Sciatic nerve

Sciatic Nerve

Left gluteal region, showing surface markings for arteries and sciatic nerve
Details
From Lumbar and sacral plexus (L4-S3)
To Tibial and common fibular nerve
Innervates Lateral rotator group (except piriformis and quadratus femoris) and the posterior compartment of thigh
Identifiers
Latin Nervus ischiadicus
TA A14.2.07.046
FMA 19034

Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy

The sciatic nerve (/saɪˈætɪk/; also called ischiadic nerve, ischiatic nerve) is a large nerve in humans and other animals. It begins in the lower back and runs through the buttock and down the lower limb. It is the longest and widest single nerve in the human body, going from the top of the leg to the foot on the posterior aspect.[1] The sciatic nerve provides the connection to the nervous system for nearly the whole of the skin of the leg, the muscles of the back of the thigh, and those of the leg and foot. It is derived from spinal nerves L4 to S3. It contains fibers from both the anterior and posterior divisions of the lumbosacral plexus.

Structure

The sciatic nerve is formed from the L4 to S3 segments of the sacral plexus, a collection of nerve fibres that emerge from the sacral part of the spinal cord. The fibres unite to form a single nerve in front of the piriformis muscle. The nerve passes beneath piriformis and through the greater sciatic foramen, exiting the pelvis.[2]:422–4 From here, it travels down the posterior thigh to the popliteal fossa. The nerve travels in the posterior compartment of the thigh behind (superficial to) the adductor magnus muscle, and is itself in front of (deep to) one head of the biceps femoris muscle. At the popliteal fossa, the nerve divides into its two branches:[2]:532

The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the human body.[2] :422–4

Tibial and common peroneal nerve (aka common fibular nerve)

Function

The sciatic nerve supplies sensation to the skin of the foot, as well as the entire lower leg (except for its inner side). Sensation to skin to the sole of the foot is provided by the tibial nerve, and the lower leg and upper surface of the foot via the common fibular nerve.[2]:422–4

The sciatic nerve also innervates muscles. In particular:[2] :422–4

Clinical significance

Sciatica

Main article: Sciatica

Pain caused by a compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve by a problem in the lower back is called sciatica. Common causes of sciatica include the following lower back and hip conditions: spinal disc herniation, degenerative disc disease, lumbar spinal stenosis, spondylolisthesis, and piriformis syndrome.[3] Other acute causes of sciatica include coughing, muscular hypertension, and sneezing.[4]

Injury

Sciatic nerve injury occurs between 0.5% and 2.0% of the time during total hip arthroplasty.[5] Sciatic nerve palsy is a complication of total hip arthroplasty with an incidence of 0.2% to 2.8% of the time, or with an incidence of 1.7% to 7.6% following revision.[6] Following the procedure, in rare cases, a screw, broken piece of trochanteric wire, fragment of methyl methacrylate bone cement, or Burch-Schneider metal cage can impinge on the nerve; this can cause sciatic nerve palsy which may resolve after the fragment is removed and the nerve freed. The nerve can be surrounded in oxidized regenerated cellulose to prevent further scarring. Sciatic nerve palsy can also result from severe spinal stenosis following the procedure, which can be addressed by spinal decompression surgery.[5][7] It is unclear if inversion therapy is able to decompress the sacral vertebrae, it may only work on the lumbar aspects of the sciatic nerves.

Other disease

Bernese periacetabular osteotomy resulted in major nerve deficits in the sciatic or femoral nerves in 2.1% of 1760 patients, of whom approximately half experienced complete recovery within a mean of 5.5 months.[8]

Sciatic nerve exploration can be done by endoscopy in a minimally invasive procedure to assess lesions of the nerve.[9] Endoscopic treatment for sciatic nerve entrapment has been investigated in deep gluteal syndrome; "Patients were treated with sciatic nerve decompression by resection of fibrovascular scar bands, piriformis tendon release, obturator internus, or quadratus femoris or by hamstring tendon scarring."[10]

Society and culture

According to Jewish law, the sciatic nerve (Hebrew: Gid hanasheh) cannot be eaten, to commemorate Jacob's hurt in his struggle with an Angel.[11]

See also

Additional images

See also

This article uses anatomical terminology; for an overview, see Anatomical terminology.

Notes

  1. ↑ Namely the flexor hallicus longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior and popliteus of the deep part of the compartment, and the gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris of the superficial part of the compartment.
  2. ↑ Namely the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and fibularis tertius (peroneus tertius) of the anterior compartment, and the Fibularis longus and brevis of the lateral compartment.

References

This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

  1. ↑ "sciatic nerve (anatomy)". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005). Gray's anatomy for students. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0.
  3. ↑ "Sciatica - Topic Overview". WebMD. 21 July 2010. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  4. ↑ "What is sciatica: What causes sciatica?". MedicalBug. 11 April 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  5. 1 2 Stiehl JB, Stewart WA (1998). "Late sciatic nerve entrapment following pelvic plate reconstruction in total hip arthroplasty". J Arthroplasty. 13 (5): 586–8. PMID 9726326.
  6. ↑ Alessandro Bistolfi; et al. (2011). "Operative Management of Sciatic Nerve Palsy due to Impingement on the Metal Cage after Total Hip Revision: Case Report". Case Report Med. p. 830296.
  7. ↑ Abitbol JJ, Gendron D, Laurin CA, Beaulieu MA (1990). "Gluteal nerve damage following total hip arthroplasty. A prospective analysis". J Arthroplasty. 5 (4): 319–22. PMID 2290087.is cited by Stiehl and Stewart for the 0.5-2.0% figure.
  8. ↑ Sierra RJ, Beaule P, Zaltz I, Millis MB, Clohisy JC, Trousdale RT (2012). "Prevention of nerve injury after periacetabular osteotomy". Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 470 (8): 2209–19. doi:10.1007/s11999-012-2409-1. PMC 3392380Freely accessible. PMID 22684336.
  9. ↑ Mobbs RJ, Teo C (2004). "Endoscopic-assisted sciatic nerve exploration". Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 47 (3): 178–80. doi:10.1055/s-2004-818488. PMID 15343436.
  10. ↑ Martin HD, Shears SA, Johnson JC, Smathers AM, Palmer IJ (2011). "The endoscopic treatment of sciatic nerve entrapment/deep gluteal syndrome". Arthroscopy. 27 (2): 172–81. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2010.07.008. PMID 21071168.
  11. ↑ Goldberger, Moshe. "1: Not to Eat the Gid HaNasheh". The First Prohibitions. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
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