Injury

Injury
The knee of a person is examined with the help of radiography after an injury.
Classification and external resources
ICD-10	S00-T88
ICD-9-CM	800-999
MeSH	D014947

Injury is damage to the body.^[1] This may be caused by accidents, falls, hits, weapons, and other causes.^[1]

Major trauma is injury that has the potential to cause prolonged disability or death.

In 2013, 4.8 million people died from injuries, up from 4.3 million in 1990. More than 30% of these deaths were transport-related injuries. In 2013, 367,000 children under the age of five died from injuries, down from 766,000 in 1990.^[2] Injuries are the cause of 9% of all deaths, and are the sixth-leading cause of death in the world.^[3][4]

Classification

Deaths from injuries per million persons in 2012

  203-358

  359-428

  429-483

  484-559

  560-637

  638-716

  717-817

  818-939

  940-1,140

  1,141-2,961

Deaths from intentional injuries per million persons in 2012

  14-65

  66-89

  90-114

  115-137

  138-171

  172-193

  194-226

  227-291

  292-379

  380-2,730

The World Health Organization (WHO) developed the International Classification of External Causes of Injury (ICECI). Under this system, injuries are classified by

• mechanism of injury,
• objects/substances producing injury,
• place of occurrence,
• activity when injured,
• the role of human intent,

and additional modules. These codes allow the identification of distributions of injuries in specific populations and case identification for more detailed research on causes and preventive efforts.^[5][6]

The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics developed the Occupational Injury and Illness Classification System (OIICS). Under this system injuries are classified by

• nature,
• part of body affected,
• source and secondary source, and
• event or exposure.

The OIICS was first published in 1992 and has been updated several times since.^[7]

The Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) is used to classify injuries to enable research into specific sports injuries.^[8]

By cause

• Intentional injury
  • Suicide and self-harm
  • Violence and war
• Accidents
  • Stingray injury
  • Lightning injuries

By modality

• Traumatic injury, a body wound or shock produced by sudden physical collision or movement^[9]
  • Avulsion injury
  • Blast injury
  • Internal bleeding
  • Crush injury
  • Needlestick injury
  • Catastrophic injury
• Repetitive strain injury or other strain injury
• Other injuries from external physical causes, such as radiation poisoning, burn, or frostbite
  • Radiation-induced lung injury
  • Microwave burn
• Injury from toxin or as adverse effect of a pharmaceutical drug
  • Toxic injury
• Injury from internal causes such as reperfusion injury

By location

• Wound, an injury in which skin is torn, cut or punctured (an open wound), or where blunt force trauma causes a contusion (a closed wound). In pathology, it specifically refers to a sharp injury which damages the dermis of the skin.
• Brain injury
  • Acquired brain injury
  • Coup contrecoup injury
  • Diffuse axonal injury
  • Frontal lobe injury
• Nerve injury
  • Spinal cord injury
  • Brachial plexus injury
  • Peripheral nerve injury
  • Sciatic nerve injury
  • Injury of axillary nerve
• Soft tissue injury
• Cell damage, including direct DNA damage
• Lisfranc injury
• Tracheobronchial injury
• Eye injury
  • Chemical eye injury
  • Eye injuries during general anaesthesia
• Acute kidney injury
• Knee injury
  • Anterior cruciate ligament injury
  • Medial knee injuries
• Back injury
• Hand injury
• Liver injury
• Head injury
  • Penetrating head injury
  • Closed head injury
• Musculoskeletal injury
  • Articular cartilage injuries
• Acute lung injury
• Pancreatic injury
• Thoracic aorta injury
• Biliary injury
• Chest injury

By activity

• Sports injury
  • Reverse bite injury
  • Lead climbing injuries
• Occupational injury
  • Grease gun injury
• Ventilator-associated lung injury
• Sea urchin injury
• Transfusion-related acute lung injury
• Illness and injuries during spaceflight

Injury severity score

The injury severity score (ISS) is a medical score to assess trauma severity.^[10][11] It correlates with mortality, morbidity, and hospitalization time after trauma. It is used to define the term major trauma (polytrauma), recognized when the ISS is greater than 15.^[11] The AIS Committee of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine designed and updates the scale.

See also

• List of causes of death by rate

References

1. "Wounds and Injuries: MedlinePlus". Nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2015-07-20.
2. GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.". Lancet. 385: 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.
3. "The top 10 causes of death". Retrieved 24 May 2015.
4. Stein DM, Santucci RA (July 2015). "An update on urotrauma". Current opinion in urology. 25 (4): 323–30. doi:10.1097/MOU.0000000000000184. PMID 26049876.
5. "International Classification of External Causes of Injury (ICECI)". World Health Organization. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
6. Robertson, LS (2015) Injury Epidemiology: Fourth Edition. Free online at www.nanlee.net
7. "Occupational Injury and Illness Classification System". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
8. Rae, K; Orchard, J (May 2007). "The Orchard Sports Injury Classification System (OSICS) version 10". Clin J Sport Med. 17 (3): 201–4. doi:10.1097/jsm.0b013e318059b536. PMID 17513912.
9. "Trauma". Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, LLC. 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-31.
10. Baker SP, O'Neill B, Haddon W, Long WB (1974). "The Injury Severity Score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care". The Journal of Trauma. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 14 (3): 187–196. doi:10.1097/00005373-197403000-00001. PMID 4814394.
11. Copes, W.S.; H.R. Champion; W.J. Sacco; M.M. Lawnick; S.L. Keast; L.W. Bain (1988). "The Injury Severity Score revisited". The Journal of Trauma. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 28 (1): 69–77. doi:10.1097/00005373-198801000-00010. PMID 3123707.