Leptotyphlops humilis

Leptotyphlops humilis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Subphylum:	Vertebrata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Leptotyphlopidae
Genus:	Leptotyphlops
Species:	L. humilis
Binomial name
Leptotyphlops humilis (Baird & Girard, 1853)
Synonyms
Rena humilis Baird & Girard, 1853 Stenostoma humile — Cope, 1875 Rena humilis — Cope, 1887 Glauconia humilis — Boulenger, 1893 Siagonodon humilis — Van Denburgh, 1897 Leptotyphlops humilis — Ruthven, 1907 L[eptotyphlops]. h[umilis]. humilis — Klauber, 1931 Leptotyphlops humilis humilis — H.M. Smith & Taylor, 1945 Leptotyphlops chumilis Rhodes, 1966 (ex errore)[1] Rena humilis — Adalsteinsson et al., 2009[2]

Common names: western slender blind snake, western threadsnake,^[3] more.

Leptotyphlops humilis is a blind snake species endemic to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Nine subspecies are currently recognized, including the nominate subspecies described here.^[3]

Description

This species, like many of the others in this family, resembles a long earthworm. It lives underground in burrows, and since it has no use for vision, its eyes are mostly vestigial. The western blind snake is pink, purple, or silvery-brown in color, shiny, wormlike, cylindrical, and blunt at both ends, and has light-detecting black eyespots. The snake's skull is thick to permit burrowing, and it has a spine at the end of its tail that it uses for leverage. It is usually less than 30 cm (12 in) in total length (tail included), and is as thin as an earthworm. This species and other blind snakes are fluorescent under low frequency ultraviolet light (black light).^[4]

On the top of the head, between the ocular scales, L. humilis has only one scale (L. dulcis has three scales).^[5]

Common names

Western slender blind snake, western threadsnake,^[3] western blind snake.

Geographic range

It is found in the southwestern United States, South Florida, and northern Mexico. In the US it ranges from southwestern and Trans-Pecos Texas west through southern and central Arizona, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, and southern California. In Mexico its distribution includes the Mexican states of Baja California, Sonora, Sinaloa, Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima, Chihuahua, Durango, Coahuila, Tamaulipas, and San Luis Potosí.

The type locality given is "Valliecitas, Cal." The type locality was restricted by Klauber (1931) to "vicinity of Vallecito, eastern San Diego County, California," and by Brattstrom (1953) to "the Upper Sonoran Life Zone of the Vallecito area and in Puerto Rico."^[1]

Habitat

The snake lives underground, sometimes as deep as 20 metres (66 ft), and is known to invade ant and termite nests. Its diet is made up mostly of insects and their larvae and eggs. It is found in deserts and scrub where the soil is loose enough to work.

Subspecies

Subspecies[3]	Authority[3]	Common name[3]	Geographic range
L. h. boettgeri	(F. Werner, 1899)
L. h. cahuilae	Klauber, 1931	Desert blind snake
L. h. dugesii	(Bocourt, 1881)
L. h. humilis	(Baird & Girard, 1853)	Southwestern blind snake
L. h. levitoni	Murphy, 1975
L. h. lindsayi	Murphy, 1975
L. h. segregus	Klauber, 1939	Trans-Pecos blind snake
L. h. tenuiculus	(Garman, 1884)
L. h. utahensis	V.Tanner, 1938	Utah blind snake

See also

• List of leptotyphlopid species and subspecies.
• Leptotyphlopidae by common name.
• Leptotyphlopidae by taxonomic synonyms.

References

1. McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
2. "Rena humilis ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
3. "Leptotyphlops humilis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 30 August 2007.
4. Hulse AC. 1971. Fluoresence in Leptotyphlops humilis (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae). The Southwestern Naturalist 16 (1): 123-124. doi:10.2307/3670106
5. Smith HM, Brodie ED Jr. 1982. Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. ISBN 0-307-13666-3. (Leptotyphlops humilis, pp. 136-137).

Further reading

• Adalsteinsson SA, Branch WR, Trape S, Vitt LJ, Hedges SB. 2009. Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of snakes of the Family Leptotyphlopidae (Reptilia, Squamata). Zootaxa 2244: 1-50.
• Baird SF, Girard CF. 1853. Catalogue of North American Reptiles in the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Part I.—Serpents. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution. xvi + 172 pp. (Rena humilis, p. 143).
• Behler JL, King FW. 1979. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: AA Knopf. 743 pp.
  ISBN 0-394-50824-6. (Leptotyphlops humilis, pp. 584–585 + Plate 457).
• Boulenger GA. 1893. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural HIstory). Volume I., Containing the Families Typhlopidæ, Glauconiidæ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiii + 448 pp. + Plates I- XXVIII. (Glauconia humilis, pp. 70–71).
• Conant R. 1975. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xviii + 429 pp. ISBN 0-395-19979-4 (hardcover), ISBN 0-395-19977-8 (paperback). (Leptotyphlops humilis, pp. 137–138, Figure 31 + Map 121).
• Klauber LM. 1940. The Worm Snakes of the Genus Leptotyphlops in the United States and northern Mexico. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 9: 87-162.
• Schmidt KP, Davis DD. 1941. Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada. New York: GP Putnam's Sons. 365 pp. (Leptotyphlops humilis, pp. 94–95).
• Stebbins RC. 2003. A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, Third Edition. The Peterson Field Guide Series ®. Boston & New York: Houghton Mifflin. xiii + 533 pp. ISBN 0-395-98272-3. (Leptotyphlops humilis, pp. 340–341 + Plate 42 + Map 128).
• Stejneger L, Barbour T. 1917. A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 125 pp. (Siagonodon humilis, p. 73).
• Wright AH, Wright AA. 1957. Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Ithaca and London: Comstock. 1,105 pp. (in 2 volumes). (Leptotyphlops humilis, pp. 43–50, Figure 12 + Map 7 on p. 39).

External links

• Rena humilis at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 08 December 2013.