List of countries by date of transition to republican system of government
This is a list of countries by date of their last transition from a monarchy to a republican form of government. There were two periods in recent history when many such transitions took place:
- during or within five years after World War I (1914–1923) – marked in green;
- during or within five years after World War II (1940–1950) – marked in pink.
Some of the countries on this list were part of larger, now extinct, states (such as the Russian Empire or Yugoslavia) when the transition to a republic took place. Countries that have always had non-republican forms of government (such as absolute monarchy, theocracy, etc.) are not included in this list. Some were also former Commonwealth realms. Countries marked in yellow have since ceased to be republics in favour of another form of government.
List
Country | Republic since | Notes |
---|---|---|
San Marino | September 3, 301 | San Marino was declared a republic, independent of the Roman Empire, by Saint Marinus of Rab. It is considered the "world's oldest republic". |
Netherlands | July 26, 1581 | The Republic of the Seven United I Netherlands declared its independence from King Philip II of Spain on 26 July 1581 with the Act of Abjuration, and became the Batavian Republic in 1795. The Kingdom of Holland was formed on 5 June 1806. |
Switzerland | October 24, 1648 | Switzerland became independent from the Holy Roman Empire by the Treaty of Westphalia |
England | May 19, 1649 | The Commonwealth of England, later known as the Protectorate, was established on 19 May 1649 following the execution of King Charles I. At its height, it ruled over all the British Isles. The monarchy was restored on 29 May 1660. |
United States | September 3, 1783 | Definitive independence with signing of Treaty of Paris |
Paraguay | May 15, 1811 | Independence from Spain |
Argentina | July 9, 1816 | Independence won from the Spanish Empire. Republican governments established from 1811 onwards. Republican constitutions of 1819 and 1826 led to the adoption of the 1853 text |
Chile | February 12, 1818 | Independence declared from the Spanish Empire. Between 1810 and 1814 there were Republican governments although nominally remained loyal to the Spanish monarchy. In 1817 there was re-established the independentist government and established a republican system in different constitutional texts. |
Venezuela | August 15, 1819 | Venezuelan constitution of 1819 adopted |
Colombia | December 17, 1819 | Republic of Colombia declared during Congress of Angostura |
Panama | ||
Ecuador | May 24, 1822 | Incorporated into Republic of Colombia, end of Royal Audiencia of Quito |
Costa Rica | July 1, 1823 | Independence of United Provinces of Central America |
El Salvador | ||
Guatemala | ||
Honduras | ||
Nicaragua | ||
Peru | December 9, 1824 | Treaty signed after Battle of Ayacucho |
Bolivia | August 6, 1825 | Constitutional congress declared Bolivia a republic |
Uruguay | October 4, 1828 | Ratification of Treaty of Montevideo |
Liberia | July 26, 1847 | Independent Republic of Liberia created |
Haiti | January 15, 1859 | Abdication of Emperor Faustin |
Dominican Republic | March 25, 1865 | Adoption of new constitution near end of Dominican Restoration War |
Mexico | July 15, 1867 | Emperor Maxmilian shot; Federal Republic officially restored |
France | September 4, 1870 | Emperor Napoleon III deposed and French Third Republic proclaimed as a result of the Franco-Prussian War |
Brazil | November 15, 1889 | Emperor Pedro II deposed by a military coup led by Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca, Republic proclaimed. |
Madagascar | February 28, 1897 | End of Merina Kingdom |
Philippines | January 23, 1899 | The first republic of Asia and the First Philippine Republic. |
Portugal | October 5, 1910 | King Manuel II deposed and Portuguese First Republic proclaimed as a result of the 1910 revolution |
Angola | Republican government instituted when Portuguese mother country became a republic | |
Cape Verde | ||
East Timor | ||
Guinea-Bissau | ||
Mozambique | ||
São Tomé and Príncipe | ||
China | October 10, 1911 | Republic of China (ROC) proclaimed as a result of the Xinhai Revolution. The ROC was initially in control of China but later relocated to Taiwan. It is now commonly known as "Taiwan". The People's Republic of China was proclaimed on 1 October 1949 and is now in control of mainland China. It is commonly known as "China". |
Comoros | 1912 | End of last of indigenous sultanates |
Armenia | September 14, 1917 | Emperor Nicholas II of Russia abdicated as a result of the February Revolution and Russia was proclaimed a republic |
Azerbaijan | ||
Belarus | ||
Estonia | ||
Georgia | ||
Kazakhstan | ||
Kyrgyzstan | ||
Latvia | ||
Russia | ||
Ukraine | ||
Czech Republic | October 18, 1918 | Czechoslovak Republic proclaimed |
Slovakia | ||
Lithuania | November 2, 1918 | King Mindaugas II deposed and Republic of Lithuania proclaimed |
Germany | November 9, 1918 | Emperor William II abdicated as a result of the German Revolution |
Austria | November 12, 1918 | Republic of German Austria proclaimed following the dethronement of Emperor Charles |
Poland | November 14, 1918 | Power transferred from the Regency Council to Chief of State Józef Piłsudski |
Finland | December 14, 1918 | King Frederic Charles renounced the throne |
Turkmenistan | April 26, 1920 | Khan Abd Allah Khan deposed and Khorezm People's Soviet Republic proclaimed |
Lebanon | July 23, 1920 | French Mandate of Syria established after the Battle of Maysalun |
Syria | ||
Tajikistan | October 8, 1920 | Emir Mohammed Alim Khan deposed and Bukharan People's Republic proclaimed |
Uzbekistan | ||
Togo | July 20, 1922 | Formal beginning of French Togoland League of Nations Mandate |
Turkey | October 29, 1923 | Republic of Turkey proclaimed as a result of the Turkish War of Independence |
Mongolia | November 26, 1924 | Mongolian People's Republic proclaimed |
Spain | April 14, 1931 | The First Spanish Republic was declared in 1873, but lasted less than two years. The Second Spanish Republic came to power on 14 April 1931 following the economic crisis caused by the 1929 Wall Street Crash. The Republic lost power after the Spanish Civil War. The dictator Francisco Franco then led Spain until his death on 20 November 1975 when the democracy was restored. |
Moldova | August 2, 1940 | Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic proclaimed following the annexation of Romanian Moldavia by the Soviet Union |
Iceland | June 17, 1944 | Republic of Iceland established after a referendum |
North Korea | August 15, 1945 | Korea liberated from Japan and People's Republic of Korea established, divided into North Korea and South Korea a month later |
South Korea | ||
Indonesia | August 17, 1945 | Republic of Indonesia proclaimed triggering the Indonesian National Revolution |
Vietnam | August 25, 1945 | Emperor Bảo Đại abdicated and Democratic Republic of Vietnam was proclaimed |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | November 29, 1945 | Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia proclaimed while King Peter II was in exile |
Croatia | ||
Macedonia | ||
Montenegro | ||
Serbia | ||
Slovenia | ||
Albania | January 1, 1946 | People's Republic of Albania proclaimed while King Zog was in exile |
Hungary | February 1, 1946 | Second Hungarian Republic proclaimed |
Italy | June 12, 1946 | King Umberto II renounced the throne and Italian Republic was established after a referendum |
Bulgaria | September 15, 1946 | Tsar Simeon II deposed and People's Republic of Bulgaria proclaimed after a referendum |
Marshall Islands | July 18, 1947 | end of South Pacific Mandate and beginning of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands |
Federated States of Micronesia | ||
Palau | ||
Romania | December 30, 1947 | King Michael abdicated and the People's Republic of Romania was proclaimed |
Myanmar | January 4, 1948 | Burmese independence declared |
Israel | May 14, 1948 | State of Israel proclaimed |
Ireland | April 18, 1949 | Republic of Ireland Act came into force |
India | January 26, 1950 | Constitution of India came into effect |
Egypt | June 18, 1953 | Republic proclaimed after revolution in 1952 |
South Sudan | January 1, 1956 | Independence of Republic of Sudan |
Sudan | ||
Bangladesh | March 23, 1956 | Constitution of Pakistan came into effect and Governor General Iskander Mirza became President |
Pakistan | ||
Tunisia | July 25, 1957 | King Muhammad VIII al-Amin deposed |
Iraq | July 14, 1958 | Faisal II deposed/killed in 14 July Revolution |
Somalia | June 26, 1960 | Independence of State of Somaliland, which was united with the Trust Territory of Somalia on July 1 to form the Somali Republic |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | June 30, 1960 | Gained independence as a republic |
Ghana | July 1, 1960 | Constitutional change after referendum on April 27 |
Cyprus | August 16, 1960 | Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus adopted |
South Africa | May 31, 1961 | Republican constitution adopted |
Cameroon | October 1, 1961 | End of British Trusteeship in Southern Cameroons, union with rest of Cameroon |
Rwanda | July 1, 1962 | Independence as a republic following monarchy referendum in 1961 |
Yemen | September 27, 1962 | King Muhammad al-Badr deposed and Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) proclaimed |
Tanganyika | December 9, 1962 | Republican constitution adopted |
Nigeria | October 1, 1963 | Constitutional amendment |
Uganda | October 9, 1963 | Constitutional amendment |
Zanzibar | January 12, 1964 | Sultanate overthrown in Zanzibar Revolution |
Zambia | October 24, 1964 | Gained independence as a republic |
Kenya | December 12, 1964 | Republican constitution adopted |
Singapore | August 9, 1965 | Ousted from the Federation of Malaysia |
Malawi | July 6, 1966 | Republican constitution adopted |
Botswana | September 30, 1966 | Gained independence as a republic |
Burundi | November 28, 1966 | Republic declared after army coup d'état |
South Yemen | November 30, 1967 | Independence of People's Republic of South Yemen |
Nauru | January 31, 1968 | Gained independence as a republic |
Equatorial Guinea | October 12, 1968 | Gained independence as a republic |
Maldives | November 11, 1968 | Sultan Muhammad Fareed Didi deposed and Maldivian Second Republic established after a referendum |
Libya | September 1, 1969 | King Idris I deposed by Muammar Gaddafi's coup d'état |
Guyana | February 23, 1970 | Co-operative Republic of Guyana proclaimed |
Cambodia | March 18, 1970 | The Khmer Republic (later known as Democratic Kampuchea, then the People's Republic of Kampuchea, and finally the State of Cambodia) was declared in 1970 when Prince Norodom Sihanouk was deposed. The monarchy was restored in 1993. |
The Gambia | April 24, 1970 | Republic proclaimed following constitutional referendum |
Sierra Leone | April 19, 1971 | Republican constitution adopted |
Sri Lanka | May 22, 1972 | Sri Lankan constitution adopted |
Afghanistan | July 17, 1973 | King Mohammed Zahir Shah abdicated after Mohammed Daoud Khan's coup d'état |
Greece | December 8, 1974 | Final abolition of monarchy; referendum |
Malta | December 13, 1974 | Republic of Malta proclaimed |
Eritrea | March 21, 1975 | Monarchy of Ethiopian Empire finally abolished |
Ethiopia | ||
Suriname | November 25, 1975 | Gained independence as a republic |
Laos | December 2, 1975 | King Savang Vatthana abdicated as a result of a communist revolution |
Seychelles | June 29, 1976 | Gained independence as a republic |
Trinidad and Tobago | August 1, 1976 | Republican constitution adopted |
Dominica | November 3, 1978 | Gained independence as a republic |
Iran | February 11, 1979 | Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi deposed and Islamic Republic of Iran (a theocratic republic) proclaimed as a result of the Iranian Revolution |
Kiribati | July 12, 1979 | Gained independence as a republic |
Central African Republic | September 21, 1979 | Emperor Bokassa I deposed in a coup d'état |
Zimbabwe | April 17, 1980 | Full independence of Zimbabwe |
Fiji | October 6, 1987 | Fiji Republic proclaimed as a result of the coup d'état of Sitiveni Rabuka |
Mauritius | March 12, 1992 | Republic of Mauritius proclaimed as a result of constitutional changes |
Samoa | May 11, 2007 | Upon the death of Malietoa Tanumafili II, Samoa changed to a parliamentary republic. |
Nepal | May 28, 2008 | Monarchy abolished and replaced with secular federal republic |
See also
Notes
References
- Agoncillo, Teodoro (1990) [1960], History of the Filipino People (Eighth ed.), R.P. Garcia Publishing Company, ISBN 971-10-2415-2
- Zaide, Sonia M. (1994), "Chapter 20. First Republic in Asia", The Philippines: A Unique Nation, All-Nations Publishing Co., pp. 263–277, ISBN 971-642-071-4
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 11/25/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.