Lockheed L-193
| L-193 Constellation II | |
|---|---|
.gif) | |
| Role | Jet airliner Aerial refuelling tanker |
| National origin | United States |
| Manufacturer | Lockheed |
| Status | Canceled |
| Number built | 0 |
|
| |
The Lockheed L-193 Constellation II was a jet airliner design concept, designed between 1949 and 1953 with a swept wing and engines mounted at the tail. An airliner and tanker version were developed. The latter, in an aerial refueling competition initiated by the United States Air Force (USAF), won and was preferred over the Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker. Since the competing Boeing aircraft was ready to fly first, examples were ordered as an interim measure. They performed well enough that the L-193 was never ordered as a tanker, and airliner plans were dropped soon after.
Design and development
The Lockheed L-193 jet was designed between 1949 and 1953. By comparison, Boeing started producing the prototype for the Boeing 707 after the design was completed in 1952. Lockheed sought input from Trans World Airlines for the airliner's requirements[1] and several sub-variants were developed. It was a swept wing with the engines mounted at the tail similar to an Ilyushin Il-62 or Vickers VC-10. It was designed to be slightly smaller than the Boeing 707 and Douglas DC-8 of the time.[2][3] Lockheed used features seen in its previous designs, including tip tanks similar to the Lockheed Constellation and a double-deck fuselage similar to the Lockheed Constitution.[4] The engines were also flush mounted to the fuselage, a feature dropped from most current jet designs.
In the wake of the Korean War, a competition was held in 1954 for a USAF aerial refueling tanker. A modified L-193 was chosen in 1955 to supplement the interim KC-135 tanker. The aircraft was designated "KCX-LO", and the first prototype would have been the XK-1. A prototype was ordered in February 1955. Air Force Secretary Harold E. Talbott ordered 250 KC-135 interim tankers while the selection winner was manufactured. The KC-135 was able to be delivered two years earlier than the Lockheed, and was able to be put into squadron service four years earlier. The orders for the Lockheed tanker were eventually dropped so the USAF would not have to support two separate tanker designs.[5]
Lockheed never produced its jet airliner, instead producing the modestly-successful propjet-powered Electra. Lockheed also produced the C-141 Starlifter jet cargo transport and an SST design, but did not produce a jet airliner until the L-1011 wide-body trijet. By contrast, Boeing had beat Lockheed by producing its prototype first, at its own expense, rather than waiting for the military contract, and would eventually dominate the market with a family of airliners based on the 707 and KC-135.
Specifications (L-193)
General characteristics
- Crew: 5
- Capacity: 48 - 64
- Length: 112 ft 2 in (34.19 m)
- Wingspan: 104 ft (32 m)
- Height: 36 ft 8 in (11.18 m)
- Wing area: 1,615 sq ft (150.0 m2)
- Gross weight: 148,000 lb (67,132 kg)
Performance
- Maximum speed: 537 kn; 995 km/h (618 mph)
- Cruise speed: 521 kn; 966 km/h (600 mph)
- Rate of climb: 5,500 ft/min (28 m/s)
References
- Notes
- ↑ Robert W. Rummel. Howard Hughes and TWA, Volume 87.
- ↑ "Here Is U-2's Father". Chicago Tribune. December 22, 1963.
- ↑ "THE HEARTBREAK MARKET: AIRLINERS". Retrieved 9 October 2010.
- ↑ Douglas J. Ingells. L-1011 TriStar and the Lockheed story.
- ↑ "Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker -- More than just a Tanker" Robert S. Hopkins III
- ↑ Of men and stars: a history of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, 1913-1957
- ↑ Flight International, Volume 59
- Bibliography
- Air Enthusiast 126 & Secret Projects - Postwar Secret Projects
- USAF AIRCRAFT 1947-1956 by James C. Fahey