Haplogroup C-F3393

Haplogroup C1 F3393
Possible time of origin about 48,400 years[1]
Possible place of origin probably South Asia
Ancestor Haplogroup C
Descendants C1a CTS11043; C1a1 M8; C1a2 V20 (previously C6); C1a2 (previously C6) V20; C1b1a B66/Z16458; C1b1a1 M356; (previously C5); C1b2a M38 (previously C2); C1b2a1a P33; C1b2b (previously C4) M347
Defining mutations F3393

Haplogroup C1 also known as C-F3393, is a major Y-chromosome haplogroup. It is one of two primary branches of the broader Haplogroup C, the other being C2 (also known as C-M217; the former Haplogroup C3).

The basal paragroup, C1* (C-F3393*), has not been found, in samples from living or dead males. Of the two primary branches, C1b is common in parts of Oceania and Asia, whereas C1a is extremely rare worldwide and has been found only amongst individuals native to Japan, Nepal, and Southern Europe.

Distribution

The paragroup C1* (C-F3393*) and its subclades are the predominant Y-DNA haplogroups among peoples indigenous to Australia, some of the Pacific Islands and South Asia. Other subclades are found, at very low frequencies, in isolated locations throughout the Eurasian landmass and adjoining islands.

It is likely that more than 40% of indigenous Australian males belonged to the subclade C1b2b (C-M347) known previously as C4, before contact with European settlers.[2] Within C-M347 at least two subclades have been identified: C1b2b1 (DYS390.1del,M210) and an as yet unresolved offshoot of the C1b2b1 paragroup (i.e. M347xDYS390.1del,M210).

C1b2a (M38), previously known as C2, is virtually restricted to Island South East Asia, New Guinea, Melanesia, and Polynesia.[3] Of its subclades, C1b2a1a (P33) is found at a high frequency among Polynesians.[4][5]

Some minority populations throughout Asia have been found to possess C1b1a (C-B66/Z16458) and C1b1a1 (C-M356) at high levels. C1b1a is found at low frequencies in South Asia, Central Asia, and Southwest Asia.[6][7][8][9][10][11] C1b1a1, previously known as C5, is significant in South Asia.[3]

One of the most interesting findings of recent genetic surveys is that the sole living members of C1a (CTS11043) are not only rare, but distributed geographically in an extremely bifurcated pattern:

Phylogenetic structure

See also

Phylogenetic tree of human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups [χ 1][χ 2]
"Y-chromosomal Adam"
A00 A0-T [χ 3]
A0 A1 [χ 4]
A1a A1b
A1b1 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
F1  F2  F3  GHIJK
G HIJK
IJK H
IJ   K
I J    LT [χ 5]  K2
L T [χ 6] NO [χ 7] K2b [χ 8]     K2c  K2d  K2e [χ 9]
N   O   K2b1 [χ 10]     P
K2b1a[χ 11]     K2b1b K2b1c      M     P1 P2
K2b1a1   K2b1a2   K2b1a3 S [χ 12] Q   R
  1. ↑ Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809.
  2. ↑ International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)
  3. ↑ Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A0'1'2'3'4.
  4. ↑ Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.
  5. ↑ Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.
  6. ↑ Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T (M184) was known as "Haplogroup K2" – that name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.
  7. ↑ Haplogroup NO (M214) is also known as Haplogroup K2a (although the present Haplogroup K2e was also previously known as "K2a").
  8. ↑ Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.
  9. ↑ Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a, also known as Haplogroup NO).
  10. ↑ Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is similar to the former Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.
  11. ↑ Haplogroup K2b1a has also been known as Haplogroup S-P405.
  12. ↑ Haplogroup S (S-M230), also known as K2b1a4, was previously known as Haplogroup K5.

Footnotes

  1. ↑ C-F3393 tree, Yfull
  2. ↑ Hudjashov G, Kivisild T, Underhill PA, et al. (May 2007). "Revealing the prehistoric settlement of Australia by Y chromosome and mtDNA analysis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (21): 8726–30. doi:10.1073/pnas.0702928104. PMC 1885570Freely accessible. PMID 17496137.
  3. 1 2 3 4 ISOGG, 2015 "Y-DNA Haplogroup C and its Subclades – 2015" (15 September 2015).
  4. ↑ Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Park H, et al. (2006). "Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes". J. Hum. Genet. 51 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. PMID 16328082.
  5. ↑ Cox MP, Redd AJ, Karafet TM, et al. (October 2007). "A Polynesian motif on the Y chromosome: population structure in remote Oceania". Hum. Biol. 79 (5): 525–35. PMID 18478968.
  6. ↑ Gayden, Tenzin; Cadenas, Alicia M.; Regueiro, Maria; Singh, NB; Zhivotovsky, LA; Underhill, PA; Cavalli-Sforza, LL; Herrera, RJ (2007). "The Himalayas as a Directional Barrier to Gene Flow". American Journal of Human Genetics. 80 (5): 884–894. doi:10.1086/516757. PMC 1852741Freely accessible. PMID 17436243.
  7. ↑ Simona Fornarino, Maria Pala, Vincenza Battaglia et al., Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation, BMC Evolutionary Biology (2009), 9:154 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154 PMID 19573232
  8. ↑ Cadenas, Alicia M; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca L; Underhill, PA; Herrera, RJ (2008). "Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman". European Journal of Human Genetics. 16 (3): 374–386. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201934. PMID 17928816.
  9. ↑ Abu-Amero, Khaled K; Hellani, Ali; González, Ana M; Larruga, Jose M; Cabrera, Vicente M; Underhill, Peter A (2009). "Saudi Arabian Y-Chromosome diversity and its relationship with nearby regions". BMC Genetics. 10: 59. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-10-59. PMC 2759955Freely accessible. PMID 19772609.
  10. ↑ Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, et al. (February 2006). "Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 78 (2): 202–21. doi:10.1086/499411. PMC 1380230Freely accessible. PMID 16400607.
  11. ↑ Karafet, T. M.; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F. (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research. 18 (5): 830–8. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805Freely accessible. PMID 18385274.
  12. ↑ Scozzari R, Massaia A, DAtanasio E, Myres NM, Perego UA, et al. (202). "Molecular Dissection of the Basal Clades in the Human Y Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree". PLoS ONE. 7 (11): e49170. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049170. PMC 3492319Freely accessible. PMID 23145109.
  13. ↑ Pille Hallast, Chiara Batini, Daniel Zadik, et al., "The Y-Chromosome Tree Bursts into Leaf: 13,000 High-Confidence SNPs Covering the Majority of Known Clades." Molecular Biology and Evolution doi:10.1093/molbev/msu327 Advance Access publication December 2, 2014
  14. ↑ http://dienekes.blogspot.ru/2014/01/brown-skinned-blue-eyed-y-haplogroup-c.html
  15. ↑ http://biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2015/02/10/013433.full.pdf
  16. ↑ Qiaomei Fu et al, The genetic history of Ice Age Europe, Nature(2016)doi:10.1038/nature17993Received 18 December 2015 Accepted 12 April 2016 Published online 02 May 2016
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 8/29/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.