Hugh Aloysius Drum

Hugh Aloysius Drum
Hugh Aloysius Drum
Born	September 19, 1879 Fort Brady, Chippewa County, Michigan
Died	October 3, 1951 (aged 72) New York City, New York
Place of burial	Arlington National Cemetery
Allegiance	United States of America
Service/branch	United States Army
Years of service	1898–1943
Rank	Lieutenant General
Commands held	United States Army Command and General Staff College 1st Infantry Brigade 1st Infantry Division V Corps Area Hawaiian Department First Army II Corps Area Eastern Defense Command New York Guard
Battles/wars	Spanish–American War Veracruz Expedition Pancho Villa Expedition World War I World War II
Awards	Army Distinguished Service Medal (2) Silver Star
Other work	President, Empire State Inc.

Hugh Aloysius Drum (September 19, 1879 – October 3, 1951) was a United States Army Lieutenant General.

Early life

Born at Fort Brady, Chippewa County, Michigan on September 19, 1879, Hugh A. Drum was the son of Captain John Drum (1864–1898), a career Army officer who was killed in Cuba during the Spanish–American War. His mother was Margaret Desmond of Boston.^[1]

In 1894, Drum graduated from Xavier High School in New York City, which he had attended while his father was an instructor at the school. (Hugh Drum was admitted to the Xavier High School Hall of Fame in 1931.) Initially intent upon a career as a Jesuit priest, he enrolled at Boston College. Under the provisions of a recently passed law allowing recognition for sons of officers who displayed exceptional bravery during the Spanish-American War, Drum was offered a direct commission as a Second Lieutenant, which he accepted. (He received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Boston College in 1921.)^{[2][3][4][5][6][7]}

Start of military career

Drum in 1902.

Joining the United States Army while the Spanish–American War and subsequent insurrections and conflicts were ongoing, he served with the 12th Infantry Regiment in the Philippines. He then served in the Philippines with the 25th Infantry Regiment. He participated in the Battle of Bayan in 1899, for which he received the Silver Star.^[8]

Drum later served as aide-de-camp to Frank Baldwin before returning to a series of assignments in the United States. He completed the School of the Line (precursor to the Officer Basic and Advanced Courses) in 1911 as an Honor Graduate. He graduated from the United States Army Command and General Staff College in 1912, and later served there as an instructor.^[9][10]

In 1914 he was an Assistant Chief of Staff for the force commanded by Frederick Funston during the Veracruz Expedition.^[11]

Drum served at Fort Bliss and Fort Sam Houston in Texas during 1915 and 1916 as part of the Pancho Villa Expedition.^[12]

World War I

Highly regarded by John J. Pershing, at the start of World War I Drum was named an assistant Chief of Staff of First Army. In 1918, he was promoted to Colonel, and became First Army's Chief of Staff. He was commended for his work to assemble and organize First Army's staff, and for the planning of the St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne offensives, for which he received the Army Distinguished Service Medal.^[13][14][15]

Between the World Wars

After the war, Drum served as the director of training and assistant commandant for the School of the Line at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and commandant of the Command and General Staff College, where he taught the doctrine of open warfare that the American Expeditionary Forces had practiced in France.^[16][17]

From 1926 to 1927 Drum commanded the 1st Infantry Brigade.^[18]

From there he went to the Army staff at the War Department in Washington, D.C., where he publicly clashed with General Billy Mitchell about the disposition of the U.S. Army Air Service. General Drum successfully lobbied Congress not to have the Air Service organized separately from the Army. He served as commander of the 1st Infantry Division from 1927 and as Inspector General of the US Army from 1930 to 1931.^[19][20][21]

In 1931 Drum was promoted to Major General as commander of the V Corps Area, based at Fort Hayes, Ohio.^[22]

Drum returned to Washington in 1933 to serve as Deputy to the Army's Chief of Staff, Douglas MacArthur. He headed a board of senior officers that again sought to suppress advocates of an independent air force by setting the ceiling on Air Corps requirements for numbers of aircraft and tying any funding for expansion of the Air Corps to prior funding of the other branches first. In 1934 all the members of the Drum Board also sat on the presidential-initiated Baker Board, again setting its agenda to preclude any discussion of air force independence.^[23]

From 1935 to 1937, Drum commanded the Hawaiian Department. It was during Drum's posting in Hawaii that he renewed acquaintance with another ambitious officer, George S. Patton, who served as his Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence (G2), and with whom he had a contentious professional relationship.^[24][25]

In 1938, Drum succeeded James K. Parsons as commander of First United States Army and assumed command of Second Corps Area headquartered at Fort Jay, Governors Island, New York. When Chief of Staff General Malin Craig retired in 1939, Drum was passed over in favor of George Marshall. Despite this disappointment, he received a promotion to Lieutenant General in August 1939.^[26]

Drum's former residence (right) in Washington, D.C.

World War II

With the onset of preparations for World War II, Drum assumed command of the Eastern Defense Command, responsible for domestic defense along the Atlantic seaboard. During the 1941 Carolina Maneuvers, Drum commanded First Army.^[27] He was embarrassed and became the subject of mockery during the event when he was captured on the first day of the exercises by troops of the 2nd Armored Division under Patton's command. The exercise umpires ruled the circumstances under which Drum was captured would not have transpired in actual combat, so he was not detained, but the incident indicated to senior leaders that Drum might not be prepared to command large bodies of troops under the conditions the Army faced in World War II.^[28][29]

Retirement

After the Carolina maneuvers, Drum was disappointed with an offer from Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson to go on what he perceived to be a low-profile assignment in China. After declining the China mission, Drum continued to command the Eastern Defense Command until reaching the mandatory retirement age in 1943.^[30][31]

Post military career

Drum was the commander of the New York Guard from 1943 to 1945. From 1944 until his death he was the president of Empire State, Inc., the company that managed the Empire State Building.^[32][33]

Awards

• Distinguished Service Medal with oak leaf cluster
• Silver Star
• Spanish Campaign Medal
• Philippine Campaign Medal
• Mexican Border Service Medal
• World War I Victory Medal
• Army of Occupation of Germany Medal
• American Defense Service Medal
• American Campaign Medal
• World War II Victory Medal.^[34]

His foreign decorations included the French Croix de Guerre, French Legion of Honor (Commander), Belgium's Order of the Crown (Commander), and Italy's Order of the Crown.^[35][36]

Drum was a member of the Scabbard and Blade Society.^[37][38]

In 1940, he received the Laetare Medal, awarded by the University of Notre Dame annually to recognize individuals who have contributed to the goals of the Roman Catholic church.^[39]

Drum received honorary degrees from Boston College, St. Lawrence University, Fordham University, Loyola University of New Orleans, Columbia University, Rutgers University, New York University, Manhattan College, Pennsylvania Military College, and Georgetown University.^[40]

Fort Drum, New York is named for him.^[41]

Death and burial

Drum's gravestone at Arlington National Cemetery.

Drum died in New York City on October 3, 1951, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery, Section 3, Site 1447-R.^[42][43]

Family

In 1903, Drum married to Mary Reaume (1877-1960). They were the parents of a daughter, Anna Carroll Drum (1916-1996), nicknamed "Peaches," who was the wife of Army officer Thomas H. Johnson, Jr.^[44][45][46]

References

1. Davis, Jr., Henry Blaine (1998). Generals in Khaki. Raleigh, NC: Pentland Press, Inc. p. 112. ISBN 1571970886.
2. Anne Cipriano Venzon, editor, The United States in the First World War: An Encyclopedia, 2013, pages 205-206
3. Xavier College (New York), A History of the Xavier Military Program, 2002, page 1
4. Henry Blaine Davis, Generals in Khaki, 1998, page 113
5. James J. Cooke, Billy Mitchell, 2002, page 66
6. John Drum at Find A Grave
7. United States War Department, General Orders, Department of the Army, General Order Number 4, January 10, 1899, page 6
8. James R. Arnold, The Moro War: How America Battled a Muslim Insurgency in the Philippine Jungle, 1902-1913, 2011, pages 35–39
9. Elliott L. Johnson, The Military Experiences of General Hugh A. Drum from 1898-1918, Volume 1, 1975, page 117
10. Henry Blaine Davis, Generals in Khaki, 1998, page 113
11. Marquis Who's Who, Who Was Who in American History: The Military, 1975, page 143
12. U.S. Army Publicity Bureau, Life of the Soldier and the Airman, Volumes 20-21, 1938, unnumbered pages
13. Mark E. Grotelueschen, The AEF Way of War, 2010, page 206
14. Chicago Daily News, The Chicago Daily News Almanac and Year Book, Volume 35, 1918, page 497
15. United States Army Adjutant General, Congressional Medal of Honor, The Distinguished Service Cross and the Distinguished Service Medal Issued by the War Department Since April 6, 1917, 1920, page 885
16. U.S. Army Adjutant General, The Army Almanac: A Book of Facts Concerning the Army of the United States, 1950, page 357
17. Jörg Muth, Command Culture: Officer Education in the U.S. Army and the German Armed Forces, 2011, page 126
18. Army and Navy Journal, Inc., Army and Navy Journal, Volume 75, Issues 1-26, 1937, page 168
19. James A. Hoyt, Cases Decided in the United States Court of Claims, Volume 127, 1954, page 400
20. James J. Cooke, Billy Mitchell, 2002, page 66
21. John B. Wilson, Maneuver and Firepower: The Evolution of Divisions and Separate Brigades, 1999, page 110
22. Charles Scribner's Sons, Scribner's Magazine, Volume 105, 1939, page 36
23. Herman S. Wolk, Office of Air Force History, Planning and Organizing the Postwar Air Force, 1943-1947, 1984, page 12
24. Carlo D'Este, Patton: A Genius for War, 1995, page 360
25. Alan Axelrod, Patton's Drive: The Making of America's Greatest General, 2010, page 257
26. Jean Edward Smith, FDR, 2008, page 432
27. David W. Hogan, U.S. Army Center of Military History, A Command Post at War: First Army Headquarters in Europe, 1943-1945, 2000, page 13
28. Samuel W. Mitcham, The Rise of the Wehrmacht, Volume 2, 2008, page 621
29. Michael Keane, Patton: Blood, Guts, and Prayer, 2012, page 111
30. Hannah Pakula, The Last Empress: Madame Chiang Kai-shek and the Birth of Modern China, 2009, page 372
31. Robert Paul Fuller, Last Shots for Patton's Third Army, 2003, page 13
32. Thomas Edmund Dewey, Public Papers of Thomas E. Dewey, Volume 11, 1946, page 570
33. National Guard Association of the United States, Annual Meeting Proceedings, 1946, page 176
34. Scabbard and Blade Society, Scabbard and Blade Journal, Volume 28, Issue 1, 1943, page 6
35. Army and Navy Register, Inc., Army and Navy Register, September 23, 1922, page 291
36. Elliott L. Johnson, The Military Experiences of General Hugh A. Drum from 1898-1918, Volume 2, 1975, page 360
37. Scabbard and Blade Journal, Volume 28, Issue 1, 1943, page 6
38. H.W. Wilson Company, Current Biography, 1941, page 239
39. Delphos Daily Herald, Lt.-Gen. Hugh A. Drum is the 1940 Recipient of the Laetare Medal, March 4, 1940
40. New York Sun, Drum Gets Hemisphere Post, August 24, 1943
41. Robert E. Brennan, Jeannie I. Brennan, Fort Drum, 2002, page 8
42. Newport Daily News, Gen. Hugh A. Drum Dies: Pershing Aide In World War I, October 3, 1951
43. Arlington National Cemetery Grave Site Locator
44. Buffalo Courier-Express, General Drum's Daughter Weds, December 13, 1941
45. Ruth Ellen Patton Totten, The Button Box: A Daughter's Loving Memoir of Mrs. George S. Patton, 2005, page 248
46. Logansport Pharos, City News: Wedding announcement, Hugh A. Drum and Mary Reaume, October 8, 1903

External links

• Hugh A. Drum at Arlington National Cemetery.net
• Hugh A. Drum at U.S. Army Pacific