaian	2	17	22			53		4		98
Amerindian	4	5	3			4		83		99
Bermudian	15	20	7	48	3		7	4		100
British	33	50	17							100
Bulgarian	47	31	20			2				100
Chinese						72	28			100
Danish	30	53	16							99
Dominican	29	11	1	47	1	1	1	4		95
Eastern Indian	2	2	43				50		2	99
Egyptian	65		18	14						97
Finnish	17	57	17			7				98
Georgian	61	7	31							99
German	36	46	17							99
Greek	54	28	17							99
Iberian	48	37	13							98
Iranian	42	8	42			5				97
Japanese						75	25			100
Khoisan				47	52					99
Kinh						57	43			100
Kuwaiti	57	4	27	8		2				98
Lebanese	66	5	26	2						99
Luhya	2			89	8					99
Malagasy	2			57	4	15	20			98
Mexican	28	20	8	4			2	36		98
Mongolian		6	12			67	9	4		98
Northern Caucasian	46	16	33			4				99
Northern Indian	6	5	34			26	27			98
Oceanian							12		88	100
Papuan						5	4		91	100
Highland Peruvian	2	2						95		99
Peruvians	15	10	3	2				68		98
Puerto Rican	31	21	9	25	2			11		99
Romanian	43	36	19			2				100
Russians	25	51	18			4				98
Sardinian	67	24	8							99
Southern Indian	4	2	58				35			99
Tajikistan	22	22	44			10				98
Tatar	21	40	21			16				98
Tunisian	62	6	10	19			2			99
Tuscan	54	28	17							99
Vanuatu						4	15		78	97
Western Indian	9	6	58				26			99
Yoruban				97	3					100

Citizen involvement

Since 2005 Genographic has used volunteers (in fieldwork and providing DNA samples) and citizen science projects. Such outreach for public participation in research has been encouraged by organizations such as International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG), which is seeking to promote benefits from scientific research.^[4][5][6] This includes supporting, organization and dissemination of personal DNA (genetic) testing.

The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) supports citizen participation in genetic research,^[7] and believes such volunteers have provided valuable information and research to the professional scientific community.^[8]

In a 2013 speech to the Southern California Genealogical Society, Spencer Wells, Director of the Genographic Project, discussed its encouragement of citizen scientists:

Since 2005, the Genographic Project has used the latest genetic technology to expand our knowledge of the human story, and its pioneering use of DNA testing to engage and involve the public in the research effort has helped to create a new breed of "citizen scientist." Geno 2.0 expands the scope for citizen science, harnessing the power of the crowd to discover new details of human population history.^[9]

Human rights criticism

See also: Archaeology of the Americas, Models of migration to the New World

Shortly after the announcement of the project in April 2005, the Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism (IPCB), based in Nevada, released a statement criticizing the project: spokespersons noted its connections to controversial issues raised by the Human Genome Diversity Project, which had government overview, unlike this private project. The IPCB recommended against indigenous people participating.^[10] It also recommended that indigenous peoples boycott IBM, Gateway Computers, and National Geographic, which are collaborating on the Genographic Project.

In May 2006, some indigenous representatives went to United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII) to contest participation in genetic testing. A spokesman said,

"The Genographic Project is exploitative and unethical because it will use Indigenous peoples as subjects of scientific curiosity in research that provides no benefit to Indigenous peoples, yet subjects them to significant risks. Researchers will take blood or other bodily tissue samples for their own use in order to further their own speculative theories of human history".^[1]

UNPFII conducted investigations into the objectives of the Genographic Project, and concluded that, since the project was "conceived and has been initiated without appropriate consultation with or regard for the risks to its subjects, the Indigenous peoples, the Council for Responsible Genetics concludes that the Indigenous peoples' representatives are correct and that the Project should be immediately suspended".^[1]

Around May 2006, the UNPFII recommended that National Geographic and other sponsors suspend the project.^[11][12] Concerns were that the knowledge gleaned from the research could clash with long-held beliefs of indigenous peoples and threaten their cultures. There were also concerns that indigenous claims to land rights and other resources could be threatened.

As of December 2006, some federally recognized tribes in the United States have declined to take part in the study. "What the scientists are trying to prove is that we're the same as the Pilgrims except we came over several thousand years before", said Maurice Foxx, chairman of the Massachusetts Commission on Indian Affairs and a member of the Mashpee Wampanoag. "Why should we give them that openly?"^[11] Not all peoples agree with his position. as of December 2012, more than 70,000 indigenous participants from the Americas, Africa, Asia, Europe, and Oceania had joined the project.

See also

• Genealogical DNA test
• Genetic diversity
• Human genetics
• Human genetic variation
• Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups
• Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
• Mitochondrial Eve
• Y-chromosomal Adam
• Y-chromosome haplogroups by populations
• Personal Genomics
• Ethnic bioweapon

References

1. http://www.gene-watch.org/programs/privacy/ResponsibleGenographics.html
2. http://gbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/5/5/1021.full.pdf+html
3. Who Am I: Regions Overview
4. Bonney, R. and LaBranche, M. (2004). "Citizen Science: Involving the Public in Research," ASTC Dimensions, May/June 2004, p. 13.
5. Baretto, C., Fastovsky, D. and Sheehan, P. (2003). "A Model for Integrating the Public into Scientific Research," Journal of Geoscience Education, 50 (1). pp. 71–75.
6. McCaffrey, R.E. (2005). "Using Citizen Science in Urban Bird Studies," Urban Habitats, 3 (1). pp. 70–86.
7. King, Turi E.; Jobling, Mark A. (2009). "What's in a name? Y chromosomes, surnames and the genetic genealogy revolution". Trends in Genetics. 25 (8): 351–60. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2009.06.003. PMID 19665817. The International Society of Genetic Genealogy (www.isogg.org) advocates the use of genetics as a tool for genealogical research, and provides a support network for genetic genealogists. It hosts the ISOGG Y-haplogroup tree, which has the virtue of being regularly updated.
8. Mendex, etc. al., Fernando (28 February 2013). "An African American Paternal Lineage Adds an Extremely Ancient Root to the Human Y Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree". The American Society of Human Genetics. pp. 454–459. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
9. Wells, Spencer (2013). "The Genographic Project and the Rise of Citizen Science". Southern California Genealogical Society (SCGS). Retrieved July 10, 2013.
10. Harry, Debra and Le'a Malia Kanehe. "Genetic Research: Collecting Blood to Preserve Culture?" Cultural Survival, 29.4 (Winter 2005). Accessed 4 February 2014.
11. Harmon, Amy (10 December 2006). "DNA Gatherers Hit Snag: Tribes Don't Trust Them". The New York Times.
12. "United Nations Recommends Halt to Genographic Project". ipcb.

External links

Official sites

• Genographic Project, official site at National Geographic
• IBM Genographic Project, official site at IBM

Supporting participants

• Waitt Family Foundation
• Arizona Research Laboratories (ARL)
• Family Tree DNA (FTDNA)

News articles

• "Finding the roots of modern humans". CNN. 14 April 2005.
• "'Genographic Project' aims to tell us where we came from". USA Today. 17 April 2005.
• "Indigenous Peoples Oppose National Geographic", Indigenous Peoples Council on Biocolonialism, 13 April 2005.
• "Tracking the Truth", DB2 Magazine (IBM), information about IBM's role in the project. December 2006.
• Genographic Success Stories
• "Crusaders left genetic legacy". BBC News. 27 March 2008.
• "Human Line 'Nearly split In Two'". BBC News. 24 April 2008.

Videos

• Spencer Wells: Building a family tree for all humanity on YouTube, on TED, 29 August 2008.