High-speed rail in Russia

Russian high speed train Sapsan on route from Moscow to Saint Petersburg

High-speed rail is emerging in Russia as an increasingly popular means of transport.

Experimental trainsets built in 1974

Two experimental high-speed trainsets were built in 1974 designed for 200 km/h (120 mph) operation: the locomotive-hauled RT-200 ("Russkaya Troika") and the ER-200 EMU. The RT-200 set made only experimental runs in 1975 and 1980 and was discontinued due to the unavailability of the ChS-200 high-speed locomotive, which was only delivered later. The ER-200 EMU was put into regular service in 1984. In 1992 a second ER-200 trainset was built in Riga. Both sets were retired in 2009.

Lines in operation

• The Sapsan on the Moscow–Saint Petersburg Railway is Russia's highest speed railway with a top speed of 250 km/h (155 mph).^[1] The first upgraded 250 km/h service using Russian high speed trains Sapsan went into service on December 26, 2009.
• Helsinki–St. Petersburg: 200 km/h (124 mph) high-speed service using Karelian Trains Class Sm6 (Allegro) trains started on December 12, 2010, reducing travel time from 5.5 hours to 3.5 hours. The trains run at 200 km/h (124 mph) on most of the Russian part, and 220 km/h (137 mph) on a short stretch in Finland.^[2]
• Moscow–Nizhny Novgorod: High-speed traffic in Nizhny Novgorod began in July 2010.^[3] Two Sapsan trains make shuttle trips between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow, and one between Nizhny Novgorod and St. Petersburg. The latter route takes 8 hours and 30 minutes, compared to the previous 14 hours.^[4]

New lines under consideration

Russia has the following lines under consideration:

• Moscow–Kazan High-Speed Rail Project: The call to build this 770 kilometers, 2018 completed rail line that would connect Kazan and Moscow was first announced by President Vladimir Putin in the Economic Forum at St. Petersburg in 2013. Plans for the railroad estimate that it will be the first true high-speed line in Russia with trains operating at up to 400 kilometers per hour. A rail trip from Moscow to Kazan which today takes a close to 13 hours trip, would be reduced to 3.5 hours. With the Moscow – St. Petersburg line on the other hand trains run at up to 240 kilometers per hour.^[5]
• Moscow–Rostov line: A new line with the capacity for high speed rail was approved due to the old line passing through Ukraine and is expected to be operational by 2018,^[6] but if it will be really used for high-speed trains, is still unknown.
• New Moscow–St Petersburg line: In February 2010, RZD announced that it would unveil proposals in March 2010, for a new "European standard" high-speed line between St Petersburg and Moscow.^[7] The new line would be built to Russian gauge and would probably be built parallel to the existing line.^[7] At an event on 1 April 2010, it was announced that the new Moscow – St. Petersburg high-speed line would allow trains to run at speeds up to 400 km/h (249 mph). The total journey time would be cut from 3h 45m to 2h 30m. The new line is expected to make extensive use of bridges, tunnels and viaducts. Finance will be provided by a public-private finance vehicle. The line is expected to carry 14 million people in its first year. Representatives from many other high-speed lines will be consulted, in an effort to avoid construction delays and design flaws.^[8] Apart from faster travel times, the new line would increase capacity, since the current line is congested and there is only room for a limited number of high speed trains. It would also improve safety, since trains pass some level crossings at 250 km/h. In fact, this project is already canceled in favour of Moscow–Kazan High-Speed Rail Project.
• Moscow–Riga:^[9] Under consideration, but low priority. Latvia's priority is the Rail Baltica line to Warsaw via Kaunas which as of 2014 is under construction. Russia's priority is domestic lines. Also Moscow-Kaliningrad (via Belarus and Lithuania), Moscow-Kiev-Lviv/Odessa, Ekaterinburg-Kirov-Vologda-Tallinn, Kazan-Astana-Almaty-Tashkent corridors are similar cases.
• Ulan Ude-Beijing: International link to China, with Russian gauge.
• Kazan-Astana-Beijing: International link to China via Kazakhstan and Mongolia, with Russian gauge.
• Russia to India: International link to India via Central Asian Republics, Afghanistan and Pakistan, with 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) Indian gauge (different broad gauge).
• Russia to North America: International link to the United States via Bering Strait Tunnel (TKM-World Link), Alaska and Canada, with 6 ft (1,829 mm) gauge (different broad gauge).
• Brest-Berlin and Kaliningrad-Hamburg: International link, to build new double-track Russian gauge tracks alongside existing 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in) standard gauge tracks.
• Kazan-Ekaterinburg-Vladivostok: Domestic line to Eastern Russia, with Russian gauge, alongside existing the Trans-Siberian Railway, low priority.

Criticism from Rural areas

Since the Sapsan service between Moscow and St Petersburg shares tracks with regular passenger trains and freight trains, it has been widely reported that its introduction has resulted in the cancellation of a number of more affordable long-distance passenger and commuter trains, and long delays for many other trains that continue to run. Moreover, the numerous level crossings along the line have to be kept closed to road traffic for longer for the high-speed trains than for regular ones (the crossing is closed 15 minutes ahead of a fast train passing through); the resulting delays have been criticized by motorists and bus passengers, as well as by ambulance and fire services in towns along the railway. In some small towns dependent on commuter trains for connection with the outside world, and on level crossings for local travel, such as Chupriyanovka (Чуприяновка; population 2,500) near Tver, local officials have expressed the sentiment that "our town is cut into two halves for over seven hours each day" and that "we have been cut off from the outside world". Overall, the feeling is widespread that the new service benefits the country's moneyed elite, while severely inconveniencing the majority of the population in the regions through which the railway runs.^[10] As for 2015 the additional tracks for high speed trains^[11] and over-crossings were built.

References

1. "First high speed train Sapsan arrived in St Petersburg from Moscow". Russia InfoCentre. 26 December 2008.
2. "Allegro launch cuts Helsinki - St Petersburg journey times". Railway Gazette International. 13 December 2010.
3. "Sapsan reaches Nizhny Novgorod". Railway Gazette International. 2 August 2010.
4. "Technical safety of 'Sapsan' high-speed train ensured 100% - Russian Railroads". Retrieved 2010-01-24. (dead link dec 2010)
5. http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/potential-investors-get-preview-of-moscow-kazan-high-speed-rail-project/495599.html
6. https://www.rt.com/business/316106-ukraine-russia-railway-bypass/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
7. "Russia to announce high speed line plan". Railway Gazette International. 17 February 2010.
8. "RZD launches Moscow - St Petersburg high speed line project". Railway Gazette International. 2 April 2010.
9. http://www.baltic-course.com/eng/transport/?doc=41999
10. Axel Gyldén (2010-07-23), "Le TGV russe, symbole d'un pays à deux vitesses", L'Express (in French)
11. http://www.netall.ru/gnn/130/575/873531.html