Snaefell Mountain Course

Mountain Course
Location Douglas, Isle of Man
Time zone GMT
Major events Isle of Man TT, Manx Grand Prix
Length 60.725 km (37.733 mi)
Turns 200+
Lap record 16 minutes 53.929 seconds — 133.962 mph (215.591 km/h)[1][2] (Michael Dunlop, BMW, 2016)

Snaefell Mountain Course or Mountain Course[3] is a road-racing street circuit used for the Isle of Man TT since 1911 and Manx Grand Prix races from 1923 in the Isle of Man. The motorcycle racing is held on public roads closed for racing by an Act of Tynwald (the parliament of the Isle of Man) under the Road Racing Act (Isle of Man) 1982 and the Road Traffic Regulation Act (Isle of Man) 1985.[4] It is the oldest motor-cycle racing circuit still in use. It is also one of the deadliest, with 6 deaths in 2011, 5 in 2014 and 248 cumulatively by 2015, of racers in competition. There have been 14 deaths of officials, spectators, and others.

The clockwise course is 37.73 miles (60.72 km)[5] in length from the start-line at the TT Grandstand situated on the A2 Glencrutchery Road in the town of Douglas. The racing circuit is based on a number of public roads including the primary A2 Ramsey to Douglas road followed by the A1 Douglas to Peel road through the villages of Braddan, Union Mills, Glen Vine, Crosby, and Greeba. The course then turns right onto the A3 Castletown to Ramsey road, firstly through countryside glens, then the villages of Kirk Michael, Ballaugh and Sulby, finally intersecting with the A18 Snaefell mountain road exiting the town of Ramsey. The A18 then takes the course back to Douglas through the highest point, situated after the Bungalow at Hailwood's Height near the 31st Milestone and the UK Ordnance Survey spot height of 422 metres (1,385 ft) above sea level. The descent starts through countryside before entering the residential outskirts of Douglas back to the finish line.

History

Motor racing began on the Isle of Man in 1904 with the Gordon Bennett Trial and originally was restricted to touring automobiles. As the Motor Car Act 1903 placed a speed restriction of 20 mph (32 km/h) on automobiles in the United Kingdom, the Secretary of the Automobile Club of Britain and Ireland approached the authorities in the Isle of Man to seek permission to race automobiles on public roads.[6] Tynwald's The Highways (Light Locomotives) Act 1904 gave permission in the Isle of Man for the 52.15-mile (83.93 km) Highroads Course for the 1904 Gordon Bennett Trial.[7]

For the 1905 Gordon Bennett Car event it was decided to run a trial for motor-cycles the day after for a team to represent Great Britain in the International Motor-Cycle Cup Races. The inability of the motor-cycle competitors to climb the steep primary A18 Snaefell Mountain Road section of the course forced the organisers to use a 25-mile (40 km) section of the Gordon Bennett Trial course. For this reason, the 1907 Isle of Man TT Race used the 15 miles, 1,470 yards (25.49 km) St. John's Short Course. The 1906 Isle of Man Tourist Trophy Race for automobiles the Highroad Course was reduced from 52.12 miles (83.88 km) to 40 miles, 2 furlongs and 60 yards. For the 1908 Tourist Trophy race for automobiles, the course was again reduced to 37.5 miles (60.4 km) with the removal of the Peel and Sandygate loops and was known as the Four Inch Course.[8] The name of the course derives from the regulations for the 1908 Tourist Trophy adopted by the Royal Automobile Club which limited the engines of the competing automobiles to a cylinder diameter of four-inches (102 mm) . The Four-Inch Course was adopted by the Auto-Cycle Club for the 1911 Isle of Man TT Races. The Four-Inch Course subsequently became known as the Snaefell Mountain Course or Mountain Course when used for motor-cycle racing.[8]

Course Changes 1920–1939

Brandywell TT Race Marshal Shelter and Weather Station on the A18 Mountain Road/B10 Sartfield Road looking north towards Snaefell Mountain and North Barrule

For the 1920 TT races, changes were made to the Mountain Course and competitors turned left at Cronk-ny-Mona and followed the primary A18 Mountain Road to Governor's Bridge with a new start/finish line on Glencrutchery Road which lengthened the course from the pre-World War I length of 37.50 miles (60.35 km) to 37.75 miles (60.75 km). An extensive programme of road improvements occurred to many roads in the Isle of Man in 1922 by the Isle of Man Highway Board including the Mountain Course with road widening at Sulby Bridge, from Port-e-Chee on the A1 Peel Road to Braddan Bridge and part of the main road through Crosby.[9] Modification of Signpost Corner including rounding off the bend occurred in 1922 along with further road widening at Governor's Bridge with the completion of the link road to A2 Glencrutchery Road/Governor's Road and the removal of fence posts at Keppel Gate.[10] Further changes to the course followed in 1922 with the adoption of a private road part of the Ballastowle Estate between Parliament Square and May Hill in Ramsey.[11] The course had previously had negotiated the A2 Albert Road and Tower Road in Ramsey and the new course length was now 37.739 miles (60.74 km). The official course distance for the Snaefell Mountain Course was amended in 1938 to 37.733 miles (60.73 km) which is the current course length.[12]

For the 1934 Isle of Man TT Races major alterations to the Mountain Course were carried out which included the removal of the East Snaefell Mountain sheep-gate.[13] This was followed by the removal of the hump-backed bridge at Ballig and the road work was completed for the Manx Grand Prix in September 1935. Road widening occurred on the Mountain Course at the Highlander, Laurel Bank, Glen Helen (between the Old Quarry and Brew's Restaurant), and at Brandywell with the removal of the Beinn-y-Phott sheep-gate for the 1935 Isle of Man TT Races.[14] Road Improvements occurred at the 26th Milestone, Greeba Bridge and on the Sulby Straight for the 1938 Isle of Man TT Races. Further road widening and landscaping occurred at the Water Works Corner and road widening between the Gooseneck and the 26th Milestone for the 1939 Isle of Man TT Races.[15] A memorial to Jimmie Guthrie was built in 1939 at The Cutting at a cost of £1,500.[16]

Course Changes 1947–1999

Route of the Clypse Course used between 1954–1959

Major road widening occurred on the Snaefell Mountain course at the 33rd Milestone, including the removal of fence posts at road level and the removal of a section of a grass bank before the start of the 1947 Isle of Man TT Races.[17] Changes to the Mountain Course occurred for the 1953 Isle of Man TT Races including road widening at Bedstead Corner, elevation works at Signpost Corner and Cronk-ny-Mona, and the widening of the corner at Gorse Lea.[18] Before the commencement of racing for the 1953 Manx Grand Prix, the cottage at Appledene Corner was demolished between the 6th and 7th Milestone road-side marker on the primary A1 Douglas to Peel road on the Mountain Course.[19] Further changes occurred to the Mountain Course to facilitate racing on the Clypse Course and during the winter of 1953/54 road widening occurred on the primary A18 Mountain Road at Creg-ny-Baa, Signpost Corner, Cronk-ny-Mona, and at the approach to Governor's Bridge.[20] The approach to the Quarterbridge on the primary A2 Douglas to Peel road was widened and re-profiled and the jumps at the Highlander and adjacent to Ballagarraghyn Cottages were removed for the 1954 Isle of Man TT Races.[21] Other major course alterations for the 1954 Isle of Man TT Races included road widening at Appledene, Handley's Corner, Barregarrow, Rhencullen, Ballaugh Bridge, Ginger Hall (Sulby), and Kerrowmoar.[22] During the winter of 1957/58 the hotel at the Bungalow tram-crossing was removed on the Mountain Section of the course.[23][24]

During the 1960s further road-widening occurred at Ballig and also at Greeba Bridge on the primary A1 Douglas to Peel road. In 1963 a roundabout was added to the road junction at the Quarterbridge.[25] The winter of 1970/1971 and road-widening occurred on the A18 Mountain Road at Verandah by cutting into the hillside.[26] During the winter of 1975/76 road-widening and landscaping by the Isle of Man Highway Board occurred at Snugbrough on the primary A2 road at the 2nd Milestone.[27] The winter of 1986 further re-profiling occurred at the Quarterbridge road junction with a new road traffic system including two new mini-roundabouts, the removal of a traffic island, and trees. Road re-profiling and widening occurred at Quarry Bends during the winter of 1987. During the winter months of 1991/1992 the A18 Mountain Road was closed for repair work to the road foundation between the 26th Milestone and the Mountain Box and also between the Windy Corner and Keppel Gate.[28]

Course Changes 2000–2009

Governor's Bridge road junction between the A18 Bemahague Road and the A2 Governor's Road.

From 2003 to 2006, road repair work was carried-out on the primary A3 road from Barregarrow to Cronk-y-Voddy, including Handley's Corner and the 11th Milestone. In 2004 the western-side embankment is removed from Guthrie's Memorial on the A18 Mountain Road. Also, during the winter of 2004/2005 road widening occurred at Windy Corner followed by Brandish Corner during the winter of 2005/2006 by the Isle of Man Department of Transport. In October 2007 the Isle of Man Department of Transport began road widening at Braddan Bridge on the Mountain Course with the creation of a new roundabout incorporating the 'Jubilee Oak' Tree on the A1 Douglas to Peel Road. The Department of Transport also announced the proposal of building a new section of road and roundabout for the Mountain Course with a link road from Signpost Corner to Governor's Bridge using the existing A18 Bemahague Road. This road widening scheme began in February 2008[29] with the removal of trees on the Bemahague Estate which included Government House, the official residence of the Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man, and the creation of a small mini-roundabout. Further work by the Isle of Man Department of Transport in July and September 2008 included the installation of a storm drain and the completion of the mini-roundabout. The Isle of Man TT Races and Manx Grand Prix continued to use the original A18 Bemahague Road that runs parallel to the new link road and the Governor's Dip for motor-cycle racing. In July 2008, the Isle of Man Department of Transport announced a £4 Million road safety scheme for the Quarterbridge road junction, including the building of a new roundabout and the demolition of the Quarterbridge Hotel.[30] In August 2009, for the 2009 Manx Grand Prix a section of grass bank is removed from the southern side of Keppel Gate. This is to provide a run-off area after the crash in evening practice by the Australian TT competitor Cameron Donald and a further more serious incident involving a TT Travelling Marshal, John McBride at Keppel Gate during the 2009 Isle of Man TT Races.

Course Changes from 2010

Keppel Gate and Keppel Park showing the 2015 landscaping.

Road construction and repair work was carried out by the Highways Division, Isle of Man Department of Infrastructure, and the Isle of Man Water Authority between Cronk Urleigh and the 13th Milestone during the winter of 2010. This was followed by major road resurfacing work between the 13th Milestone and Westwood Corner near Kirk Michael, Barregarrow Hill, and Sulby Straight from Kella Crossroads to Sulby Bridge during the spring of 2011. The Highways Division modified the road junction at Signpost Corner including improved drainage, elevation changes, and repairs to the road surface in November 2010[31] and the same major repair process of road resurfacing was repeated for the Quarter Bridge road junction in February 2011.[32] The Isle of Man Department of Infrastructure during the winter of 2011/2012 removed and re-positioned roadside fence-posts from Brandywell to the 32nd Milestone and from Windy Corner to the 33rd Milestone. During the winter of 2012/2013 the stone TT Marshal shelter at Guthrie's Memorial was demolished. The roadway at Hillberry Corner underwent repairs to the carriageway and was resurfaced and re-profiled by the Highways Division of the Isle of Man Department of Infrastructure during the Spring of 2014. In April 2015, the Department of Infrastructure instigated a programme of landscaping at Keppel Gate including the removal of a small grass bank on the north-eastern side of the corner, road re-profiling and re-surfacing work.[33]

Official lap records

The official lap record for the Snaefell Mountain Course is 16 minutes and 53.929 seconds at an average speed of 133.962 mph (215.591 km/h) set by Michael Dunlop during the 2016 Senior TT Race.[1][2] The race record is also held by Dunlop in 1 hour, 43 minutes and 56.129 seconds; an average race speed of 130.685 mph (210.317 km/h) achieved during the same 6 lap race.[1][2]

The lap record for the Sidecar TT is 19 minutes and 22.928 seconds at an average speed of 116.798 mph (187.968 km/h) set by Ben Birchall and passenger Tom Birchall during the 2016 Sidecar TT Race 1.[34][35] The race record for the Sidecar TT is 58 minutes and 24.971 seconds an average race speed of 116.259 mph (187.101 km/h) for 3 laps (113.00 miles) of the Mountain Course is also held by Ben Birchall and Tom Birchall, during the 2015 Sidecar TT Race 2.[36]

In the 2006 TT practices New Zealander Bruce Anstey achieved the unofficial current top speed record of 206 mph (332 km/h)[37] at the end of Sulby straight on a Suzuki 1000cc machine. This speed value was registered by the on-board datalogging equipment.

Cycling

The same course has also been used for cycle racing, including individual time trials and, from 1936, the Manx International massed-start road race. The first race held on 18 June 1936 was won by Charles Holland of the Midland Cycle and Athletics Club in 1 hour, 42 minutes and 57 seconds for one lap of the Mountain Course.[38]

The cycling absolute lap record for the Snaefell Mountain Course was broken in 2015 by Isle of Man born professional cyclist Peter Kennaugh in a time of 1 hour, 23 minutes and 48 seconds,[39] beating the previous longstanding record, set by former Olympic cyclist Chris Boardman in 1993, by 6 seconds.[40] The cycling record for an electric hybrid bicycle is held by Mat Dibb, set in 2014 with a time of 1 hour, 28 minutes and 37 seconds.[41]

Cars

On 6 June 1990 Tony Pond completed the first 100 mph (160 km/h) average speed lap in 22 minutes, 9.1 seconds driving a Rover 827 Vitesse.[42]

In 2011 Mark Higgins completed a lap in 19 minutes, 56.67 seconds at an average speed over 113 mph (182 km/h) driving a U.S.-spec 4-door Subaru Impreza WRX STI.

In 2014, Mark Higgins broke his own record driving a USA 2015 specification Subaru WRX STI with a lap time of 19 minutes, 15.88 at an average speed of 117.510 mph (189.114 km/h).[43]

On 4 June 2016 Higgins improved on his record with a lap in 17 minutes 49.75 seconds, an average speed of 126.971 mph (204.340 km/h) driving a ProDrive-prepared Subaru WRX STI.[44]

Named corners

For a general list of corners, see List of named corners of the Snaefell Mountain Course.
TT Race Marshal Signal Box on the A18 Mountain Road looking north towards Guthrie's Memorial and the Point of Ayre.

It is estimated that there are over 200 corners on the Isle of Man Mountain Course with about 60 named corners, some of which have people-specific names. The first corner to be named after a competitor was Edges Corner in 1920 on the primary A21 Johnny Watterson's Lane on the Mountain Course between Cronk-ny-Mona and the A22 Ballanard Road in Douglas used for racing between 1911 and 1922.[24]

Part of the Mountain Course was renamed Brandish Corner after Walter Brandish crashed in the right-hand gutter while trying to pass another competitor at Upper-Hillberry Corner (previously Telegraph Hill) between Creg-ny-Baa and Hillberry Corner and broke a leg during practice for the 1923 TT races.[45] During an early morning practice session for the 1927 TT, Archie Birkin swerved in Kirk Michael village to avoid a fish-van travelling to Peel on the primary A3 road, collided with a wall and was killed. The corner was then named Birkin's Bend, and afterwards, from 1928, practice sessions for the TT races and Manx Grand Prix were held on closed-roads. The Ballameanagh Corner between the 11th Milestone and the 12th Milestone was renamed Handley's Corner after Wal Handley riding a Rudge motorcycle, crashed during lap 1 of the 1932 TT Senior race, sustained a back injury and subsequently retired from the race. In 1939 a stone memorial to Jimmie Guthrie was built at The Cutting on the A18 Snaefell Mountain Road and the S-bend corner was renamed Guthrie's Memorial.[16]

Following a crash during an evening practice session for the 1950 TT races by Bill Doran between Ballig Bridge and Laurel Bank, the corner was named Doran's Bend. A stone shelter in a style of a small mountain Alpine Lodge was built in 1955 as a memorial to Les Graham, the inaugural 500 cc World Champion solo motorcyclist, on the A18 Mountain Road.[46] The corner is named Les Graham Memorial or sometimes referred to as the Bungalow Bridge.

The uphill section of the Mountain Course from the Bungalow to the highest point of the course near Brandywell was named in 1981 as Hailwood's Rise, in memory of Mike Hailwood the former world motorcycle champion, and the highest point of the course preceding the Brandywell road junction was named Hailwood's Height.[47] In 2003 the 32nd Milestone was named Duke's,[48] after the 1950s world solo motorcycle champion Geoff Duke, and the 26th Milestone was named Joey's after the former Formula 1 TT motor-cycle champion Joey Dunlop, who tallied 26 race wins.

In 2013 the Isle of Man Government took the unusual step of naming corners after active competitors, with 23 times TT winner John McGuinness[49] and Dave Molyneux, the most successful Manxman with 17 wins, being honoured.[50]

Safety

The A3 Castletown to Ramsey road approaching Douglas Road Corner, Kirk Michael with safety air fencing on the outside of the bend

Between 1911 and 2016 there have been 252 rider competitor fatalities during official practices or races on the Snaefell Mountain Course (this number includes the riders killed during the Manx Grand Prix, and Clubman TT race series of the late 1940s/1950s). The first fatality on the Snaefell Mountain Course was at Glen Helen during practice for the 1911 TT when Victor Surridge, a works Rudge-Whitworth rider, crashed heavily and died of his injuries.[51] This was also possibly the first death in the Isle of Man of a person in a motorcycle or other road-vehicle accident.[52]

The compulsory use of crash helmets for the 1914 TT races was the result of a fatal accident to Frank Bateman near Creg-ny-Baa during the 1913 Senior TT race;[53] similarly, the first introduction of a flag to signify the end of a race was as a result of the death of Fred Walker at the finish line of the 1914 Junior TT race.[54]

During an early morning practice session for the 1927 TT, Archie Birkin was killed instantly when he swerved to avoid a fish-van travelling to Peel and collided with a wall at Rhencullen.[55] The corner in Kirk Michael on the A3 primary road where the accident occurred was renamed 'Birkin's Bend.' From 1928 practice sessions for the TT races and Manx Grand Prix were held on closed-roads. During the first lap of the 1934 Isle of Man TT Lightweight race Syd Crabtree, the winner of the 1929 TT, crashed in heavy hill fog on the Mountain section of the course at Stonebreakers Hut and was killed.[56] For the 1935 TT races two motorcycle-equipped Travelling Marshals were employed to search for missing riders, particularly in poor weather conditions on the Mountain section of the Course.[57] After a fatal crash by Doug Pirie, in poor visibility caused by mountain mist and fog near to the 33rd Milestone during the 1935 Lightweight TT race, races were delayed or postponed to the next day until the weather improved.[58] The first evening practice session was introduced for the 1937 Isle of Man TT which continue to this day.

Further changes to the Snaefell Mountain Course occurred during the winter of 1953/54 as the result of fatalities to competitors during the TT races and Manx Grand Prix from 1951 to 1953. Changes were also made to facilitate the return of Sidecar TT on the new Clypse Course. On safety grounds, 'seeding' of competitors occurred for the 1959 TT race. The Thursday afternoon practice session from 13:45–17:00 pm introduced in the late 1950s was discontinued for the Centenary 2007 Isle of Man TT Races. Also during the late 1950s, Appledene Cottage was demolished on safety grounds along with Old Brew's Restaurant near Glen Helen during the early 1960s accompanied by a road widening programme at Greeba Bridge. Further road safety work during the winter of 1970/1971 road-widening occurred at the Verandah series of bends and also at the Bungalow Bridge by cutting into the hillside by the Isle of Man Highway Board.[59][60] Despite the safety improvements to the Verandah section, while lying in first place on the second lap during the 1972 125 cc Ultra-Lightweight TT race held in heavy rain, Gilberto Parlotti crashed his 125 cc Morbidelli at the Verandah section and later died from his injuries.[61] From 1973, any weather conditions that would not allow a rescue helicopter to take-off or land would lead to the race start being delayed or postponed at any TT or Manx Grand Prix Race.[62]

The A2 Quarterbridge Road including the road junctions at Selborne Drive and Brunswick Drive and the A2 Bray Hill were subjected to major road repairs and re-profiling during the winter of 1978/79 by the Isle of Man Highway Board. This followed a series of fatal accidents during the start of the 1978 Sidecar TT 'A' race, to the Swiss sidecar competitor Ernst Trachsel on Quarterbridge Road, and the sidecar crew of Mac Hobson & Kenny Birch on nearby Bray Hill.[63] For the 1979 TT races the practice of starting competitors in pairs was abandoned followed by the Manx Grand Prix in 2011 after the result of fatal crash at Alpine Cottage during the 2010 Junior Manx Grand Prix.

Competitors at the TT Grandstand waiting for the start of the Newcomers Speed Control Lap (denoted by Hi-Visibility orange tabards) for the 2010 Manx Grand Prix

Following a fatal accident to French newcomer Serge le Moal during the first practice session of the 2004 TT,[64] a Newcomers Speed Control Lap was introduced for the 2004 Manx Grand Prix followed by the 2005 TT races. A mandatory Mountain Course licence for TT and Manx Grand Prix competitors was introduced for 2006. During the winter of 2004/2005 road widening by the Department of Transport occurred at Windy Corner followed by Brandish Corner during the winter of 2005/2006, included a slightly banked section and a constant radius curve as a safety improvement for general road traffic.[65] A serious accident occurred at the 26th Milestone during the 2007 TT races on lap 5 of the Senior race resulting in the deaths of a competitor and two visiting spectators.[66]

After a series of safety reviews, a number of measures were introduced after the 2007 TT races including introduction of restricted areas, safety fencing and the continued introduction of air-fencing to corners.

See also

Sources

  1. 1 2 3 "Dunlop smokes records in Senior TT". Isle of Man TT. Duke Marketing Ltd. 10 June 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 "PokerStars Senior TT - Result Sheet" (PDF). Isle of Man TT. Duke Marketing Ltd. 10 June 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  3. ↑ Isle of Man Centenary TT – ACU/MMCC Official Race Guide pp67 Isle of Man Department of Tourism and Leisure (2007) Mannin Media Group Ltd
  4. ↑ Isle of Man Examiner – Brialtagh Ellan Vannin page 60 & 61 Isle of Man Newspapers Ltd (2014) Johnson Press Sheffield Web Publishing 13 May 2014
  5. ↑ Official TT Guide 1992 pp 45 Mannin Media Publication/Isle of Man Department of Tourism
  6. ↑ Island Racer 2004 pp 112–113 Mortons Media Group Ltd ISSN 1743-5838
  7. ↑ The Statutes of the Isle of Man Vol VII from 1896 to 1905 pp569 Edited by C.T.W Hughes-Games Brown and Sons Ltd
  8. 1 2 TT Pioneers – Early Car Racing in the Isle of Man pp 103–104 Robert Kelly, Mercury Asset Management (1996)(1st Edition) The Manx Experience, The Alden Press ISBN No 1 873120 61 3
  9. ↑ Isle of Man Examiner and General Advertiser page 12 No 2158 Saturday 12 November 1921 – Tynwald £27,325 improvement scheme for course
  10. ↑ Isle of Man Examiner and General Advertiser page 2 Saturday 12 May 1922
  11. ↑ Isle of Man Examiner and General Advertiser page 12 No 2158 Saturday 12 November 1921
  12. ↑ Official TT Guide 1992 page 45 edited by Norrie White Isle of Man Department of Tourism (1992) Mannin Media Ltd
  13. ↑ Isle of Man Examiner dated 31 May 1934
  14. ↑ Isle of Man Weekly Times dated 25 May 1935
  15. ↑ Isle of Man Weekly Times pp4 dated 13 May 1939
  16. 1 2 Isle of Man Weekly Times pp18 dated 17 June 1939
  17. ↑ Isle of Man Weekly Times dated 12 May 1947
  18. ↑ Isle of Man Weekly Times pp7 dated 25 April 1953
  19. ↑ Isle of Man Examiner pp12 dated 14 August 1953
  20. ↑ Isle of Man Examiner pp12 dated 5 January 1954
  21. ↑ TT 100 – The Authorised History of the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy Racing by Mick Duckworth pp111 (2007)(1st Edition) Lily Publications ISBN 9781899602674
  22. ↑ Isle of Man Examiner pp6 dated 28 May 1954
  23. ↑ Isle of Man Examiner pp1 dated 10 April 1958
  24. 1 2 TT 100 – The Authorised History of the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy Racing by Mick Duckworth pp29 (2007)(1st Edition) Lily Publications ISBN 9781899602674
  25. ↑ Isle of Man Examiner pp5 dated 6 June 1963
  26. ↑ Isle of Man Weekly Times pp1 dated 6 January 1971
  27. ↑ TT 100 The Official Authorised History of Isle of Man Tourist Tophy Racing page 21 by Mick Duckworth Editor Miles Coswell (2007)(1st Edition) Lily Publications Ltd ISBN 9781899602674
  28. ↑ Official Isle of Man TT Programme 1992 pp 45 edited by Norrie White Isle of Man Department of Tourism (1992) Mannin Media Ltd
  29. ↑ Isle of Man Examiner pp5 dated 5 February 2008
  30. ↑ Manx Independent pp3 dated 4 July 2008
  31. ↑ Isle of Man Examiner page 5, Isle of Man Newspapers Ltd (2010) Johnson Press Publishing 2 November 2010
  32. ↑ Isle of Man Examiner page 5, Isle of Man Newspapers Ltd (2011) Johnson Press Publishing 25 January 2011
  33. ↑ Manx Independent – Manninagh Seyr page 4 Isle of Man Newspapers Ltd (2015) Johnston Press Publishing – Newsprint (Knowlsey) Ltd   4 April 2015
  34. ↑ "Holden & Winkle take dramatic win in Sure Sidecar Race 1". Isle of Man TT. Duke Marketing Ltd. 4 June 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  35. ↑ "Holden and Winkle win dramatic Sidecar TT". Isle of Man Today. Johnston Press. 4 June 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  36. ↑ "Sure Sidecar TT 2 - Result Sheet" (PDF). Isle of Man TT. Duke Marketing Ltd. 10 June 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2016.
  37. ↑ http://www.motorcycledaily.com/20june06_ttspeed.htm New Isle of Man Top Speed Record (retrieved 12 August 2006)
  38. ↑ Isle of Man Examiner pp15 dated 29 January 2008
  39. ↑ Isle of Man Examiner – Brialtagh Ellan Vannin page 31 Final Whistle Isle of Man Newspapers Ltd (2015) Johnson Press Publishing – Sheffield Web 29 September 2015
  40. ↑ Isle of Man Examiner – Brialtagh Ellan Vannin page 30 Final Whistle Isle of Man Newspapers Ltd (2014) Johnson Press Publishing – Sheffield Web 19 August 2013
  41. ↑ Manx Independent – Manninagh Seyr page 57 Isle of Man Newspapers Ltd (2014) Johnson Press Publishing – Newsprint (Knowsley) Limited   18 September 2014
  42. ↑ Williams, David (2 April 2002). "Tony Pond". Motor Sport. The Guardian. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  43. ↑ Isle of Man Examiner – Brialtagh Ellan Vannin page 13 Isle of Man Newspapers Ltd (2014) Johnson Press Publishing – Sheffield Web 10 June 2014
  44. ↑ "Mark Higgins Demolishes Isle of Man TT Record With 2016 Subaru WRX STI". autoevolution.com. 4 June 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
  45. ↑ Isle of Man Weekly Times pp3 dated 9 June 1923
  46. ↑ Isle of Man Examiner pp9 dated 10 June 1955
  47. ↑ Isle of Man TT Festival Fortnight 1–12 June 1981 – Official Souvenir Programme page 17 Isle of Man Tourist Board The Auto-Cycle Union (1981) J.M. Noble Ltd, Isle of Man
  48. ↑ TT News – Issue 1 pp20 dated 1 June 2003
  49. ↑ BBC Sport Northern Ireland, 12 June 2015 Retrieved 25 May 2015
  50. ↑ Visor Down, 10 April 2013
  51. ↑ Isle of Man Weekly Times page 9 dated 1 July 1911
  52. ↑ TT Topics and Tales page 69 by David Wright – Amulree Publications (4 April 2006) ISBN 1-901508-09-9
  53. ↑ Isle of Man Examiner page 8 dated 7 June 1913
  54. ↑ Isle of Man Examiner page 3 dated 30 May 1914
  55. ↑ Isle of Man Weekly Times page 7 11 June 1927
  56. ↑ Isle of Man TT & MGP Memorial 1907–2007 page 18 Paul Bradford The Copy shop (2008) ISBN 978-0-9560151-0-5
  57. ↑ Travelling Marshals At the Isle of Man Tourist Trophy and Manx Grand Prix Races by David Wright page 15 (2010)(2nd Edition) Amulree Publications The Premier Print ISBN 1901508064
  58. ↑ Isle of Man Examiner page 24 dated 9 October 2007
  59. ↑ Isle of Man Weekly Times page 1 dated 6 January 1971
  60. ↑ TT News 2006 – Preview Edition page 2 Isle of Man Newspapers Ltd (2006) Johnson Press Publishing ISSN 1471-7905
  61. ↑ Mona's Herald page 4 dated 13 June 1972
  62. ↑ Italian Racing Motor-Cycles by Mick Walker page 147 (1999)(1st Edition) Redline Books ISBN 09531311-14
  63. ↑ TT Century – One Hundred Years of the Tourist Trophy by Stuart Barker pp62 (2007)(1st Edition)The Random House Group Ltd ISBN 978-1-84605-235-4 EMAP Automotive Ltd
  64. ↑ Isle of Man Examiner page3 dated 1 June 2004
  65. ↑ TT News 2006 – Preview Edition page 2 Isle of Man Newspapers Ltd (2006) Johnson Press Publishing ISSN 1471-7905
  66. ↑ Isle of Man Examiner pp1 dated 12 June 2007 – Isle of Man Newspapers Ltd ISSN 1358-4383
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