Hydrogen highway

A hydrogen highway is a chain of hydrogen-equipped filling stations and other hydrogen infrastructure along a road or highway which would allow hydrogen powered cars to travel. It is an element of the hydrogen infrastructure that is generally assumed to be a pre-requisite for mass utilization of hydrogen cars. For instance, William Clay Ford Jr. has stated that infrastructure is one of three factors (also including costs and manufacturability in high volumes) that hold back the marketability of fuel cell cars (some commentators, such as Amory Lovins in Natural Capitalism, have argued that such infrastructure may not be necessary). Hence, there are plans and proposals to develop hydrogen highways through private and public funds.

The use of hydrogen cars has been proposed as a means to reduce local air pollution and carbon emissions because hydrogen fuel cell cars emit clean exhaust. Hydrogen can be produced from natural gas, coal and renewable energy.[1] However, as long as the majority of hydrogen continues to be produced by burning fossil fuels and transported in trucks, pollution is emitted by the hydrogen manufacturing process.[2]

Japan

For more details on this topic, see Hydrogen highway (Japan).

At the end of 2012 there were 17 private hydrogen stations.[3] In 2014, Japan got its first commercial hydrogen fueling station.[4] The Japanese government hoped to add up to 100 hydrogen stations under a budget of 460 million dollars covering 50% of the installation costs with the last ones intended to be operational in 2015.[5][6] JX Energy planned to install 40 stations by 2015.[7] and another 60 in the period 2016–2018[8] Toho Gas and Iwatani Corp[9] planned to develop an additional 20 stations.[10] Toyota Tsusho and Air Liquide formed a joint venture to build 2 hydrogen stations planned to be ready by 2015.[11]

By May 2016, there were approximately 80 hydrogen fueling stations in Japan.[12]

Europe

As of November 2014, there were 27 publicly available hydrogen fuel stations in operation in Western Europe. "That number is expected to climb to 47 stations [in 2015], but considering that each new station costs around $1.3 million to build, the cost is pretty high for this buildout."[13]

Germany

In Germany as of September 2013 there were 15 publicly available hydrogen fuel stations in operation.[14] Most but not all of these stations were operated by partners of the Clean Energy Partnership.[15] The German government had agreed to support an expansion of the stations nationwide to 50 by 2015, under a letter of intent,[16][17] through its public private partnership Now GMBH[18] program NIP (National Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Innovation Programme)[19] with a subsidy of 20 Million Euros.[20][21] The H2 Mobility initiative had stated that it wants to raise that number to 100 stations from 2015 to 2017 and to 400 stations in 2023 at a cost of €350 million Euros.[22]

Italy

Italy's first hydrogen highway is the Motorway of Brennero (A22).[23] It runs from Modena to Verona.[24]

Scandinavia

For more details on this topic, see Scandinavian hydrogen highway partnership.

The Scandinavian Hydrogen Highway Partnership (SHHP) is planned to link the three current hydrogen highways: HyNor, Hydrogen Sweden and Hydrogen Link Network.[25]

HyNor - In Norway, as of 2009, a 7 station hydrogen highway was planned from Oslo to Stavanger. [26] In 2011, Statoil announced that they wanted to close their filling stations in Stavanger, Porsgrunn, Drammen and Oslo after 2012.[27] A new company, HyOP,[28] was established to take over the ownership and operation of the stations, and did so in May 2012.

Hydrogen Sweden (formerly Hyfuture / SamVäte i Väst) is the development of a hydrogen highway system in the western region of Sweden.[29][30]

The hydrogen link network is a planned 15 station Nordic Transportation Network (NTN) that would serve to link Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Germany.

Spain

The first three Spanish fueling stations on the A-23 between Huesca and Zaragoza opened in 2010.[31]

United States

In 2013, The New York Times reported that there were "10 hydrogen stations available to the public in the United States: one in Columbia, S.C., eight in Southern California and the one in Emeryville, California".[32] In 2013 the Department of Energy launched H2USA focused on advancing the hydrogen infrastructure.[33] As of December 2016, there are 31 publicly accessible hydrogen refueling stations in the US, 28 of which are located in California.[34]

California

For more details on this topic, see California Hydrogen Highway.

In 2013 Governor Brown signed AB 8, a bill to fund $20 million a year for 10 years for up to 100 stations.[35] As of December 2016, there are 28 publicly accessible hydrogen refueling stations in California.[34]

East Coast

As of December 2016, there are 3 publicly accessible hydrogen refueling stations near the East Coast of the US.[34]

Canada

For more details on this topic, see BC hydrogen highway.

In British Columbia, Canada, five fueling stations were built, one each in Whistler, at the University of British Columbia and in Burnaby, and two others that were later moved to Surrey. But aside from Whistler they are little-used. Reportedly, only three leased Ford fuel cell cars remain in Surrey, and there is a fleet of 20 hydrogen buses in Whistler. There are no official plans to build any more fuelling stations as the Hydrogen Highway project closed in 2011.[36] The hydrogen bus experiment in Whistler ended in March 2014, and the hydrogen fueling station there was dismantled.[37]

See also

References

  1. "Hydrogen Benefits and Considerations", Alternative Fuels Data Center, accessed February 26, 2016
  2. 2006 EFCF paper on hydrogen efficiency
  3. "fuelcellinsider.org - Index". Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  4. "Japan gets its first commercial hydrogen station for vehicles". 14 July 2014. Retrieved 4 October 2016 via Japan Times Online.
  5. Initiative to Promote a Diffusion of Hydrogen Fuel Cell
  6. "Demonstration Program for Establishing a Hydrogen-Based Social System". Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  7. "JX Energy Planning 40 Hydrogen Refuelling Stations in Japan by 2015". Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  8. "JX Nippon Oil to build 100 hydrogen stations in Japan". Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  9. "Iwatani Corporation-NewsRelease". Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  10. Iwatani 2012
  11. Japan: Air Liquide signs partnership with Toyota Tsusho for hydrogen supply of fuel cell electric vehicles
  12. Voelcker, John. "Smaller, cheaper Toyota Mirai fuel-cell car coming in 2019, company says", Green Car Reports, May 9, 2016
  13. Ayre, James. "Toyota to Lose $100,000 On Every Hydrogen FCV Sold?", CleanTechnica.com, November 19, 2014
  14. ""H2 Mobility" initiative - Nieuws & media > Persberichten - Linde Healthcare". Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  15. "The Clean Energy Partnership is growing: with new hydrogen filling stations, new regions and a new international automobile partner in Toyota" (PDF) (Press release). Clean Energy Partnership. 2010-03-05. Retrieved 2010-05-09.
  16. "The Propagation of Hydrogen Stations". Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  17. German Government announces support for 50 urban hydrogen refuelling stations, H2euro.org
  18. "NOW: now-gmbh.de - Startseite". Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  19. NIP
  20. {German} Bundesregierung und industrie errichten netz von 50 wasserstoff-tankstellen
  21. 50 hydrogen refuelling stations for Germany – locations confirmed
  22. H2 Mobility initiative: Leading industrial companies agree on an action plan for the construction of a hydrogen refuelling network in Germany
  23. Green Corridor Project, Production and distribution of ‘green’ hydrogen along the Brenner motorway
  24. Installation of the first hydrogen pilot plant at Bolzano Sud
  25. Scandinavian Hydrogen Highway Partnership (SHHP)
  26. "Hydrogen highway opens in Norway". HyNor. 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2010.
  27. "Hydrogenframtida i fare". Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  28. "Forside - Hyop AS". Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  29. "Hem". Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  30. "Hem" (PDF). Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  31. "Zaragoza y Huesca, unidas por la primera autovía del hidrógeno en España" Gabinete de prensa del Gobierno de Aragón, June 23, 2010 (spanish)
  32. Berman, Bradley. "Fuel Cells at Center Stage", New York Times, November 24, 2013, p. AU1
  33. "Energy Department Launches Public-Private Partnership to Deploy Hydrogen Infrastructure". Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  34. 1 2 3 Alternative Fueling Station Counts by State, Alternative Fuels Data Center, accessed December 2, 2016
  35. Xiong, Ben. "Governor Brown Signs AB 8", California Fuel Cell Partnership, September 30, 2013
  36. Jones, Nicola. "Whatever happened to the hydrogen highway?", Pique Publishing, February 9, 2012, accessed November 20, 2013
  37. Taylor, Alison. "Diesel buses to replace hydrogen fleet in March", Pique Publishing, December 6, 2013

External links

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