Loading gauge

The clearance between train and tunnel is often small. London Underground train at Hendon Central.
Template to check if the load falls within the loading gauge

A loading gauge defines the maximum height and width for railway vehicles and their loads to ensure safe passage through bridges, tunnels and other structures.[1] Classification systems vary between different countries and gauges may vary across a network, even if the track gauge remains constant.

Overview

London Underground operates differing loading gauges. Here a Metropolitan line A Stock sub-surface train (left) passes a Piccadilly line 1973 Stock tube train (right)

The loading gauge limits the size of passenger carriages, goods wagons (freight cars) and shipping containers that can be conveyed on a section of railway line and varies across the world and often within a single railway system. Over time there has been a trend towards larger loading gauges and more standardization of gauges with older lines having their structure gauges enhanced by raising bridges, increasing the height of tunnels and making other necessary alterations. Containerisation and a trend towards larger shipping containers has led rail companies to increase structure gauges to compete effectively with road haulage.

The term loading gauge can also refer to a physical structure, sometimes using electronic detectors using light beams on an arm or gantry placed over the exit lines of goods yards or at the entry point to a restricted part of a network. The devices ensure that loads stacked on open or flat wagons stay within the height/shape limits of the line's bridges and tunnels and prevent out-of-gauge rolling stock entering a region with a smaller loading gauge. Compliance with a loading gauge can be checked with a clearance car which in the past were simple wooden frames or physical feelers mounted on rolling stock. More recently lasers are used.

The loading gauge is maximum size of rolling stock, which is distinct from the structure gauge, which is minimum size of bridges and tunnels which must be larger to allow for engineering tolerances and car motion. The difference between the two is called the clearance. The terms dynamic envelope or kinematic envelope – which include factors such as suspension travel, overhang on curves (at both ends and middle) and lateral motion on the track – are sometimes used in place of loading gauge.

The height of platforms is also a consideration when considering the loading gauge of passenger trains. Where the two are not directly compatible, steps may be required which will increase loading times. Where long carriages are used on a curving platform, gaps will occur between the platform and the carriage door, causing additional risk. Problems increase where trains of several different loading gauges and train floor heights use the same platform.

The size of load that can be carried on a railway of a particular gauge is also influenced by the design of the rolling stock. Low-deck rolling stock can sometimes be used to carry taller 9 ft 6 in (2.9 m) shipping containers on lower gauge lines although their low-deck rolling stock cannot then carry as many containers.

Out of gauge

Larger out-of-gauge loads can also sometimes be conveyed by taking one or more of the following measures:

Rapid Transit (metro) railways generally have a very small loading gauge. This reduces the cost of tunnel construction. These systems only use their own rolling stock.

History

The loading gauge on the main lines of Great Britain, most of which were built before 1900, is generally smaller than in other countries. In mainland Europe, the slightly larger Berne gauge (Gabarit passe-partout international, PPI) was agreed to in 1913 and came into force in 1914.[2][3] As a result, British (passenger) trains have noticeably and considerably smaller loading gauges and smaller interiors, despite the track being standard gauge along with much of the world.

This results in increased costs for purchasing trains as they must be specifically designed for the British network, rather than being purchased "off-the-shelf". For example, the new trains for HS2 have a 50% premium applied to the "classic compatible" sets which will be able to run on the rest of the network, meaning they will cost £40 million each rather than £27 million for the captive stock (built to European standards and unable to run on other lines), despite the captive stock being larger.[4]

Standard loading gauges for standard track gauge lines

International Union of Railways (UIC) Gauge

UIC Loading gauges

The International Union of Railways (UIC) has developed a standard series of loading gauges named A, B, B+ and C.

Europe

European standards

Railway clearance G1 and G2 (Germany)

In the European Union, the UIC directives were supplanted by ERA Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSI) of European Union in 2002 which has defined a number of recommendations to harmonize the train systems. The TSI Rolling Stock (2002/735/EC) has taken over the UIC Gauges definitions defining Kinematic Gauges with a reference profile such that Gauges GA and GB have a height of 4.35 m (14 ft 3 in) (they differ in shape) with Gauge GC rising to 4.70 m (15 ft 5 in) allowing for a width of 3.08 m (10 ft 1 in) of the flat roof.[7] All cars must fall within an envelope of 3.15 m (10 ft 4 in) wide on a 250 m (12 ch) radius curve. The TGVs, which are 2.9 m (9 ft 6 in) wide, fall within this limit.

The designation of a GB+ loading gauge refers to the plan to create a pan-European freight network for ISO containers and trailers with loaded ISO containers. These container trains (piggy-back trains) fit into the B envelope with a flat top so that only minor changes are required for the widespread structures built to loading gauge B on continental Europe. Currently some structures on the British Isles are extended to fit with GB+ as well, where the first lines to be rebuilt start at the channel tunnel.[8]

Many member-states legacy railways, notably those in Great Britain, do not conform to the TSI specification and, given the cost and disruption entailed, are not likely to be retrofitted other than for GB+.

Loading gauge Static reference profile Kinematic reference profile Comments
UIC and/or TSI[9][10] RIV[11] Width Height Width Height
G1 / UIC 505-1 T 11 3.150 m 4.280 m 3.290 m 4.310 m Static profile also known as Berne gauge, PPI or OSJD 3-WM.
GA T 12 4.320 m 4.350 m
GB T 13
GB1 / GB+[12]
GB2
G2 T 14 4.650 m 4.680 m Formerly UIC C; Static profile also known as OSJD 2-WM.
DE3 not defined Expansion for G2, part of TEN-T regulations.
GC 3.150 m 4.650 m 4.700 m Formerly UIC C1.

Double-decker carriages

Zürich - Lucerne IC2000 double-decker Intercity train
Double-decker carriage as used on French TGV railways.

A specific example of the value of these loading gauges is that they permit double decker passenger carriages. Although mainly used for suburban commuter lines (in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Spain and Sweden, as well as other locations around the world, including Sydney, Australia), France is notable for using them on its high speed TGV services: the SNCF TGV Duplex carriages are 4.32 metres (14 ft 2 in) high, and the Netherlands and Switzerland feature large numbers of double decker intercity trains as well.

Great Britain

Great Britain has (in general) the most restrictive loading gauge (relative to track gauge) in the world. This is a legacy of the British railway network being the world's oldest, and having been built by a plethora of different private companies, each with different standards for the width and height of trains. After the nationalisation a standard static gauge W5 was defined in 1951 that would virtually fit everywhere in the network. The W6 gauge is a refinement to W5 and the W6a changed the lower body to accommodate third-rail electrification. While the upper body is rounded for W6a with a static curve, there is an additional small rectangular notch for W7 to accommodate transport of 2.44 m (8 ft 0 in) ISO containers and the W8 loading gauge has an even larger notch spanning outside of the curve to accommodate transport of 2.6 m (8 ft 6 in) ISO containers. While W5 to W9 are based on a rounded roof structure, those for W10 to W12 define a flat line at the top and, instead of a strict static gauge for the wagons, their sizes are derived from dynamic gauge computations for rectangular freight containers.[13]

Network Rail uses a W loading gauge classification system of freight transport ranging from W6A (smallest) through W7, W8, W9, W9Plus, W10, W11 to W12 (largest). The definitions assume a common "lower sector structure gauge" with a common freight platform at 1,100 mm (43.31 in) above rail.[14]

In addition, gauge C1 provides a specification for standard coach stock, gauge C3 for longer MkIII coaching stock and gauge UK1 for high-speed rail. There is also a gauge for locomotives. The size of container that can be conveyed depends both upon the size of the load that can be conveyed and the design of the rolling stock.[15]

A strategy was adopted in 2004 to guide enhancements of loading gauges[25] and in 2007 the freight route utilisation strategy was published which identified a number of key routes where the loading gauge should be cleared to W10 standard and that where structures are being renewed that W12 is the preferred standard.[23]

Height and width of containers that can be carried on GB gauges (Height by width). Units as per source material.

Tube lines

A Parliamentary committee headed by James Stansfeld then reported on 23 May 1892, "The evidence submitted to the Committee on the question of the diameter of the underground tubes containing the railways has been distinctly in favour of a minimum diameter of 11 ft. 6 in." After that all tube lines were at least that size.[26]

Sweden

Sweden uses shapes similar to the Central European loading gauge but trains are wider. There are three main classes in use (width × height):[27]

Malmbanan north of Kiruna was the first electrified railway line in Sweden and have limited height clearance (SE-B). On the rest of the network belonging to Trafikverket, the structure gauge accepts cars built to SE-A and thus accepts both cars built to UIC GA and GB. Some modern electric multiple-units, like Regina X50 with derivatives, are somewhat wider than normally permitted by SE-A at 3.45 m (11 ft 4 in). This is generally acceptable as the extra width is above normal platform height, but it means that they can not use tracks leading to the higher platforms of Arlandabanan.

When building new railways or extensive reinvestments are made to the existing railway infrastructure, the gauge is expanded to SE-C that also accepts UIC GC. The structure gauge on the bulk of the system already (2012) allows large cars built to SE-C, albeit with restrictions and a special permit. The remaining limitation is the track circuits, the blocks are not dimensioned for the extra width and a large car placed to close to a turnout at a passing loop may intrude on the structure envelope of the through line. As a stop-gap this is generally solved by adding an extra normal-sized car at the tail-end to ensure that no part of the consist obstruct the space needed by passing trains (the engine serves the same function at the front-end). The larger cars are also barred from using certain industrial spurs leading to warehouses or loading docks built for the narrower cars.

The Netherlands

In the Netherlands a similar shape to the UIC C is used that rises to 4.70 m (15 ft 5 in) in height. The trains are wider allowing for 3.40 m (11 ft 2 in) width similar to Sweden. About one third of the Dutch passenger trains use double-decker railcars. However, Dutch platforms are much higher than Swedish ones.

Betuweroute and Channel Tunnel

North America

Freight

The American loading gauge for freight cars on the North American rail network is generally based on standards set by the Association of American Railroads (AAR) Mechanical Division.[28] The most widespread standards are AAR Plate B and AAR Plate C, but higher loading gauges have been introduced on major routes outside urban centers to accommodate rolling stock that makes better economic use of the network, such as auto carriers, hi-cube boxcars, and double-stack container loads.[29]

Listed here are the maximum heights and widths for cars. However, the specification in each plate shows a car cross-section that tapers at the top and bottom, meaning that a compliant car is not permitted to fill an entire rectangle of the maximum height and width.[30]

Plate Width Height Truck centers Comments Image
ft in m ft in m ft in m
B 10  8  3.25 15  2  4.62 41  3  12.57 For longer truck centers, the width is decreased according to graph AAR Plate B-1[28]
C 10  8  3.25 15  6  4.72 46  3  14.10 For longer truck centers, the width is decreased according to graph AAR Plate C-1[28]
E 10  8  3.25 15  9  4.80 As with Plate C but 3 in (76 mm) taller than Plate C, and the car cross-section is larger at the top
F 10  8  3.25 17  0  5.18 As with Plate C but 18 in (460 mm) taller than Plate C and 15 in (380 mm) taller than plate E, and the car cross-section is larger at the top than plate E
H 20  2  6.15 e.g. double stacked containers[31]
J 9  11 3⁄8  3.03 e.g. 89-foot (27.1 m) long flatcars[32]
K 10  8  3.25 20  2  6.15 e.g. Autorack (road vehicles on trains)[33][34]
Double-stack container service requires the highest loading gauge in common use in North America.
Boeing 737NG fuselage being transported by rail.

Technically, Plate B is still the maximum and the circulation of Plate C is somewhat restricted, but the frequency of excess-height rolling stock, at first ~18 ft (5.5 m) piggybacks and hicube boxcars then later autoracks, airplane parts cars, flatcars for hauling Boeing 737 fuselages as well as 20 ft 2 in (6.15 m) high double-stacked containers in container well cars, means that most, but not all, lines are now designed for a higher loading gauge. The width of these extra height cars is covered by Plate C-1.[28] All the Class I rail companies have invested in longterm projects to increase clearance to allow double stack freight. The mainline North American rail networks of the Union Pacific, the BNSF, the Canadian National, and the Canadian Pacific, have already been upgraded to Plate K. This represents over 60% of the Class I rail network.[35]

Passenger service

Standard AAR passenger loading-gauge (does not accommodates Amtrak “Superliners” nor ex-AT&SF “Hi-Level” cars).

The old standard North American passenger railcar is 10 ft 6 in (3.20 m) wide by 14 ft 6 in (4.42 m) high and measures 85 ft 0 in (25.91 m) over coupler pulling faces with 59 ft 6 in (18.14 m) truck centers, or 86 ft 0 in (26.21 m) over coupler pulling faces with 60 ft 0 in (18.29 m) truck centers. In the 1940s and 1950s, the American passenger car loading gauge was increased to a 16 ft 6 in (5.03 m) height throughout most of the country outside the Northeast, to accommodate dome cars and later Superliners and other double-decker commuter trains. Bilevel and Hi-level passenger cars have been in use since the 1950s, and new passenger equipment with a height of 19 ft 9 1⁄2 in (6.03 m) has been built for use in Alaska and the Canadian Rockies. See Bilevel rail car. The structure gauge of the Mount Royal Tunnel limits the height of bilevel cars to 14 feet 6 inches (4.42 m).[36]

New York City Subway

The New York City Subway is an amalgamation of three former constituent companies, and while all are standard gauge, inconsistencies in loading gauge prevent cars from the former BMT and IND systems (B Division) from running on the lines of the former IRT system (A Division), and vice versa. This is mainly because IRT tunnels and stations are approximately 1 foot (305 mm) narrower than the others, meaning that IRT cars running on the BMT or IND lines would have gaps of over 8 inches (203 mm) between the train and some platforms, whereas BMT and IND cars would not even fit into an IRT station without hitting the platform edge. Taking this into account, all maintenance vehicles are built to IRT loading gauge so that they can be operated over the entire network, and employees are responsible for minding the gap.

Another inconsistency is the maximum permissible railcar length. Cars in the former IRT system are 51 feet (15.54 m) as of December 2013, but can be as long as 64 feet (19.51 m). Railcars in the former BMT and IND can be longer: on the former Eastern Division, the cars are limited to 60 feet (18.29 m), while on the rest of the BMT and IND lines plus the Staten Island Railway (which uses modified IND stock) the cars may be as long as 75 feet (22.86 m).

Asia

China

The max. height, width, length of Chinese rolling stock are 4.80 m (15 ft 9 in), 3.40 m (11 ft 2 in) and 26 m (85 ft 4 in). China is building numerous new railways in Africa and Asia, and these are being built to "Chinese Standards". This presumably means track gauge, loading gauge, structure gauge, couplings, brakes, electrification, etc.[37]

Japan

Trains on the Shinkansen network operate on standard-gauge (1,435 mm) track and have a loading gauge of 3,380 mm (11 ft 1 in) maximum width and 4,485 mm (14 ft 8.6 in) maximum height.[38][39] This allows the operation of double-deck high-speed trains. The rest of Japan's system is discussed under #Narrow gauge, below.

South Korea

The South Korean national network has the same loading gauge as Japanese Shinkansen.[38] The body frame may have a maximum height of 4,500 mm (180 in) and a maximum width of 3,400 mm (130 in) with additional installations allowed up to 3,600 mm (140 in). That width of 3400 mm is only allowed above 1,250 mm (49 in) as the common passenger platforms are built to former standard trains of 3,200 mm (130 in) in width.

Australia

The standard gauge lines of New South Wales Government Railways (NSWGR) allowed for a width of 9 ft 6 in (2.90 m) until 1910, after a conference of the states created a new standard of 10 ft 6 in (3.20 m), with corresponding increase in track centres. The narrow widths have mostly been eliminated, except, for example, at the mainline platforms at Gosford railway station and some sidings. The longest carriages are 72 ft 6 in (22.10 m).

The Commonwealth Railways adopted the national standard of 10 ft 6 in (3.20 m) when they were established in 1912, although no connection with New South Wales was made until 1970.

The height of the NSW loading gauge just happens to allow for double decker trains in Sydney, while the Victorian loading gauge (in this populous city), which is similar to Swedish SE-A loading gauge, is not quite tall enough to allow for double deck trains in Melbourne (except for one experimental train).

An NSW HV Composite Bogie Brake Van of 1884 was 8 ft 3.5 in (2.527 m) wide and 11 ft 5 in (3.48 m) tall.

A single deck Electric train of the 1920s was 10 ft 6 in (3.20 m) wide, with track centres widened to 12 ft 0 in (3.66 m) to suit. With metrication in 1973, track centres of new work were widened to 13 ft 1.5 in (4.001 m)

A double deck Electric Tangara train of the 2000s was 3,000 mm (118.1 in) wide. Track centres from Penrith railway station to Mount Victoria railway station and Gosford and Wyong have been gradually widened to suit.

Broad gauge

Main article: Broad gauge

Passenger

Freight

Russia

The Russian loading gauges are defined in standard GOST 9238 (ГОСТ 9238-83, ГОСТ 9238-2013) with the current 2013 standard named "Габариты железнодорожного подвижного состава и приближения строений" (construction of rolling stock clearance diagrams [official English title]).[41] It was accepted by the interstate council for standardization, metrology and certification to be valid in Russia, Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, Uzbekistan and Armenia.[41]

The standard defines static envelopes for trains on the national network as T, Tc and Tpr. The static profile 1-T is the common standard on the complete 1520 mm rail network including the CIS and Baltic states. The structure clearance is given as S, Sp and S250. There is a tradition that structure clearance is much bigger than the common train sizes. For international traffic the standard references the kinematic envelope for GC and defines a modified GCru for its high-speed trains. For other international traffic there are 1-T, 1-VM, 0-VM, 02-VM and 03-VMst/03-VMk for the trains and 1-SM for the structure clearance.[41]

The main static profile T allows for a maximum width of 3,750 mm (12 ft 3.6 in) rising to a maximum height of 5,300 mm (17 ft 4.7 in). The profile Tc allows that width only at a height of 3,000 mm (9 ft 10.1 in) requiring a maximum of 3,400 mm (11 ft 1.9 in) below 1,270 mm (50.0 in) which matches with the standard for train platforms (with a height of 1,100 mm [43.3 in]). The profile Tpr has the same lower frame requirement but reduces the maximum upper body width to 3,500 mm (11 ft 5.8 in). The more universal profile 1-T has the complete body at a maximum width of 3,400 mm (11 ft 1.9 in) still rising to a height of 5,300 mm (17 ft 4.7 in).[41]

The structure gauge S requires buildings to be placed at minimum of 3,100 mm (10 ft 2.0 in) from the track centreline. Bridges and tunnels must have a clearance of at least 4,900 mm (16 ft 0.9 in) wide and 6,400 mm (21 ft 0 in) high. The structure gauge Sp for passenger platforms allows 4900 mm only above 1100 mm (the common platform height) requiring a width of 3,840 mm (12 ft 7.2 in) below that line.[41]

The main platform is defined to have a height of 1,100 mm (43.3 in) at a distance of 1,920 mm (75.6 in) from the center of the track to allow for trains with profile T. Low platforms at a height of 200 mm (7.9 in) may be placed at 1,745 mm (68.7 in) from the center of the track. A medium platform is a variant of the high platform but at a height of 550 mm (21.7 in).[41] The latter which matches with the TSI height in Central Europe. In the earlier standard from 1983 the profile T would only be allowed to pass low platforms at 200 mm while the standard high platform for cargo and passenger platforms would be placed no less than 1,750 mm (68.9 in) from the center of the track.[42] That matches with the Tc, Tpr and the universal 1-T loading gauge.

Narrow gauge

Main article: Narrow gauge railways

Narrow gauge railways generally have a smaller loading gauge than standard gauge ones, and this is a major reason for cost savings rather than the railgauge itself. For example, the Lyn locomotive of the Lynton and Barnstaple Railway is 7 feet 2 inches (2.18 m) wide. By comparison, several standard gauge 73 class locomotives of the NSWR, which are 9 feet 3 inches (2.82 m) wide, have been converted for use on 610 mm (2 ft) cane tramways, where there are no narrow bridges, tunnels or track centres to cause trouble. The 6E1 locomotive of the 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) South African Railways are 9 feet 6 inches (2.9 m) wide.

A large numbers of railways using the 762 mm (2 ft 6 in) gauge used the same rolling stock plans which were 7 ft 0 in (2.13 m) wide.

Japan

Japanese national network operated by Japan Railways Group employs narrow gauge 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) and has maximum width of 3,000 mm (9 ft 10 in) and maximum height of 4,100 mm (13 ft 5 in); however, a number JR lines were constructed as private railways prior to nationalisation in the early 20th century, and feature loading gauges smaller than the standard. These include the Chūō Main Line west of Takao, the Minobu Line, and the Yosan Main Line west of Kan'onji　(3,900 mm (12 ft 10 in) height).　Nevertheless, advances in pantograph technology have largely eliminated the need for separate rolling stock in these areas.

There are many private railway companies in Japan and the loading gauge is different for each company.[38]

New Zealand

New Zealand Railways uses 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge. The maximum width is 2,830 mm (9 ft 3 in) and maximum height is 3,815 mm (12 ft 6 in).[43]

South Africa

Main article: Transnet Freight Rail

The South African national network employs 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge, and has maximum width of 3,048 mm (10 ft) and maximum height of 3,962 mm (13 ft),[38] which is greater than the normal British loading gauge for standard gauge vehicles.

Great Britain

Festiniog Railway

Main article: Festiniog Railway

Lynton and Barnstaple Railway

Other

Structure gauge

Increasing the structure gauge can involve substantial work. The UK's Midland Main Line being upgraded in 2014.

The structure gauge, which refers to the dimensions of the lowest and narrowest bridges or tunnels of the track, complements the loading gauge, which specifies the tallest and widest allowable vehicle dimensions. There is a gap between the structure gauge and loading gauge, and some allowance needs to be made for the dynamic movement of vehicles (sway) to avoid mechanical interference causing equipment and structural damage.

Out of gauge

While it may be true that trains of a particular loading gauge can travel freely over tracks of a matching structure gauge, in practice, problems can still occur. In an accident at Moston station, a platform not normally used by freight trains was in fact "out of gauge", and was hit by an in-gauge train.[46][47][48]

Trains larger than the loading gauge, but not too large, can operate if the structure gauge is carefully measured, and the trip is subject to various special regulations.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Glossary". Network Rail. Retrieved 2009-05-15.
  2. ↑ Berne loading gauge
  3. ↑ A Word on Loading Gauges.
  4. ↑ "HS2 Cost and Risk Model Report" (PDF). p. 15.
  5. 1 2 3 "European Loading Gauges". Modern Railways. April 1992.
  6. 1 2 3 "GE/GN8573 Guidance on Gauging, Issue 3" (PDF). London: Rail Safety and Standards Board. October 2009: 20. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  7. ↑ 2002/735/EC: Commission Decision of 30 May 2002 concerning the technical specification for interoperability relating to the rolling stock subsystem of the trans-European high-speed rail system
  8. 1 2 3 Mike Smith (2003). "Track Gauge & Loading Gauge".
  9. ↑ "Leaflet 506 - Rules governing application of the enlarged GA, GB, GB1, GB2, GC and GI3 gauges". Retrieved 2009-05-27.
  10. ↑ EUR-Lex (28 July 2006). "TSI CR WAG; 02006D0861-20130124; Annex C: Track interaction and gauging". Retrieved 7 October 2015.
  11. ↑ "Verladerichtlinien der DB Schenker Rail AG (UIC - Verladerichtlinien); Tafel 1 Sammlung der Lademasse" (in German). 1 July 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  12. ↑ Jacques Molinari (April 1999). "Transport combiné et infrastructures ferroviaires; Compléments 1 - Terminologie - Chargements - Gabarits - Institutions" (PDF) (in French). Retrieved 29 September 2015.
  13. ↑ (PDF). Rail Safety and Standards Board (RSSB). 2013-01 http://www.rssb.co.uk/Library/groups-and-committees/2013-guide-vehicle-structure-sic-guide-to-british-gauging-t926.pdf. Retrieved 2015-08-03. Check date values in: |date= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  14. ↑ "Freight Opportunities Stage 2 Part 3 – Available Space Assessment – ISO Container Routes" (PDF). Rail and Safety Standards Board. September 2007. 7481- LR- 009 issue 1. (2 Definitions)‘W’ Gauge. A set of static gauges that defines the physical size of freight vehicles. [...] (3 Methodology) It was assumed that the container / wagon combinations under consideration already conform to the dimensions set out in the lower sector structure gauge. Therefore, only structural clearances above 1,100 mm (43.31 in) above rail level were assessed.
  15. ↑ "GE/GN8573" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-05-15.
  16. ↑ "Business Plan 2004 - Network Capability" (PDF). Network Rail. Retrieved 2009-05-15.
  17. 1 2 3 "Felixstowe South reconfiguration inspector's report, Strategic Rail Authority submission". Department for Transport. Retrieved 2014-06-25.
  18. ↑ Megafret
  19. 1 2 3 "TEN PROPOSED ENHANCEMENT SCHEMES IN SCOTLAND". Freight on rail. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
  20. ↑ "Standard Shipping Containers". Container container. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
  21. 1 2 "British and Continental Loading Gauges". Joyce's World of Transport Eclectica. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2009-05-18.{ate=March 2013}
  22. ↑ "24 November 2006 Freight RUS Consultation Response National RUS" (PDF). Central Railways. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
  23. 1 2 "Freight RUS" (PDF).
  24. ↑ "Strategic Freight Network: The Longer-Term Vision". Department for Transport. Archived from the original on 4 May 2011. Retrieved 2009-05-17.
  25. ↑ "New SRA Gauging Policy Aims to Make Best Use of Network Capability" (PDF). Department for Transport. Retrieved 2009-05-15.
  26. ↑ Railway Magazine February 1959 pp. 94-96 Michael Robbins: The Size of the Tube
  27. ↑ "Spårteknik - Fritt utrymme utmed banan" (PDF) (in Swedish). Trafikverket. 15 May 1998. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
  28. 1 2 3 4 Car and Locomotive Cyclopedia Of American Practice
  29. ↑ Clearance maps for CSX, a typical major carrier
  30. ↑ "Comparaison des gabarits UIC et nord-américains (Comparison of UIC and North American Gauges)". Marc Dufour. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
  31. ↑ April 2001 Official Railway Equipment Register
  32. ↑ 89 ft (27.1 m) flat car
  33. ↑ Autorack
  34. ↑ Guide to Railcars Archived 31 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  35. ↑ Railway line clearances and car dimensions including weight limitations of railroads in the United States, Canada, Mexico and Cuba.
  36. ↑ Dufour, Marc. "CoupeTunnelDouble" (GIF). La ligne de banlieue Montréal - Deux-Montagnes & le réseau ferré de banlieue. Retrieved 2008-05-13.
  37. ↑ Janes World Railways
  38. 1 2 3 4 Hiroshi Kubota (1997-02-13). Railway Engineering Handbook (in Japanese). Grand Prix publishing. p. 148. ISBN 4-87687-163-9.
  39. ↑ APTA: High-Speed Rolling Stock in Japan
  40. ↑ "Lastprofiler Finland" (in Swedish). Green Cargo. 15 December 2009. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "ГОСТ 9238-2013". 2014-07-01.
  42. ↑ http://vsegost.com/Catalog/43/4382.shtml
  43. ↑ "National Rail System Standard 6 - Engineering Interoperability Standards" (PDF). KiwiRail. 12 April 2013. Retrieved 6 September 2015.
  44. ↑ Festiniog Railway Volumn Two by James Boyd p365. ISBN 0-85361-168-8.
  45. ↑ "THE FESTINIOG RAILWAY.". Rockhampton Bulletin (Qld. : 1871 - 1878). Qld.: National Library of Australia. 17 April 1873. p. 3. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
  46. ↑ The Railway Magazine April 2015, p12
  47. ↑ "Here is a platform alteration". rail.co.uk. 17 February 2015.
  48. ↑ "Report 17/2015: Trains struck platform at Moston, Manchester". gov.uk. Rail Accident Investigation Branch. 7 October 2015.

Further reading

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