Li Xiannian

Li Xiannian
李先念
3rd President of the People's Republic of China
In office 18 June 1983 – 8 April 1988
Premier	Zhao Ziyang Li Peng
Vice President	Ulanhu
Leader	Deng Xiaoping
Preceded by	Liu Shaoqi (as President in 1968) Ye Jianying (as NPC Chairman)
Succeeded by	Yang Shangkun
Chairman of the National Committee of the CPPCC
In office April 1988 – March 1992
Preceded by	Deng Yingchao
Succeeded by	Li Ruihuan
Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China
In office July 1977 – September 1982
Chairman	Hua Guofeng Hu Yaobang
Member of the National People's Congress
In office 15 September 1954 – 25 March 1988
Constituency	Hubei At-large
Personal details
Born	23 June 1909 Hong'an, Hubei, Qing China
Died	21 June 1992 (aged 82) Beijing, China
Nationality	Chinese
Political party	Communist Party of China
Spouse(s)	Shang Xiaoping (尚小平) (div)[1] Lin Jiamei
Children	Li Xiaolin

Li Xiannian
Chinese	李先念
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǐ Xiānniàn Wade–Giles Li Hsien-nien

Li Xiannian (pronounced [lì ɕi̯ɛ́nni̯ɛ̂n]; 23 June 1909 – 21 June 1992) was President of the People's Republic of China between 1983 and 1988^[2] and then Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference until his death. Li was an influential political figure throughout the PRC, having been a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China from 1956. He rose to prominence in the Communist Party of China in 1976, when Hua Guofeng succeeded Mao Zedong as Chairman of the Communist Party of China. At the height of his career in the 1980s, Li was considered one of the most influential architects of China's economic policy after the Cultural Revolution,^[3] and is considered one of the Eight Elders of the Communist Party of China.

Biography

Early career

Li joined the Communist Party of China in 1927, and served as an army captain and political commissar for the Chinese Red Army during the Long March.

Maoist politician

After the Communists' victory in China, Li was appointed Party Secretary of Hubei Province in China from 1949–1954, and he served as the commander and political commissar of the Hubei Province's military garrison. In 1950, Li was elected the first Chairman of the Hubei People's Government. While he was working in Hubei, Li was appointed Party Secretary of Wuhan and Vice-Chairman of the PRC's Military Commission for South-Central China.

In 1954, Li was appointed China's Minister of Finance. Li was also appointed Vice Premier for the entire period of 1954–1980. Despite losing his job as Finance Minister during the Cultural Revolution, he nonetheless enjoyed Zhou Enlai's protection and was the only civilian official to serve with the premier throughout that entire tumultuous period.^[4]:xviii In 1976, Li played an instrumental role in destroying the Gang Of Four. After the demise of the Gang, Li was appointed Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China and a member of the Central Military Commission.

Post-Mao politician and Presidency

When Hua Guofeng rose to leadership after the death of Mao Zedong, Li became Hua's chief economic adviser. If Hua had been successful in his efforts to achieve supreme power, Li would have become one of the most powerful officials in China, but Li's political career stalled when Deng Xiaoping eclipsed Hua as China's "Paramount Leader". For the rest of his career, Li complained that his own achievements during the brief Hua interregnum were not sufficiently recognized as the basis of the progress experienced in China during the 1980s.^[4]:xviii Li supported Deng's reform and helped Deng in the rise to power.^[5]

Li was a firm believer in orthodox central planning and sociopolitical conformity, so disliked Deng Xiaoping's more radical reform ideas. He had in fact been largely responsible for drafting the short-lived Ten Year Plan of 1978 which attempted to build a Soviet-style economy based around heavy industry and energy production. Deng quickly terminated that idea and instituted his own "go slow" approach that involved gradually allowing the development of light industry and consumer goods. He also went about assigning government posts to younger men who were followers of his ideas. One of these was Premier Zhao Ziyang, whom Li strongly opposed for being too willing to import Western ideas and move away from a planned economy. According to Zhao, Li "hated me because I was implementing Deng Xiaoping's reforms, but since it was difficult for him to openly oppose Deng, he made me the target of his opposition."^{[4]:xviii-xix}

In 1983, after the passing of a new constitution, Li was appointed President of China at the age of 74. According to the 1982 Constitution, the role of President was "largely ceremonial", but recognized Li's role as a respected Party elder and a member of the Politburo Standing Committee. In 1984, Li Met with U.S. President Ronald Reagan during the latter's visit to China, notably discussing the status of Taiwan with the President.^[6] Li visited the United States in July 1985, the first time the head of state of the People's Republic of China made such a visit.

As the decade progressed, Deng Xiaoping, always an opponent of lifetime tenure in office, gradually convinced most of the party elders to retire. Li stepped down as President in 1988 and was succeeded by Yang Shangkun. Li was then named Chairman of the National Committee of the CPPCC. He was a strong supporter of Jiang Zemin's rise to power,^[7] and during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, Li was one of the hardline Party elders who pushed for a strong response to the demonstrations and supported Premier Li Peng's desire to use military force to suppress the protests. Li continued to serve in government until his death in 1992.

Family

Li had four children. Two daughters are doctors and his only son is a PLA general. His youngest daughter, Li Xiaolin, is the President of the Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries. She spent her entire career with the organisation, except for two years as a secretary at the Chinese embassy in the United States. She is a member of the CPPCC national committee.^[8][9]

Death

Li died on 21 June 1992 at the age of 82, two days shy of his 83rd birthday.^[10] His funeral was held on 27 June 1992 and was attended by members of the Politburo Standing Committee. After the service, Li was cremated.^[11]

Further reading

• Frankel, Benjamin. The Cold War 1945-1991. Vol. 2, Leaders and other important figures in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, China and the Third World (1992) pp 191-92.
• Yang, Yutong. "Li Xiannian." in China at War: An Encyclopedia (2012) p 225.

1. Rittenberg, Sidney; Bennett, Amanda (2001). The Man Who Stayed Behind. Duke University Press. p. 103. ISBN 9780822326670.
2. Li, Xiaobing (2012). China at War: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-59884-415-3.
3. Brandt, Loren; Rawski, Thomas G. (2008). China's Great Economic Transformation. Cambridge University Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-521-88557-7. In economic policy, the most important elders were Li Xiannian and Chen Yun.
4. MacFarquhar, Roderick. "Foreword" in Zhao Ziyang (2009). Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Zhao Ziyang. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 1-4391-4938-0
5. "China marks 100th birth anniversary of former president Li Xiannian". GOV.cn. Government of the People's Republic of China. 24 June 2009. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
6. Anderson, Kurt (7 May 1984). "History Beckons Again". Time. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
7. The Epoch Times Staff (2005). "Chapter 4". The Real Story of China's Jiang Zemin (ebook).
8. 'I'll break your legs if you go into business': former president's career advice to children, SCMP, 17 March 2014
9. Prominent Chinese Families, chinavitae.com
10. Dunn, Sheryl Wu (23 June 1992). "Li Xiannian, China Ex-President And Rural Economist, Dies at 82". New York Times. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
11. "Simple Memorial Service for Former President Li Xiannian". Associated Press. 27 June 1992. Retrieved 8 November 2015.