List of people who have opened the Olympic Games
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The Olympic Games are an international multi-sport event featuring both summer and winter sports, held every two years with Summer and Winter Olympic Games alternating. During Olympic Games opening ceremonies, the sitting president of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) will make a speech before inviting a representative from the host country to officially declare that particular Games open. The current Olympic Charter requires this person to be the head of state of the host country,[1] although this has not always been the case. This article lists the people who have had the ceremonial duty to declare each Olympic Games open.
Opening ceremony
The IOC factsheet on the opening ceremony states: "According to the Olympic Charter protocol, the duty of declaring the Games officially open falls to the head of state of the host country. Those who have performed this task are royalty and presidents, or their representatives, whether it was a vice-president, a member of the royal family, or a governor-general".[2] Rule 56 of Chapter 5 of the Olympic Charter sets out the exact words that are to be declared by the person opening the Games. If at a Summer Olympic Games, the words to be said are:
I declare open the Games of [name of host city] celebrating the [number of the Olympiad] Olympiad of the modern era.[1]
When at a Winter Olympic Games, the dignitary opening the Games is to proclaim:
I declare open the [number of the Olympic Winter Games] Olympic Winter Games of [name of host city].[1]
However, this has not always been followed strictly; at the 2010 Winter Olympics the Governor General of Canada, Michaëlle Jean, used the format of a Summer Games declaration to open the Games by saying "I declare open the Games of Vancouver, celebrating the 21st Winter Olympic Games."[3]
- In 1976, Elizabeth II, as Queen of Canada, opened the Montreal Olympics (first in French followed by the English) with:
I declare open the Olympic Games of 1976, celebrating the XXI Olympiad of the modern era.
- In 1980, Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev opened the Moscow Summer Olympics with (speaking in Russian):
Dear Mr. President of International Olympic Commitee! Athletes of the world! Dear guests! Comrades! I declare open the Olympic Games of 1980, celebrating the XXII Olympiad of the modern era.
- In 1984, U.S. President Ronald Reagan opened the Los Angeles Summer Olympics with:
Celebrating the XXIII Olympiad of the modern era, I declare open the Olympic Games of Los Angeles.
- In 1992, King Juan Carlos I of Spain opened the Barcelona Summer Olympics with:
(Speaking in Catalan): Welcome all to Barcelona! (Then speaking in Spanish): Today, 25 July of the Year 1992, I declare... (then the standard formula followed).
- In 2002, U.S. President George W. Bush opened the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, which took place five months after the September 11 attacks, with:
On behalf of a proud, determined and grateful nation..., then the standard opening formula.
- In 2008, Hu Jintao, the President of the People's Republic of China, formally announced the opening of the 2008 Summer Olympics by speaking in Mandarin:
On behalf of the 29th Olympiad, I officially declare these Olympic Games of Beijing ... open.
- In 2016, Brazilian Vice President Michel Temer, as acting president, opened the Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro with (speaking in Portuguese):
After this wonderful performance..., then the standard opening formula.
Dignitaries who have opened the Olympic Games
Notes:
- 1 2 Names & offices in italics reflect an opener who was not head of state when he or she opened the Games. If the office is partially italicized, the non-italicized portion is the office & name of the head of state being represented.
- ↑ Representing President Theodore Roosevelt.
- ↑ Representing President Alexandre Millerand.
- 1 2 This office is technically not head of state in and of itself, but is the presiding officer of the Federal Council which collectively acts as head of state.
- ↑ Representing Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands.
- 1 2 Representing President Herbert Hoover.
- ↑ IOC records state Hitler opened these Games as "Chancellor" (head of government), but in 1934 that office was consolidated with "President" (head of state) into "Führer und Reichskanzler", or "Führer".
- ↑ Representing her grandfather, King Haakon VII of Norway.
- ↑ Representing President Dwight D. Eisenhower.
- ↑ Representing President Jimmy Carter.
- ↑ IOC records state Brezhnev opened the Moscow Games as "President", a title used at that time by the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, or de jure head of state. (The office of President of the Soviet Union was not created until 1990, a year before the nation broke up.) Though Brezhnev was also de facto ruler as General Secretary of the Communist Party, that title is not reflected in IOC records.
- 1 2 Representing Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada.
- ↑ Representing Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia.
- ↑ As Acting President, in place of incumbent President Dilma Rousseff, who was suspended from her duties as president during her impeachment trial.
Dignitaries who have opened the Youth Olympic Games
Year | Games | Host city | Officially opened by | Office of opener | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | I Summer | ![]() |
S.R. Nathan | President of the Republic of Singapore | |
2012 | I Winter | ![]() |
Heinz Fischer | Federal President of the Republic of Austria | |
2014 | II Summer | ![]() |
Xi Jinping | President of the People's Republic of China | |
2016 | II Winter | ![]() |
Harald V | King of Norway | |
2018 | III Summer | ![]() |
See also
References
- 1 2 3 International Olympic Committee (11 February 2010). Olympic Charter (PDF). p. 103. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ↑ IOC Factsheet.
- ↑ "Opening Ceremony: 2010 Winter Games declared open". Agence France-Presse. 12 February 2010. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ↑ "Athens 1896 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Paris 1900 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "St Louis 1904 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "London 1908 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Stockholm 1912 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Antwerp 1920 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Chamonix 1924 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Paris 1924 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "St Moritz 1928 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Amsterdam 1928 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Lake Placid 1932 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Los Angeles 1932 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Garmisch-Partenkirchen 1936 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Berlin 1936 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "St Moritz 1948 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "London 1948 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Oslo 1952 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Helsinki 1952 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Cortina d'Ampezzo 1956 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ Kubatko, Justin. "1956 Stockholm Equestrian Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ↑ "Melbourne-Stockholm 1956 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Squaw Valley 1960 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Rome 1960 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Innsbruck 1964 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Tokyo 1964 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Grenoble 1968 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Mexico City 1968 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Sapporo 1972 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Munich 1972 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Innsbruck 1976 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Montreal 1976 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Lake Placid 1980 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Sarajevo 1984 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Los Angeles 1984 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Calgary 1988 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Seoul 1988 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Albertville 1992 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Barcelona 1992 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Lillehammer 1994 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Atlanta 1996 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Nagano 1998 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Get ready to watch the Opening Ceremony: Heads of state". NBC. 24 March 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
- ↑ Harvey, Randy (16 September 2000). "Down Wonders". LA Times. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
- ↑ Olsen, Lisa (10 September 2000). "History Lesson Despite the stereotypes, don't expect to run into Crocodile Dundee at the Sydney Games". New York Daily News. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
- ↑ "Australia: Britain's Queen Elizabeth Visit". AP Archive. Associated Press. 21 March 2000.
- ↑ "Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Athens 2004 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Turin 2006 Winter Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
- ↑ "Governor General to Open the Vancouver 2010 Olympic Winter Games". Governor General of Canada. February 8, 2010. Retrieved 2010-02-10.
- ↑ "London 2012 Olympics launches with huge ceremony". BBC News. 27 July 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
- ↑ Sam Sheringham (February 7, 2014). "Sochi 2014: Winter Olympics opens with glittering ceremony". BBC. Retrieved February 7, 2014.