Gurkha

For other uses, see Gurkha (disambiguation).
For Indian peoples, see Indian Gorkha.
For Burmese people, see Burmese Gurkha.
Monument to the Gurkha Soldier in Horse Guards Avenue, outside the Ministry of Defence, City of Westminster, London.
A khukuri, the signature weapon of the Gurkhas

The Gurkhas or Gorkhas (गोर्खा) (/ˈɡɜːrkə/ or /ˈɡʊərkə/) are the soldiers of Nepalese nationality recruited in British Army, Indian Army, pacific nations, UN Peace Keeping force and war zones around the world. Historically, the terms "Gurkha" and "Gorkhali" were synonymous with "Nepali", and derived from the hill town and district of Gorkha from which the Kingdom of Nepal expanded under Prithivi Narayan Shah.[1][2] The name may be traced to the medieval Hindu warrior-saint Guru Gorakhnath[3] who has a historic shrine in Gorkha.[4] The word itself derived from Go-Raksha, raksha becoming rakha. Rakhawala means protector and is derived from raksha as well.

There are Gurkha military units in the Nepalese, British and the Indian army enlisted in Nepal, United Kingdom and India. Although they meet many of the requirements of Article 47[5] of Protocol I of the Geneva Conventions regarding mercenaries, they are exempt under clauses 47(e)&(f) similar to the French Foreign Legion.[6]

Gurkhas are closely associated with the khukuri, a forward-curving Nepalese knife and have a well known reputation for their fearless military prowess. The former Indian Army Chief of Staff Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw, once stated that[7] "If a man says he is not afraid of dying, he is either lying or he is a Gurkha."

Background

Sri Panch (5) Maharaja Dhiraj Prithvi Narayan Shahdev First King of Unified Kingdom of Gorkha

During the Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–1816) between the Gorkha Kingdom and the East India Company, the Gorkhali soldiers made an impression on the British, who called them Gurkhas.[8] Their war cry was and is to this very day: Jai Mahakali, Ayo Gorkhali (Nepali: जय महाकाली, आयो गोर्खाली) (Glory to Great Kali, Gorkhas approach!) In the peace treaty the parties agreed that Gorkhalis could be recruited to serve under contract in the East India Company's army.

Professor Sir Ralph Lilley Turner, MC, who served with the 3rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles in the First World War of 1914-1918, wrote of Gurkhas:

"As I write these last words, my thoughts return to you who were my comrades, the stubborn and indomitable peasants of Nepal. Once more I hear the laughter with which you greeted every hardship. Once more I see you in your bivouacs or about your fires, on forced march or in the trenches, now shivering with wet and cold, now scorched by a pitiless and burning sun. Uncomplaining you endure hunger and thirst and wounds; and at the last your unwavering lines disappear into the smoke and wrath of battle. Bravest of the brave most generous of the generous, never had country more faithful friends than you."

Sikh Khalsa Army

Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Punjab started recruiting Gurkha soldiers in his army. The elite wing of his Sikh Khalsa Army, the Fauj-i-Khas had one rajman (regiment) of Gurkhas. The rajman was known for its excellent morale, gallantry, discipline and battle honours against the Afghans. The well-known Gurkha freedom-fighter Balbhadra Kunwar was an officer in the Gorkha rajman. One of the best battles in which the Gurkhas served was the Battle of Nowshera. Even though the Sikhs were losing in the beginning, Maharaja Ranjit Singh launched a decisive charge at the Afghan positions. The Gurkhas climbed the Pir Saibak hill, and together with their Sikh comrades, bayonetted mercilessly the Afghan jihadis. After the battle, Ranjit Singh personally met and awarded the Gurkhas, and promoted Balbhadra Kunwar into the captain of the regiment. The Gurkhas served also during the Sino-Sikh War, where they were praised for their excellent skirmishing at the Tibetian Hills, by Sardar Zorawar Singh. It also fought the First Anglo-Sikh War, where the Dogra commanders of the Sikh Khalsa Army, betrayed their forces and delivered battle plans to British. After the Treaty of Lahore, this regiment was added into the Bengal Army.

British East India Company Army

Gurkha soldiers during the Anglo-Nepalese War, 1815 AD.

The Anglo-Nepalese war was fought between the Gurkha Kingdom of Nepal and the British East India Company as a result of border disputes and ambitious expansionism of both the belligerent parties. The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Sugauli in 1816.

David Ochterlony and the British political agent William Fraser were among the first to recognize the potential of Gurkha soldiers in British service. During the war the British were keen to use defectors from the Gurkha army and employ them as irregular forces. His confidence in their loyalty was such that in April 1815 he proposed forming them into a battalion under Lieutenant Ross called the Nasiri regiment. This regiment, which later became the 1st King George’s Own Gurkha Rifles, saw action at the Malaun fort under the leadership of Lieutenant Lawtie, who reported to Ochterlony that he "had the greatest reason to be satisfied with their exertions".

About 5,000 men entered British service in 1815, most of whom were not just Gorkhalis but Kumaonis, Garhwalis and other Himalayan hill men. These groups, eventually lumped together under the term Gurkha, became the backbone of British Indian forces.

As well as Ochterlony’s Gurkha battalions, William Fraser and Lieutenant Frederick Young raised the Sirmoor battalion, later to become the 2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles; an additional battalion, the Kumaon battalion was also raised eventually becoming the 3rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles. None of these men fought in the second campaign.

Gurkhas served as troops under contract to the East India Company in the Pindaree War of 1817, in Bharatpur in 1826 and the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars in 1846 and 1848.[9]

During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Gurkhas fought on the British side, and became part of the British Indian Army on its formation. The 8th (Sirmoor) Local Battalion made a particularly notable contribution during the conflict, and indeed twenty-five Indian Order of Merit awards were made to men from that regiment during the Siege of Delhi.[10] Three days after the mutiny began, the Sirmoor Battalion were ordered to move to Meerut, where the British garrison was barely holding on, and in doing so they had to march up to 48 kilometres a day.[11] Later, during the four-month Siege of Delhi they defended Hindu Rao's house, losing 327 out of 490 men. During this action they fought side by side with the 60th Rifles and a strong bond developed.[12][13] Twelve regiments from the Nepalese Army also took part in the relief of Lucknow[14] under the command of Shri Teen (3) Maharaja Maharana Jung Bahadur of Nepal and his older brother C-in-C Ranaudip Singh (Ranodip or Ranodeep) Bahadur Rana (later to succeed Jung Bahadur and become Sri Teen Maharaja Ranodip Singh of Nepal).

After the rebellion the 60th Rifles pressed for the Sirmoor Battalion to become a rifle regiment. This honour was granted then next year (1858) when the Battalion was renamed the Sirmoor Rifle Regiment and awarded a third colour.[15] In 1863 Queen Victoria presented the regiment with the Queen's Truncheon, as a replacement for the colours that rifle regiments do not usually have.[16]

British Indian Army (c. 1857–1947)

The Nusseree Battalion later known as the 1st Gurkha Rifles circa 1857
Hindu Rao's house shortly after the siege
Gurkha Soldiers (1896). The centre figure wears the dark green dress uniform worn by all Gurkhas in British service, with certain regimental distinctions

From the end of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 until the start of World War I the Gurkha Regiments saw active service in Burma, Afghanistan, the North-East Frontier and the North-West Frontiers of India, Malta (the Russo-Turkish War, 1877–78), Cyprus, Malaya, China (the Boxer Rebellion of 1900) and Tibet (Younghusband's Expedition of 1905).

Between 1901 and 1906, the Gurkha regiments were renumbered from the 1st to the 10th and re-designated as the Gurkha Rifles. In this time, the Brigade of Gurkhas, as the regiments came to be collectively known, was expanded to twenty battalions within the ten regiments.[17]

2nd/5th Royal Gurkha Rifles, North-West Frontier 1923

During World War I (1914–18), more than 200,000 Gurkhas served in the British Army, suffering approximately 20,000 casualties, and receiving almost 2,000 gallantry awards.[18] The number of Gurkha battalions was increased to thirty-three, and Gurkha units were placed at the disposal of the British high command by the Gurkha government for service on all fronts. Many Gurkha volunteers served in non-combatant roles, serving in units such as the Army Bearer Corps and the labour battalions, but there were also large numbers that served in combat in France, Turkey, Palestine, and Mesopotamia.[19] They served on the battlefields of France in the Loos, Givenchy, Neuve Chapelle and Ypres; in Mesopotamia, Persia, Suez Canal and Palestine against Turkish advance, Gallipoli and Salonika.[20] One detachment served with Lawrence of Arabia, while during the Battle of Loos (June–December 1915) a battalion of the 8th Gurkhas fought to the last man, hurling themselves time after time against the weight of the German defences, and in the words of the Indian Corps commander, Lieutenant-General Sir James Willcocks, "... found its Valhalla".[21] During the ultimately unsuccessful Gallipoli campaign in 1915, the Gurkhas were among the first to arrive and the last to leave. The 1st/6th Gurkhas, having landed at Cape Helles, led the assault during the first major operation to take out a Turkish high point, and in doing so captured a feature that later became known as "Gurkha Bluff".[22] At Sari Bair they were the only troops in the whole campaign to reach and hold the crest line and look down on the Straits, which was the ultimate objective.[23] The 2nd Battalion of the 3rd Gurkha Rifles (2nd/3rd Gurkha Rifles) was involved in the conquest of Baghdad.

Following the end of the war, the Gurkhas were returned to India and during the inter-war years, they were largely kept away from the internal strife and urban conflicts of the sub-continent, instead being employed largely on the frontiers and in the hills where fiercely independent tribesmen were a constant source of troubles.[24] As such, between the World Wars, the Gurkha regiments fought in the Third Afghan War in 1919 and then participated in numerous campaigns on the North-West Frontier, mainly in Waziristan, where they were employed as garrison troops defending the frontier, keeping the peace amongst the local populace and keeping the lawless and often openly hostile Pathan tribesmen in check. During this time the North-West Frontier was the scene of considerable political and civil unrest and the troops stationed at Razmak, Bannu and Wanna saw an extensive amount of action.[25]

During World War II (1939–45), there were ten Gurkha regiments, with two battalions each making a total of twenty pre-war battalions.[26] Following the Dunkirk evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force in 1940, the Nepalese government offered to increase recruitment to increase the total number of Gurkha battalions in British service to thirty-five.[27] This would eventually rise to forty-three battalions and in order to achieve this, third and fourth battalions were raised for all ten regiments, with fifth battalions also being raised for 1 GR, 2 GR and 9 GR.[26] This expansion required ten training centres to be established for basic training and regimental records across India. In addition five training battalions[28] were raised, while other units[29] were raised as garrison battalions for keeping the peace in India and defending rear areas.[30] Large numbers of Gurkha men were also recruited for non-Gurkha units, and other specialised functions such as paratroops, signals, engineers, and military police.

A total of 250,280[30] Gurkhas served in 40 battalions, plus eight Nepalese Army battalions, plus Parachute, training, garrison, and porter units during the war,[31] in almost all theatres. In addition to keeping peace in India, Gurkhas fought in Syria, North Africa, Italy, Greece and against the Japanese in the jungles of Burma, northeast India and also Singapore.[32] They did so with considerable distinction, earning 2,734 bravery awards in the process[30] and suffering around 32,000 casualties in all theatres.[33]

Gurkha military rank system in the British Indian Army

Gurkha ranks in the British Indian Army followed the same pattern as those used throughout the rest of the Indian Army at that time.[34] As in the British Army itself, there were three distinct levels: private soldiers, non-commissioned officers and commissioned officers. Commissioned officers within the Gurkha regiments held a Viceroy's Commission, which was distinct from the King's or Queen's Commission that British officers serving with a Gurkha regiment held. Any Gurkha holding a commission was technically subordinate to any British officer, regardless of rank.[35]

The 2/5th Royal Gurkha Rifles marching through Kure soon after their arrival in Japan in May 1946 as part of the Allied forces of occupation

British Indian Army and current Indian Army ranks/current British Army equivalents

Viceroy Commissioned Officers (VCOs) up to 1947 and Junior Commissioned Officers (JCOs) from 1947:[36]

Warrant officers

Non-commissioned officers

Private soldiers

Notes

Regiments of the Gurkha Rifles (c.1815–1947)

Memorial of 10th Princess Mary's Own Gurkha Rifles, Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire
Princess Mary's Own

Second World War training battalions

Post-independence (1947–present)

THE GURKHA
SOLDIER
Bravest of the brave,
most generous of the generous,
never had country
more faithful friends
than you.
Professor Sir Ralph Turner MC[38]

After Indian independence—and the partition of India—in 1947 and under the Tripartite Agreement, the original ten Gurkha regiments consisting of the twenty pre-war battalions were split between the British Army and the newly independent Indian Army.[30] Six Gurkha regiments (twelve battalions) were transferred to the post-independence Indian Army, while four regiments (eight battalions) were transferred to the British Army.[39] After this partition some of the district came under Indian government, the Himalayan belts like District of Darjeeling, Dooars which was never a part of India. This part came under the statehood of West Bengal. Because of difference in culture between the Gurkha and Bengali, the Indian government signed a treaty in 1950 that those Gurkhas who are willing to stay in this District are welcome and will be given the same identify and facility as other Indian, Gurkhas will be known as Indian Gurkhas after this. Serving the nation as proudly considering themselves as Indian, there are approximately 3 million Gurkhas in District of Darjeeling, Dooars, and all over the Himalayan belts. To the disappointment of their British officers, the majority of Gurkhas given a choice between British or Indian Army service opted for the latter. The reason appears to have been the pragmatic one that the Gurkha regiments of the Indian Army would continue to serve in their existing roles in familiar territory and under terms and conditions that were well established.[40] The only substantial change was the substitution of Indian officers for British. By contrast the four regiments selected for British service faced an uncertain future, initially in Malaya—a region where relatively few Gurkhas had previously served. The four regiments (or eight battalions) in British service have since been reduced to a single (two battalion) regiment, while the Indian units have been expanded beyond their pre-Independence establishment of twelve battalions.[41]

The principal aim of the Tripartite Agreement was to ensure that Gurkhas serving under the Crown would be paid on the same scale as those serving in the new Indian Army.[42] This was significantly lower than the standard British rates of pay. While the difference is made up through cost of living and location allowances during a Gurkha's actual period of service, the pension payable on his return to Nepal is much lower than would be the case for his British counterparts.[43]

With the abolition of the Nepalese monarchy, the future recruitment of Gurkhas for British and Indian service was initially put into doubt. A spokesperson for the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), which was expected to play a major role in the new secular republic, stated that recruitment as mercenaries was degrading to the Nepalese people and would be banned.[44] However, as of 2016, Gurkha recruitment for foreign service continues.

British Army Gurkhas

Main article: Brigade of Gurkhas

Four Gurkha regiments were transferred to the British Army on 1 January 1948:

They formed the Brigade of Gurkhas and were initially stationed in Malaya. There were also a number of additional Gurkha regiments including the 69th and 70th Gurkha Field Squadrons, both included in the 36th Engineer Regiment. Since then, British Gurkhas have served in Borneo during the Confrontation with Indonesia, in the Falklands War, and on various peacekeeping missions in Sierra Leone, East Timor, Bosnia and Kosovo.[45]

The Band of Brigade of Gurkhas December 2007

Gurkhas in Hong Kong:

As of November 2006, the Brigade of Gurkhas in the British Army has the following units:

The Brigade of Gurkhas also has its own clerks and chefs posted among the above-mentioned units. Gurkhas were among the troops who retook the Falklands in 1982 and have served a number of tours of duty in the current War in Afghanistan.[46][47][48]

Indian Army Gurkhas

The 1st Battalion of 1 Gurkha Rifles of the Indian Army take position outside a simulated combat town during a training exercise

Upon independence in 1947, six of the original ten Gurkha regiments remained with the Indian Army.[39] These regiments were:

Additionally, a further regiment, 11 Gorkha Rifles, was raised. In 1949 the spelling was changed from "Gurkha" to the original "Gorkha".[49] All royal titles were dropped when India became a republic in 1950.[49]

Since partition, the Gurkha regiments that were transferred to the Indian Army have established themselves as a permanent and vital part of the newly independent Indian Army. Indeed, while Britain has reduced its Gurkha contingent, India has continued to recruit Gorkhas of Nepal into Gorkha regiments in large numbers, as well as Indian Gorkhas.[41] In 2009 the Indian Army had a Gorkha contingent that numbered around 42,000 men in forty-six battalions, spread across seven regiments.

Although their deployment is still governed by the 1947 Tripartite Agreement, in the post-1947 conflicts India has fought in, Gorkhas have served in almost all of them, including the wars with Pakistan in 1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999 and also against China in 1962.[50] They have also been used in peacekeeping operations around the world.[49] They have also served in Sri Lanka conducting operations against the Tamil Tigers.[51]

Singapore Gurkha Contingent

The Gurkha Contingent (GC) of the Singapore Police Force was formed on 9 April 1949 from selected ex-British Army Gurkhas. It is an integral part of the Police Force and was raised to replace a Sikh unit which had existed prior to the Japanese occupation during the Second World War.[52]

The GC is a well trained, dedicated and disciplined body whose principal role is as riot police. In times of crisis it can be deployed as a reaction force. During the turbulent years before and after independence, the GC acquitted itself well on several occasions during outbreaks of civil disorder. The Gurkhas displayed the courage, self-restraint and professionalism for which they are famous and earned the respect of the society at large.[52]

Recently the GC can be seen patrolling the streets and have replaced local policemen to guard key installations. The most recent deployment of the GC was to provide additional security for the Singapore Airshow, Asia's largest airshow, and the hunt for the escaped terrorist, Mas Selamat.

Brunei Gurkha Reserve Unit

The Gurkha Reserve Unit is a special guard and elite shock trooper force in the Sultanate of Brunei. The Brunei Reserve Unit employs about 500 Gurkhas. The majority are veterans of the British Army and the Singaporean Police, who have joined the GRU as a second career.

Gurkha soldiers in non-specific foreign units

Hong Kong

A considerable number of ex-Gurkhas and their families live in Hong Kong, where they are particularly well represented in the private security profession (G4S Gurkha Services, Pacific Crown Security Service, Sunkoshi Gurkha Security) and among labourers. Ex-Gurkhas left their barracks and moved into the surrounding urban area. There are considerable Nepalese communities in Yuen Long and Kwun Chung.

Malaysia

After the Federation of Malaya became independent from the United Kingdom in August 1957, many Gurkhas became soldiers in the Malayan armed forces, especially in the Royal Ranger Regiment.

United States Navy

The United States Navy employs civilian Gurkha contract guards. Some work alongside Army, Air Force and Navy personnel in day-to-day operations, notably as sentries at its base in Naval Support Activity Bahrain and on the US Navy side of the pier at Mina Salman. Others work as security forces at the United States Embassy in Kabul, Afghanistan.

Coalition Forces in Iraq

Gurkha contract guards were used to guard key facilities in Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom. The guarded facilities included Baghdad International Airport and the Al Rasheed Hotel.

Other

Ethnic identity

Ethnically, Chhetri or Khas , Thakuri, Gurung and Magar mainly were the Gorkha tribes who united erstwhile Gorkha kingdom and fought against the British invasions. But today, Gorkha soldiers mostly belong to the Gurung, Magar, Rai, Limbu and Sunuwar, and a handful of Chhetri; there is no ethnicity based restriction to join. All Gurkhas, regardless of ethnic origin, speak, in addition to their group language, Nepali, also known as Khas Kura or Khas Bhasa.Their large knife, called the kukri, became iconic and is featured in a curved configuration on their emblem.

Life after service

Many Gorkhas of Nepal traditionally returned to their homeland of Nepal following their military service, to resume a life of subsistence farming or labour. The country’s poor infrastructure and lack of welfare system led to a high number of ex-Gorkhas facing destitution. When the extent of their hardship came to light in the late 1960s, officers in the British Army established a charity – The Gurkha Welfare Trust – to ensure that all former soldiers would live out their retirement in dignity.

Indian statehood aspirations Gorkhaland

In the mid-1980s, some Gorkhali speaking groups in West Bengal began to organize under the name of Gorkhaland National Liberation Front, calling for their own Gorkha state, Gorkhaland.

Victoria Cross recipients

There have been twenty-six Victoria Crosses awarded to members of the Gurkha regiments.[53] The first was awarded in 1858 and the last in 1965.[54] Thirteen of the recipients have been British officers serving with Gurkha regiments, although since 1915 the majority have been received by Gurkhas serving in the ranks as private soldiers or as NCOs.[18] In addition, since Indian independence in 1947, Gurkhas serving in the Indian Army have also been awarded three Param Vir Chakras, which are roughly equivalent.[55]

Of note also, there have been two George Cross medals awarded to Gurkha soldiers, for acts of bravery in situations that have not involved combat.[18]

Treatment of Gurkhas in the United Kingdom

Nick Clegg being presented a Gurkha Hat, by a Gurkha veteran during his Maidstone visit, to celebrate the success of their joint campaign for the right to live in Britain, 2009

The treatment of Gurkhas and their families was the subject of controversy in the United Kingdom once it became widely known that Gurkhas received smaller pensions than their British counterparts.[56] The nationality status of Gurkhas and their families was also an area of dispute, with claims that some ex-army Nepali families were being denied residency and forced to leave Britain. On 8 March 2007, the British Government announced that all Gurkhas who signed up after 1 July 1997 would receive a pension equivalent to that of their British counterparts. In addition, Gurkhas would, for the first time, be able to transfer to another army unit after five years' service and women would also be allowed to join—although not in first-line units—conforming to the British Army's policy. The act also guaranteed residency rights in Britain for retired Gurkhas and their families.

Despite the changes, many Gurkhas who had not served long enough to entitle them to a pension faced hardship on their return to Nepal, and some critics derided the Government's decision to only award the new pension and citizenship entitlement to those joining after 1 July 1997, claiming that this left many ex-Gurkha servicemen still facing a financially uncertain retirement. A pressure group, Gurkha Justice Campaign,[57] joined the debate in support of the Gurkhas.

In a landmark ruling on 30 September 2008 the High Court in London decided that the Home Secretary's policy allowing Gurkhas who left the Army before 1997 to apply for settlement in the United Kingdom was irrationally restrictive in its criteria, and quashed it. In line with the ruling of the High Court the Home Office pledged to review all cases affected by this decision.[58]

On 29 April 2009 a motion in the House of Commons by the Liberal Democrats that all Gurkhas be offered an equal right of residence was passed by 267 votes to 246. This was the only first day motion defeat for a government since 1978. Nick Clegg, the Liberal Democrat leader, stated that "This is an immense victory [...] for the rights of Gurkhas who have been waiting so long for justice, a victory for Parliament, a victory for decency." He added that it was "the kind of thing people want this country to do".[59]

On 21 May 2009, the Home Secretary Jacqui Smith announced that all Gurkha veterans who retired before 1997 with at least four years service would be allowed to settle in the UK. The actress Joanna Lumley, daughter of Gurkha corps major James Lumley, who had highlighted the treatment of the Gurkhas and campaigned for their rights, commented: "This is the welcome we have always longed to give".[60]

A charity, The Gurkha Welfare Trust, provides aid to alleviate hardship and distress among Gurkha ex-servicemen.[61]

On June 9, 2015, a celebration called the Gurkha 200, held at The Royal Hospital Chelsea and attended by members of the royal family, will commemorate the bicentennial of the Gurkha Welfare Trust by paying tribute to Gurkha culture and military service.[62]

Settlement rights

A 2008 UK High Court decision on a test case in London, R. (On the Application of Limbu) v Secretary of State for the Home Department ([2008] EWHC 2261 (Admin)), acknowledged the 'debt of honour' to Gurkhas discharged before 1997. The Home Secretary of State's policy allowing veterans to apply on a limited set of criteria (such as connection to the United Kingdom) was quashed as being unduly restrictive. The Court found that the Gurkhas had suffered a "historic injustice", and that the policy was irrational in failing to take into account factors such as length of service or particularly meritorious conduct.[63]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ "BBC News - Who are the Gurkhas?". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  2. ↑ Land of the Gurkhas; or, the Himalayan Kingdom of Nepal, p. 44, by W.B. Northy (London, 1937)
  3. ↑ asianhistory.about.com Who are the Gorkha?
  4. ↑ Gorkha District
  5. ↑ Kinsey, Christopher. "International Law and the Control of Mercenaries and Private Military Companies". Conflits.revues.org. Retrieved 2014-01-03.
  6. ↑ Wither, James (January 2005). "Expeditionary Forces for Post Modern Europe: Will European Military Weakness Provide an Opportunity for the New Condottieri?". Conflict Studies Research Centre, website of the MoD. p. 11. Archived from the original on 21 October 2007.
  7. ↑ "Who Are Gurkhas?". gwt.org.uk. Gurkha Welfare Trust. Retrieved 23 June 2011.
  8. ↑ "Nepal Origins of the Legendary Gurkha - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System". Photius.com. Retrieved 2014-01-03.
  9. ↑ "Who are the Gurkhas?". BBC News. 27 July 2010.
  10. ↑ Parker 2005, p. 58.
  11. ↑ Parker 2005, p. 57.
  12. ↑ "History of the Brigade of Gurkhas". website of the Brigade of Gurkhas. Archived from the original on 3 April 2012.
  13. ↑ Streets, Heather (2004). Martial races: the military, race and masculinity in British imperial culture, 1857–1914. Manchester University Press. p. 79. ISBN 0-7190-6962-9.
  14. ↑ Parker 2005, pp. 62–63.
  15. ↑ Chappell 1993, p. 13.
  16. ↑ Baker, Margaret (2008). Discovering London Statues and Monuments. Volume 42 of Shire Discovering (5, illustrated ed.). Osprey Publishing. pp. 18. ISBN 0-7478-0495-8.
  17. ↑ Parker 2005, p. 79.
  18. 1 2 3 Parker 2005, p. xvii.
  19. ↑ Chappell 1993, p. 9.
  20. ↑ Parker 2005, p. 99.
  21. ↑ Sengupta 2007.
  22. ↑ Parker 2005, pp. 117–118.
  23. ↑ Parker 2005, p. 121.
  24. ↑ Parker 2005, p. 150.
  25. ↑ For more detail see Barthorp 2002.
  26. 1 2 Cross & Gurung 2002, p. 31.
  27. ↑ Parker 2005, pp. 157–158.
  28. ↑ 14 GR, 29 GR, 38 GR, 56 GR and 710 GR.
  29. ↑ 25 GR and 26 GR.
  30. 1 2 3 4 Cross & Gurung 2002, p. 32.
  31. ↑ Osprey Military Elite Series #49 The Gurkhas by Mike Chappell 1993 ISBN 1-85532-357-5
  32. ↑ "Participants from the Indian subcontinent in the Second World War". Retrieved 27 February 2007.
  33. ↑ See Parker 2005, p. xvii. Gurkha casualties for the Second World War can be broken down as: 8,985 killed or missing and 23,655 wounded.
  34. ↑ Cross & Gurung 2002, p. 33.
  35. 1 2 3 4 5 Cross & Gurung 2002, p. 34.
  36. ↑ Source: Cross & Gurung 2002, pp. 33–34
  37. 1 2 3 4 "115 Infantry Brigade Subordanates". Order of Battle. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
  38. ↑ The inscription on a monument to Gurkha soldiers which was unveiled in 1997 in Whitehall, London (Staff.The Gurkhas — Britain's oldest allies BBC, 4 December 1997).
  39. 1 2 Parker 2005, p. 224.
  40. ↑ Parker 2005, p. 226.
  41. 1 2 Parker 2005, p. 229.
  42. ↑ Parker 2005, pp. 322–323.
  43. ↑ Parker 2005, p. 323.
  44. ↑ Parker 2005, p. 344.
  45. ↑ Parker 2005, p. 360.
  46. ↑ "Bravery medal for Gurkha who fought Taliban". BBC. 1 June 2011.
  47. ↑ Kaphle, Anup; Wood, Graeme (10 May 2010). "Back to the Afghan Future: The return of the Gurkhas". The Weekly Standard. 15 (32).
  48. ↑ Farmer, Ben (31 October 2012). "British Gurkhas shot dead in Afghanistan attack named". Daily Telegraph. London, UK.
  49. 1 2 3 Chappell 1993, p. 12.
  50. ↑ Parker 2005, p. 230.
  51. ↑ Parker 2005, p. 203.
  52. 1 2 Parker 2005, p. 390.
  53. ↑ Parker 2005, pp. 391–393.
  54. ↑ For a detailed list of the recipients and their deeds, see the British Ministry of Defence website: http://www.army.mod.uk/gurkhas/7561.aspx
  55. ↑ "Param Vir Chakra". Pride of India.net. Retrieved 29 May 2009.
  56. ↑ Parker 2005, p. 334.
  57. ↑ Lumley, Joanna. "Gurkha Justice Campaign". Gurkha Justice Campaign. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
  58. ↑ "Gurkhas win right to stay in UK". UK News. BBC News. 30 September 2008. Retrieved 2 September 2011.
  59. ↑ "Brown defeated over Gurkha rules". UK Politics. BBC News. 29 April 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2011. Gordon Brown's government has suffered a shock defeat in the Commons on its policy of restricting the right of many former Gurkhas to settle in the UK. MPs voted by 267 to 246 for a Lib Dem motion offering all Gurkhas equal right of residence, with the Tories and 27 Labour rebels backing it.
  60. ↑ "Gurkhas win right to settle in UK". UK News. BBC News. 21 May 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2011. All Gurkha veterans who retired before 1997 with at least four years' service will be allowed to settle in the UK, Home Secretary Jacqui Smith has said. Ms Smith told MPs she was "proud to offer this country's welcome to all who have served in the brigade of Gurkhas". It comes after a high-profile campaign by Joanna Lumley and other supporters of Gurkha rights — and an embarrassing Commons defeat for the government.
  61. ↑ Parker 2005, pp. 379–383.
  62. ↑ "Gurkha 200". Gurkha 200. Retrieved 2015-06-09.
  63. ↑ "Gurkhas win right to stay in UK". BBC News. 30 September 2008.

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