George Grunert

George Grunert
Lieutenant General George Grunert, Deputy Commander and Commander, First United States Army and Eastern Defense Command
Born	(1881-07-21)July 21, 1881 White Haven, Pennsylvania
Died	January 12, 1971(1971-01-12) (aged 89) San Antonio, Texas
Allegiance	United States of America
Service/branch	United States Army
Years of service	1898–1945
Rank	Lieutenant General
Commands held	10th Cavalry Regiment 26th Cavalry Regiment 23rd Brigade Philippine Department Sixth Service Corps Area First United States Army Second Service Corps Area Eastern Defense Command
Battles/wars	Spanish–American War World War I World War II
Awards	Distinguished Service Medal Silver Star Purple Heart

George Grunert was a United States Army cavalry officer who worked his way up through the ranks from private to retirement as a Lieutenant General. His 47-year career extended from the Spanish–American War to the end of World War II.

Education and early career

Grunert, born of German immigrants, was a native of White Haven, Pennsylvania. He enlisted in the Army in 1898 during the Spanish–American War and served in the Philippines, Cuba and western posts in his early career. As a quartermaster sergeant in an artillery unit at Fort Monroe, Virginia he obtained a commission at second lieutenant in the cavalry in 1901. By 1908 he was stationed in Cuba and at Fort Oglethorpe, Georgia, a cavalry post in 1910.

World War I and the Inter-War Years

He was sent to France as an observer with British forces in 1917 World War I. During the American build up, he served as assistant chief of staff for I Corps and was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal for his work during the American offensives of 1918.

In 1919, he attended the Army War College then at Washington Barracks, now Fort Lesley J. McNair, in Washington, D.C. He served with the 1st Infantry Division (United States) at Camp Dix, then to Washington, D.C. to serve in the office of the Army Chief of Staff. He returned to the field as a lieutenant colonel of the 10th Cavalry Regiment at Fort Huachuca, Arizona in 1925.

After a second tour of duty in the office of the Army Chief of Staff, Grunert attended the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas from 1930 to 1932. In 1933, he was the director of military intelligence and espionage division course at the Army War College and in 1935, he became director of war plans division course.

In 1936, he was posted to the Philippines as commanding officer of the 26th Cavalry Regiment (Philippine Scouts). He received his promotion to brigadier general in December 1936 in preparation for his command of the 23rd Brigade, a brigade of the Philippine Division composed of Philippine Scouts.

In November 1938 Grunert succeeded George C. Marshall in command of 5th Brigade at Vancouver Barracks, Washington. Grunert was promoted to major general in 1939, and in October returned to the Philippines to command the Philippine Division. From May 1940 to November 1941 Grunert commanded the Philippine Department, directing the U.S. Army supervision and control over the Philippine defense force until Douglas MacArthur came out of retirement to command in July 1941. MacArthur abolished the Philippine Department as a redundant command echelon in November 1941 and Grunert returned to the United States.

World War II

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor occurred shortly after Grunert reached the United States, and he was shuffled between a number of assignments that included command of the Sixth Service Command at Fort Sheridan, Illinois, serving as the ranking military officer in the Chicago area, and two administrative posts with Army Service Forces as Deputy Chief of Staff for Service Commands (Service of Supply) overseeing the nine United States-based supply and logistics commands (formerly corps areas), under General Brehon B. Somervell.

In August 1943, he was appointed deputy commander for both the Eastern Defense Command, a continental defense command for the eastern United States, and First United States Army at Fort Jay, Governors Island in New York City, taking the place of General Hugh A. Drum upon his mandatory retirement at age 64 in October 1943.

Grunert held interim command over First Army until January 1944 while Omar N. Bradley completed assembling and staffing its new headquarters in England for the Normandy Invasion. Grunert continued command of Eastern Defense Command, which also assumed the duties of Central Defense Command, and Second Service Command for the New York area until his retirement in July 1945.

Pearl Harbor investigation

In June 1944, Grunert was appointed by Secretary of War Henry Stimson as the presiding officer of a secret panel that investigated the Army response to events prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor. The Pearl Harbor Board report, released after the war, traced the entire military and diplomatic history prior to the attack finding much fault along the way, critical of break downs in communications between Secretary of State Cordell Hull, George C. Marshall and a failure of appropriate action by Hawaiian Department commander, Walter C. Short. The panel's method of investigation and conclusions are still subject to criticism today.

Retirement

Grunert died at Brooke Army Hospital in San Antonio, Texas on January 12, 1971 at age 89 and was buried at Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery. He was survived by his wife Florence Reynolds, daughter Mary and son-in-law, then U.S. First Army commander, Lieutenant General Jonathan O. Seaman at Fort Meade, Maryland. His son, Colonel George R. Grunert (1908–1969), attended the U.S. Military Academy, graduating with the class of 1930 and played on the Army polo team. He was a veteran of World War II and Korea and preceded his father in death.

Decorations

Ribbon bar with the list of General George Grunert's decorations:

1st Row	Army Distinguished Service Medal w/ OLC	Silver Star	Legion of Merit
2nd Row	Purple Heart	Spanish Campaign Medal	Army of Cuban Occupation Medal	Philippine Campaign Medal
3rd Row	Army of Cuban Pacification Medal	Mexican Border Service Medal	World War I Victory Medal	Army of Occupation of Germany Medal
4th Row	American Defense Service Medal	American Campaign Medal	World War II Victory Medal	Legion of Honour, Chevalier

References

"Who Was to Blame? [Pearl Harbor Inquiry]", Time Magazine, vol. XLVI no. 11, September 10, 1945
"The Judges [Pearl Harbor Inquiry]", Time Magazine, vol. XLVI no. 11, September 10, 1945
Biography of Sofia Adamson, Civilian, War Department, Fort Santiago, Philippines
"Army Orders and Assignments", New York Times, p. 54, April 11, 1930
"Promotes 2 Generals and Seven Colonels", New York Times, p. 14, December 23, 1936
"Roosevelt Appoints Six New Generals", New York Times, p. 7, August 3, 1939
"Gen. Drum Gets Washington Post In Addition to Command Here", New York Times, p. 1, August 24, 1943
"Grunert Takes Command", New York Times, p. 12, October 19, 1943
"Army Leader in East Retires After 47 Years", New York Times, p. 8, August 1, 1945
"Gen. George Grunert, 91, Dies; Led Inquiry on Pearl Harbor", New York Times, p. 40, January 14, 1971
Ray, Max (1980), The History of the First United States Army from 1918 to 1980, Fort Meade MD: First United States Army
A Patch of Pride: A History of the First Army, New York, New York: First United States Army, 1950, pp. 11–12

Military offices
Preceded by Hugh Drum	Commanding General of the Eastern Defense Command 1943–1945	Succeeded by Kenneth P. Lord (acting)
Preceded by Hugh Drum	Commanding General of the First United States Army 1943–1944	Succeeded by Omar Bradley

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