Lithuanian parliamentary election, 1996

Lithuanian parliamentary election, 1996

20 October 1996 (first round) 10 November 1996 (second round)

All 141 seats to the Seimas 71 seats were needed for a majority   First party Second party   Leader Vytautas Landsbergis Algirdas Saudargas Party Homeland Union LKDP Last election New party 16 Seats won 70 16 Seat change +70 0 Popular vote 409,585 (proportional) 136,259 (proportional) Percentage 31.34% (proportional) 10.43% (proportional)

Prime Minister before election Laurynas Stankevičius LDDP Prime Minister Gediminas Vagnorius Homeland Union

Parliamentary elections were held in Lithuania in two stages on 20 October and 10 November 1996.^[1] All 141 seats in the Seimas were up for election; 70 based on proportional party lists and 71 in single member constituencies. Where no candidate gained more than 50% of the vote on 20 October, a run-off was held on 10 November.

The first round of the elections was held concurrently with a referendum to amend Articles 55, 57 and 131 of the constitution, and a referendum on the use of proceeds from privatization. The second round was held concurrently with a referendum to amend Article 47 of the constitution. Due to a low turnout, none of the referendum questions succeeded in getting approval from at least 50% of registered voters.

Elections were won by the Homeland Union - Lithuanian Conservatives, which gained 70 seats, forming a coalition with second-place Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party. Homeland Union benefited from popular dissatisfaction with the ruling Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania, which had failed to reignite the economy and was plagued by financial scandals. Gediminas Vagnorius was subsequently appointed as the Prime Minister.

Electoral system

In his decree on 9 April 1996, the President of Lithuania Algirdas Brazauskas set the date of the elections to the Seimas for 20 October.^[2] Elections took place under a mixed electoral system, with 70 MPs elected on proportional party lists and 71 MPs in single member constituencies. Run-off elections were to be held on 10 November in constituencies where no candidate received at least 50% of the votes cast.

In 1996 the threshold for a party to gain any of the 70 seats allocated proportionally was increased from 4% to 5% and a new threshold of 7% was introduced for electoral coalitions. The exception for electoral lists of national minorities was eliminated. The combined purpose of the changes was to reduce the number of small parties in the parliament. Elections in 1996 were also the first to allow the voters to give preference votes to candidates on electoral lists, although their influence was limited.^[3]

Campaign

The main contestants in the elections were the ruling Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania (LDDP) and the Homeland Union - Lithuanian Conservatives. LDDP, led by Česlovas Juršėnas), had evolved from the Communist Party of Lithuania and handily won the previous elections to the Seimas. Homeland Union, led by Vytautas Landsbergis, was founded in 1993 from elements of Sąjūdis, a reform movement that had led the drive for independence from the Soviet Union.

Pre-election polls suggested a victory for the right-wing opposition over LDDP. The ruling party was suffering as a result of continued economic woes that were at the forefront of the debate: the economic situation was not improving as quickly as people expected. Financial scandals, including one involving former Prime Minister Adolfas Šleževičius also played a major role. Opposition, on the other hand, promised improvement and stability on the domestic scene and a fight against corruption.^[2] Homeland Union secured the support of major business leaders before the election: in October 1996 Gediminas Vagnorius and Bronislovas Lubys, the leader of Lithuanian Confederation of Industrialists signed a memorandum, creating an alliance of politics and industry. Homeland Union also received support and financial contributions from international companies and Lithuanian diaspora.^[3] All major parties generally agreed on foreign policy goals of affiliation with NATO and European institutions).

Altogether 1351 candidates, representing 28 political parties, vied for the 141 seats at stake. 24 political parties competed for the proportionally allocated seats.^[3]

Results

In the elections characterized by a substantially lower turnout than before, Homeland Union gained 70 seats.^[2] Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party finished as a distant runner-up with 16 seats. The ruling LDDP won only 12 seats, compared to 73 in the previous elections.

The votes in the election were more dispersed than before. This, together with the changes to the electoral law increasing the threshold for nationwide constituency had the effect of increasing the wasted votes in the constituency from 14% in elections of 1992 to 32% in 1996.

Party	Proportional			Constituency						Total seats
				First round			Second round
	Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Seats
Homeland Union – Lithuanian Conservatives	409,585	31.34	33	376,081	28.65	2	407,645	42.40	35	70
Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party	136,259	10.43	11	173,761	13.24	0	138,309	14.39	5	16
Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania	130,837	10.01	10	146,006	11.12	0	105,103	10.93	2	12
Centre Union of Lithuania	113,333	8.67	9	89,452	6.81	0	52,878	5.50	4	13
Lithuanian Social-Democrat Party	90,756	6.94	7	95,499	7.28	0	52,058	5.41	5	12
Young Lithuania	52,423	4.01	0	22,052	1.68	0	13,845	1.44	1	1
Lithuanian Women's Party	50,494	3.86	0	36,453	2.78	0	8,960	0.93	1	1
Lithuanian Christian Democratic Union	42,346	3.24	0	20,711	1.58	0	8,702	0.91	1	1
Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania	40,941	3.13	0	36,434	2.78	0	15,216	1.58	1	1
Alliance of the Lithuanian National Minorities	33,389	2.55	0	22,252	1.70	0	18,378	1.91	0	0
Lithuanian Nationalist Union	28,744	2.20	0	33,712	2.57	0	32,628	3.39	1	1
Lithuanian Democratic Party				16,096	1.25	0	16,154	1.68	2	2
Liberal Union of Lithuania	25,279	1.93	0	34,842	2.65	0	15,989	1.66	1	1
Lithuanian Peasants Party	22,826	1.75	0	29,135	2.22	0	10,377	1.08	1	1
Union of the Russians of Lithuania	22,395	1.71	0	11,437	0.87	0	–	–	0	0
Lithuanian Union of Political Prisoners and Deportees	20,580	1.57	0	24,797	1.89	0	8,685	0.90	1	1
Lithuanian Liberty Union	20,511	1.57	0	12,456	0.95	0	6,823	0.71	0	0
Lithuanian Party of Economy	16,475	1.26	0	26,609	2.03	0	6,665	0.69	0	0
Lithuanian Liberty League	12,562	0.96	0	6,557	0.50	0	–	–	0	0
Lithuanian Social Justice Union	12,234	0.94	0	6,555	0.50	0	–	–	0	0
Lithuanian Socialist Party	9,985	0.76	0	5,820	0.44	0	–	–	0	0
Republican Party	5,063	0.39	0	12,153	0.93	0	–	–	0	0
National Progress Party	3,922	0.30	0	6,392	0.49	0	–	–	0	0
Lithuanian Party Life's Logic	3,361	0.26	0	4,071	0.31	0	–	–	0	0
Lithuanian Peoples Party	2,622	0.20	0	2,088	0.16	0	–	–	0	0
Non-Partisan Movement "Elections 96"	–	–	–	12,369	0.92	0	–	–	0	0
Independence Party	–	–	–	1,884	0.14	0	–	–	0	0
Lithuanian Reform Party	–	–	–	1,389	0.11	0	–	–	0	0
Independents	–	–	–	45,595	3.47	0	42,969	4.47	4	4
Vacant	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	4	4
Invalid/blank votes	67,751	–	–	62,015	–	–		–	–	–
Total	1,374,673	100	70	1,374,673	100	2	961,384	100	69	141
Registered voters/turnout	2,597,530	52.92	–	–	–		–	38.16	–	–
Source: Nohlen & Stöver, European Elections Database

Four seats were left vacant and new elections were to be held in four constituencies where the turnout did not reach the required 40%.^[4] Two of these seats were won by Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania (Vilniaus Šalčininkų and Vilniaus Trakų constituencies),^[5][6] one by Centre Union of Lithuania (Trakų constituency),^[7] and the last one by Lithuanian Citizens Alliance (Naujosios Vilnios constituency).^[8]

Aftermath

The newly elected Seventh Seimas elected Vytautas Landsbergis as its Speaker. As Homeland Union was one seat short of the majority, they were joined by the Christian Democrats in a coalition government. Gediminas Vagnorius of the Homeland Union was appointed the Prime Minister, while the leader of the Christian democrats, Algirdas Saudargas was appointed the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Two members of the Centre Union of Lithuania, Algis Čaplikas and Imantas Lazdinis, joined the Government, but as individuals and not delegates of their party. Vincas Babilius of the Lithuanian Confederation of Industrialists became the Minister of Economy.^[3]

References

1. Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1201 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
2. 1996 Seimas Elections Inter-Parliamentary Union
3. Blažytė-Baužienė, Danutė; Tamošaitis, Mindaugas; Truska, Liudas (2009). Lietuvos Seimo Istorija. XX-XXI a. pradžia (in Lithuanian). Lithuania: Baltos Lankos. pp. 336–343. ISBN 978-9955-23-322-0.
4. 1996 Parliamentary Elections University of Essex
5. Duomenys apie kandidata – Jan Senkevič
6. Duomenys apie kandidata – Valdemar Tomaševski
7. Duomenys apie kandidata – Danutė Aleksiūnienė
8. Duomenys apie kandidata – Mečislav Vaškovič