Luxor

For the ancient settlement at Luxor, see Thebes, Egypt. For other uses, see Luxor (disambiguation).
Luxor
الأقصر
Al-Uqsur
City

Top: First pylon in Precinct of Amun-Re, 2nd left: Night view in Luxor Temple, 2nd right: Colossi of Memnon Statue, Middle left: Pillars of Great Hypostyle Hall ancient site, Middle right: Hatshepsut Temple in Deir el-Bchari, 4th left: Statue of Ramses Ⅱ in Karnak Temple, 4th right: Needle Monument in Karnak Temple, Bottom: View of Pillars of Great Hypostyle Hall ancient site
Luxor

Location of Luxor within Egypt

Coordinates: EG 25°41′N 32°39′E / 25.683°N 32.650°E / 25.683; 32.650Coordinates: EG 25°41′N 32°39′E / 25.683°N 32.650°E / 25.683; 32.650
Country  Egypt
Governorate Luxor
Area[1]
 • Total 416 km2 (161 sq mi)
Elevation 76 m (249 ft)
Population (2012)[2]
 • Total 506,588
 • Density 1,200/km2 (3,200/sq mi)
Time zone EET (UTC+2)
Postal code 85511
Area code(s) (+20) 95
Website www.luxor.gov.eg

Luxor (/ˈlʌk.sɔːr/ or /ˈlʊk.sɔːr/;[3] Arabic: الأقصر‎‎ al-Uqṣur ; Egyptian Arabic: Loʔṣor  IPA: [ˈloʔsˤoɾ]; Sa'idi Arabic: Logṣor  [ˈloɡsˤor], Coptic: ⲛⲏ) is a city in Upper (southern) Egypt and the capital of Luxor Governorate. The population numbers 487,896 (2010 estimate),[2] with an area of approximately 416 square kilometres (161 sq mi).[1]

As the site of the Ancient Egyptian city of Thebes,[4] Luxor has frequently been characterized as the "world's greatest open-air museum", as the ruins of the temple complexes at Karnak and Luxor stand within the modern city. Immediately opposite, across the River Nile, lie the monuments, temples and tombs of the West Bank Necropolis, which includes the Valley of the Kings and Valley of the Queens.

Thousands of tourists from all around the world arrive annually to visit these monuments, contributing greatly to the economy of the modern city.

Etymology

The name Luxor comes from the Arabic al-ʾuqṣur (الأقصر), lit. "the palaces," from the collective pl. of qaṣr (قصر),[5] which may be a loanword from the Latin castrum "fortified camp".[6] (Compare Alcázar of Seville)

History

Luxor Temple

Luxor was the ancient city of Thebes, the great capital of (Upper) Egypt during the New Kingdom, and the glorious city of Amun, later to become the god Amun-Ra. The city was regarded in the Ancient Egyptian texts as w3s.t (approximate pronunciation: "Waset"), which meant "city of the sceptre" and also as t3 ip3t (conventionally pronounced as "ta ipet" and meaning "the shrine") and then, in a later period, the Greeks called it Thebai and the Romans after them Thebae. Thebes was also known as "the city of the 100 gates", sometimes being called "southern Heliopolis" ('Iunu-shemaa' in Ancient Egyptian), to distinguish it from the city of Iunu or Heliopolis, the main place of worship for the god Re in the north. It was also often referred to as niw.t, which simply means "city", and was one of only three cities in Egypt for which this noun was used (the other two were Memphis and Heliopolis); it was also called niw.t rst, "southern city", as the southernmost of them.

The importance of the city started as early as the 11th Dynasty, when the town grew into a thriving city, by native nubi Egyptian, it was renowned for its high social status and luxury, but also as a center for wisdom, art, religious and political supremacy.[7] Montuhotep II who united Egypt after the troubles of the first intermediate period brought stability to the lands as the city grew in stature. The Pharaohs of the New Kingdom in their expeditions to Kush, in today's northern Sudan, and to the lands of Canaan, Phoenicia and Syria saw the city accumulate great wealth and rose to prominence, even on a world scale.[7] Thebes played a major role in expelling the invading forces of the Hyksos from Upper Egypt, and from the time of the 18th Dynasty to the 20th Dynasty, the city had risen as the political, religious and military capital of Ancient Egypt.

The city attracted peoples such as the Babylonians, the Mitanni, the Hittites of Anatolia (modern-day Turkey), the Canaanites of Ugarit, the Phoenicians of Byblos and Tyre, the Minoans from the island of Crete.[7] A Hittite prince from Anatolia even came to marry with the widow of Tutankhamun, Ankhesenamun.[7] The political and military importance of the city, however, faded during the Late Period, with Thebes being replaced as political capital by several cities in Northern Egypt, such as Bubastis, Sais and finally Alexandria.

However, as the city of the god Amon-Ra, Thebes remained the religious capital of Egypt until the Greek period.[7] The main god of the city was Amon, who was worshipped together with his wife, the Goddess Mut, and their son Khonsu, the God of the moon. With the rise of Thebes as the foremost city of Egypt, the local god Amon rose in importance as well and became linked to the sun god Ra, thus creating the new 'king of gods' Amon-Ra. His great temple, at Karnak just north of Thebes, was the most important temple of Egypt right until the end of antiquity.

Later, the city was attacked by Assyrian emperor Assurbanipal who installed the Libyan prince on the throne, Psamtik I.[7] The city of Thebes was in ruins and fell in significance. However, Alexander the Great did arrive at the temple of Amun, where the statue of the god was transferred from Karnak during the Opet Festival, the great religious feast.[7] Thebes remained a site of spirituality up to the Christian era, and attracted numerous Christian monks in the Roman Empire who established monasteries amidst several ancient monuments including the temple of Hatshepsut, now called Deir el-Bahri ("the northern monastery").[7]

Sights of modern-day Luxor

East bank
A panoramic view of the great hypostyle hall in the Precinct of Amun Re
West bank

Climate

Luxor has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) like the rest of Egypt. Aswan and Luxor have the hottest summer days of any other city in Egypt. Aswan and Luxor have nearly the same climate. Luxor is one of the hottest, sunniest and driest cities in the world. Average high temperatures are above 40 °C (104 °F) during summer (June, July, August) while average low temperatures remain above 22 °C (72 °F). During the coldest month of the year, average high temperatures remain above 22.0 °C (71.6 °F) while average low temperatures remain above 5 °C (41 °F).

The climate of Luxor has precipitation levels lower than even most other places in the Sahara, with less than 1 mm (0.04 in) of average annual precipitation. The desert city is one of the driest ones in the world, and rainfall does not occur every year. The air is mainly dry in Luxor but much more humid than in Aswan. There is an average relative humidity of 39.9%, with a maximum mean of 57% during winter and a minimum mean of 27% during summer.

The climate of Luxor is extremely clear, bright and sunny year-round, in all seasons, with a low seasonal variation, with about some 4,000 hours of annual sunshine, very close of the maximum theoretical sunshine duration.

In addition, Luxor, Minya, Sohag, Qena and Asyut have the widest difference of temperatures between days and nights of any city in Egypt, with almost 16 °C (29 °F) difference.

The hottest temperature recorded was on May 15, 1991 which was 50 °C (122 °F) and the coldest temperature was on February 6, 1989 which was −1 °C (30 °F).[8]

Climate data for Luxor
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 32.9
(91.2)		 38.5
(101.3)		 42.2
(108)		 46.2
(115.2)		 48.3
(118.9)		 48.5
(119.3)		 47.8
(118)		 47.0
(116.6)		 46.0
(114.8)		 43.0
(109.4)		 38.2
(100.8)		 34.8
(94.6)		 48.5
(119.3)
Average high °C (°F) 23.0
(73.4)		 25.4
(77.7)		 27.4
(81.3)		 35.0
(95)		 39.2
(102.6)		 41.4
(106.5)		 41.1
(106)		 40.4
(104.7)		 38.8
(101.8)		 35.3
(95.5)		 28.9
(84)		 24.4
(75.9)		 33.4
(92.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.8
(56.8)		 15.9
(60.6)		 20.2
(68.4)		 25.6
(78.1)		 29.6
(85.3)		 32.2
(90)		 32.3
(90.1)		 31.8
(89.2)		 29.7
(85.5)		 25.9
(78.6)		 20.0
(68)		 15.1
(59.2)		 24.3
(75.7)
Average low °C (°F) 5.4
(41.7)		 7.1
(44.8)		 10.4
(50.7)		 16.0
(60.8)		 20.2
(68.4)		 22.6
(72.7)		 23.6
(74.5)		 23.2
(73.8)		 21.3
(70.3)		 17.3
(63.1)		 11.6
(52.9)		 7.1
(44.8)		 15.5
(59.9)
Record low °C (°F) −0.3
(31.5)		 0.2
(32.4)		 0.0
(32)		 6.5
(43.7)		 12.5
(54.5)		 16.0
(60.8)		 19.2
(66.6)		 19.2
(66.6)		 15.8
(60.4)		 9.8
(49.6)		 3.7
(38.7)		 0.7
(33.3)		 −0.3
(31.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 1
(0.04)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 1
(0.04)
Average precipitation days 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 1.0 1.9
Average relative humidity (%) 55 47 39 31 29 27 30 33 37 43 51 57 39.9
Mean daily sunshine hours 9 10 10 10 11 12 12 12 11 10 10 9 10.5
Source #1: NOAA[9]
Source #2: Weather2Travel for sunshine[10]

Coptic Catholic Eparchy

The Coptic Catholic (Alexandrian Rite) minority established on 1895.11.26 an Eparchy (Eastern Catholic Diocese) of Luqsor (Luxor) alias Thebes, on territory split off from the Apostolic Vicariate of Egypt. Its episcopal see is a St. George cathedral in Luxor.

In turn, it lost territory on 1947.08.10 to establish the Eparchy of Assiut and again on 1981.09.13: Lost territory to establish Sohag.

Suffragan Eparchs (Bishops) of Luqsor (Coptic Rite)

Economy

Streets of Luxor in 2004
Luxor souq

The economy of Luxor, like that of many other Egyptian cities, is heavily dependent upon tourism. Large numbers of people also work in agriculture, particularly sugarcane.

The local economy was hit by the Luxor massacre in 1997, in which a total of 64 people (including 59 visiting tourists) were killed, at the time the worst terrorist attack in Egypt (before the Sharm el-Sheikh terrorist attacks).[11] The massacre reduced tourist numbers for several years.[12] Following the 2011 Arab Spring, tourism to Egypt dropped significantly, again affecting local tourist markets.

To make up for shortfalls of income, many cultivate their own food. Goat's cheese, pigeons, subsidized and home-baked bread and homegrown tomatoes are commonplace among the majority of its residents.

Tourism development

Street market
Winter Palace Hotel

A controversial tourism development plan aims to transform Luxor into a vast open-air museum. The master plan envisions new roads, five-star hotels, glitzy shops, and an IMAX theatre. The main attraction is an 11 million dollar project to unearth and restore the 2.7 kilometres (1.7 mi) long Avenue of Sphinxes that once linked Luxor and Karnak temples. The ancient processional road was built by the pharaoh Amenhotep III and took its final form under Nectanebo I in 400 BCE. Over a thousand sphinx statues lined the road now being excavated which was covered by silt, homes, mosques and churches. Excavation started around 2004.[13][14]

2013 Luxor hot air balloon crash

Nineteen Asian and European tourists died when a hot air balloon crashed early on Tuesday, February 26, 2013 near Luxor following a mid-air gas explosion. It was one of the worst accidents involving tourists in Egypt and likely to push the tourism industry deeper into recession. The casualties included French, British, Hungarian, Japanese nationals and nine tourists from Hong Kong.[15]

Infrastructure

Transport

Luxor is served by Luxor International Airport.

Luxor international airport

A bridge was opened in 1998, a few kilometres upstream of the main town of Luxor, allowing ready land access from the east bank to the west bank. Traditionally, however, river crossings have been the domain of several ferry services. The so-called 'local ferry' (also known as the 'National Ferry') continues to operate from a landing opposite the Temple of Luxor. The single fare (June 2008) is 1 L.E. - one Egyptian Pound - per passenger for foreigners. Egyptian nationals pay ¼ of that, 25 piasters. This ferry is mainly used by the locals although a number of foreigners do use it.

Luxor railway station

Transport to sites on the west bank are serviced by taxi drivers who often approach ferry passengers. There are also local cars that reach some of the monuments for 25 piasters, although tourists rarely use them. Alternatively, motorboats line both banks of the Nile all day providing a quicker, but more expensive (5 L.E.), crossing to the other side.

The city of Luxor on the east bank has several bus routes used mainly by locals. Tourists often rely on horse carriages, called "calèches," for transport or tours around the city. Taxis are plentiful, and reasonably priced, and since the government has decreed that taxis older than 20 years will not be relicensed, there are many modern air-conditioned cabs. Recently, new roads have been built in the city to cope with the growth in traffic.

For domestic travel along the route of the Nile, a rail service operates several times a day. A morning train and sleeping train can be taken from the railway station situated around 400 metres (440 yd) from Luxor Temple. The line runs between several major destinations, including Cairo to the north and Aswan to the south.

International relations

Twinning

Towns and cities

Luxor is twinned with the following cities:

Regions
A panoramic view of the interior of the Luxor temple, just inside the entrance. The Abu Haggag Mosque, built over the ruins, is on the left.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 http://www.luxor.gov.eg/population.htm
  2. 1 2 "World Gazetteer - Egypt: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population". Archived from the original on 10 December 2012. (retrieved 2010-7-27)
  3. ↑ Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition. Merriam-Webster, 2007. p. 1557
  4. ↑ "Luxor, Egypt".
  5. ↑ Verner, Miroslav (2013) Temple of the World: Sanctuaries, Cults, and Mysteries of Ancient Egypt Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. p. 232. ISBN 9789774165634
  6. ↑ Shahîd, Irfan (2002) Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. ISBN 9780884022848. page 68.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "History of Luxor (Thebes)". Sacred Destinations. Retrieved December 1, 2008.
  8. ↑ "Luxor, Egypt". Voodoo Skies. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  9. ↑ "Luxor Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
  10. ↑ "Luxor Climate and Weather Averages, Egypt". Weather2Travel. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
  11. ↑ Shock in Sharm 23 July, Serene Assir, Al-Ahram Weekly
  12. ↑ "Solidly ahead of oil, Suez Canal revenues, and remittances, tourism is Egypt's main hard currency earner at $6.5 billion per year." (in 2005) ... concerns over tourism's future accessed 27 September 2007
  13. ↑ McGrath, Cam (2011-06-16). "Mideast: Sphinx Avenue Paved With Bitter Memories — Global Issues". Globalissues.org. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
  14. ↑ McGrath, Cam (2011-06-16). "Mideast: Sphinx Avenue Paved With Bitter Memories — Global Issues". Globalissues.org. Retrieved 2011-09-16.
  15. ↑ (Times of India, Indore, MP, India edition Wed, Feb. 27, 2013)
  16. ↑ "Baltimore City Mayor's Office of International and Immigrant Affairs - Sister Cities Program". Archived from the original on August 7, 2008. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
  17. ↑ 友好城市 (Friendly cities), 市外办 (Foreign Affairs Office), 2008-03-22. (Translation by Google Translate.)
  18. ↑ 国际友好城市一览表 (International Friendship Cities List), 2011-01-20. (Translation by Google Translate.)
  19. ↑ 友好交流 (Friendly exchanges), 2011-09-13. (Translation by Google Translate.)
  20. ↑ "Georgia's wine region twins with Egypt's Luxor". Agenda.ge. 11 March 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
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