Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah

Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah
السيد محمد حسين فضل الله
Religion Twelver Shi`a Islam
Other names Arabic: السيد محمد حسين فضل الله
Personal
Born (1935-11-16)16 November 1935
Najaf, Kingdom of Iraq
Died 4 July 2010(2010-07-04) (aged 74)[1]
Beirut, Lebanon
Senior posting
Based in Beirut, Lebanon
Title Grand Ayatollah
Period in office 1989–2010
Religious career
Post Grand Shia cleric
Website bayynat.org.lb (Arabic, French, English)
bayynat.ir (Persian , Urdu)

Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Hussein Fadl-Allāh (also Sayyed Muhammad Hussein Fadl-Allāh; Arabic: محمد حسين فضل الله‎‎; 16 November 1935 – 4 July 2010) was a prominent Shia cleric from a Lebanese family, but born in Najaf, Iraq, Fadlallah studied Islam in Najaf before moving to Lebanon in 1952. In the following decades, he gave many lectures, engaged in intense scholarship, wrote dozens of books, founded several Islamic religious schools, and established the Mabarrat Association. Through the aforementioned association he established a public library, a women's cultural center, and a medical clinic.

Fadlallah was sometimes called the "spiritual mentor" of Hezbollah in the media, although this was disputed by other sources. He was also the target of several assassination attempts, including a car bombing in Beirut in 1985.[2]

His death was followed by a huge turnout in Lebanon, visits by virtually all major political figures across the Lebanese spectrum, and statements of condolence from across the greater Middle East region; but it also led to controversy in the west and a denunciation in Israel.

Early life

Fadl-Allāh was born in the Iraqi Shia shrine city of Najaf on 16 November 1935. His parents, Abdulraouf Fadlullah and al-Hajja Raoufa Hassan Bazzi,[3] had migrated there from the village of 'Aynata in south Lebanon in 1928 to learn theology. By the time of his birth, his father was already a Muslim scholar.[4]

Education

Fadl-Allāh went first to a traditional school (Kuttāb) to learn the Quran and the basic skills of reading and writing. He soon left and went to a more "modern" school that was established by the publisher Jamiat Muntada Al-Nasher where he remained for two years and studied in the third and fourth elementary classes.

At these schools he began studying the religious sciences at a very young age. He started to read the Ajroumiah when he was nine years old, and then he read Qatr al-Nada wa Bal Al-Sada (Ibn Hisham).

He completed Sutouh in which the student reads the book and listens to his teacher’s explanation. He also studied the Arabic language, logic and Jurisprudence, and did not need another teacher until he studied the second part of the course known as Kifayat at Usul which he studied with an Iranian teacher named Sheikh mujtaba Al-Linkarani. He attended the so-called Bahth Al-Kharij in which the teacher does not restrict himself to a certain book but gives more or less free lectures. Fadl-Allāh published a minor periodical before going to Lebanon. At the age of ten, he put out a handwritten literary journal with some of his friends.[5]

Return to Lebanon

After 21 years of studying under the prominent teachers of the Najaf religious university he concluded his studies in 1966 and returned to Lebanon. He had already visited Lebanon in 1952 where he recited a poem eulogizing Muhsin Al-Amin at his funeral.

In 1966 Fadl-Allāh received an invitation from a group who had established a society called ”Usrat Ataakhi” (The family of Fraternity) to come and live with them in the area of Naba’a in Eastern Beirut. He agreed, especially as the conditions at Najaf impelled him to leave.

In Naba’a Fadl-Allāh began his work, by organising cultural seminars and delivering religious speeches that discussed social issues as well.

Nevertheless, Fadl-Allāh’s main concern was to continue to develop his academic work. Thus he founded a religious school called the Islamic Sharia Institute in which several students enrolled who later became prominent religious scholars including Sheikh Ragib Harb. He also established a public library, a women’s cultural centre and a medical clinic.

When the Lebanese Civil War forced him to leave the area, he moved to the Southern Suburbs where he started to give priority to teaching and educating the people. He used the mosque as his centre for holding daily prayers giving lessons in Qur'anic interpretation, as well as religious and moral speeches, especially on religious occasions such as Ashura. He soon resumed his academic work and began to give daily lessons in Islamic principles, jurisprudence and morals.

Assassination attempts

Further information: 1985 Beirut car bombing

As one of the alleged leaders of Hezbollah, a status both he and the group denied[6] he was the target of several assassination attempts, including the allegedly CIA-sponsored and funded [7] 8 March 1985 Beirut car bombing that killed 80 people.[8][9]

On 8 March 1985, a car bomb equivalent to 440 lb (200 kg) of dynamite exploded 9–45 metres[10][11] from his house in Beirut, Lebanon. The blast destroyed a 7-story apartment building and a cinema, killed 80 people and wounded 256. The attack was timed to go off as worshippers were leaving Friday Prayers. Most of the dead were girls and women who had been leaving the mosque, though the ferocity of the blast "burned babies in their beds," "killed a bride buying her trousseau," and "blew away three children as they walked home from the mosque." It also "devastated the main street of the densely populated" West Beirut suburb.[12][13] but Fadl-Allāh escaped injury. One of his bodyguards at the time was Imad Mughniyeh, who was later assassinated in a car-bombing in February 2008.[14]

According to Bob Woodward, CIA director William Casey was involved in the attack, which he suggests was carried out with funding from Saudi Arabia.[15] Former Lebanese warlord and statesman late Elie Hobeika was accused as one of those likely responsible for the actual operation.[16]

During the 2006 Israel-Hezbollah war, Israeli warplanes bombed his two-story house in Beirut's southern Haret Hreik neighborhood. Fadlallah was not at home at the time of the bombing, which reduced the house to rubble.[17]

Hezbollah connection

He has been variously attributed by the media as being the spiritual leader of Hezbollah. Al Manar said he had at least "inspired the leaders" of the group. It added that "From the pulpit of the Imam Rida mosque in the Bir al-Abd neighborhood, Sayyed Fadlullah’s sermons gave shape to the political currents among mainly the Muslim Shiite sect [of Lebanon], from the latter half of the 1980s till the last days of his life."[18] Although other sources such as noted journalist Robert Fisk also refuted such claims that he was affiliated with the group.[19]

Views

He supported the Iranian Islamic Revolution.[20] In his sermons, he called for armed resistance to the Israeli occupations of Lebanon, the West Bank, and the Gaza Strip, along with opposition to the existence of Israel.

He held relatively liberal views on the status of women. When he died in 2010, TIME magazine wrote about his contrarian stance:

"Fadlallah had broken with Hizballah and the toxic legacy of his early edicts. He criticized Iran's clerical rule, supported women's rights and insisted on dialogue with the West."[21]

U.S. foreign policy

He has asked for a boycott of American products.

All American and Israeli goods and products should be boycotted in a way that undermines American and Israeli interests so as to act as deterrence to their war against Muslims and Islam that is being waged under the pretense of fighting terrorism.
This boycott should become an overwhelming trend that makes these two states feel that their economies are in a real and actual danger.[22]

In November 2007, Fadlallah accused the United States of trying to sabotage the election in Lebanon: "The insanity of the U.S. president and its administration is reflected in Lebanon by their ambassador pressuring the Lebanese people and preventing them from reaching an agreement over the presidential election."[23]

Though he welcomed the election of Barack Obama as the American president, the following year he expressed disappointment with Obama's lack of progress in the Middle East peace process saying he appeared to have no plan to bring peace to the region.[24]

9/11 criticism

Despite his criticism of U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East, he condemned the September 11 attacks in the United States as acts of terrorism.[17][25][26]

Israel

Fadlallah has made statements in favour of suicide bombings against Israeli citizens. In a 2002 interview with The Daily Telegraph Fadlallah said:

"I was not the one who launched the idea of so-called suicide bombings...but I have certainly argued in favour of them. I do, though, make a distinction between them and attacks that target people in a state of peace - which was why I opposed what happened on September 11.

"The situation of the Palestinians is quite different, because they are in a state of war with Israel. They are not aiming to kill civilians but, in war, civilians do get killed. Don't forget, the Palestinians are living under mountains of pressure.

"They have had their land stolen, their families killed, their homes destroyed, and the Israelis are using weapons, such as the F16 aircraft, which are meant only for major wars. There is no other way for the Palestinians to push back those mountains, apart from martyrdom operations."[27]

His support for suicide bombings against Israel were based on the grounds that the latter uses advanced weaponry; it was also claimed that he wished that the state of Israel would cease to exist.[2]

Following the Mercaz HaRav massacre, Fadlallah called the attack "heroic."[28] Western sources also cite his favour for suicide bombings against Israeli citizens.[2][29][30] Fadlallah explained the religious basis for suicide attacks in an interview with Daily Star.[31]

In September 2009, Fadlallah issued a fatwa banning normalisation of ties with Israel.[32] He also objected to any territorial settlement, saying "the entire land of Palestine within its historical borders is one Arab-Islamic country and no one has right to spare on[e] inch of it."[32] Another English translation (from the Arabic in Al Akhbar) was given in The Daily Middle East Reporter.[33]

Islamic governance

Despite his ties with the Islamic Republic of Iran, Fadlallah distanced himself from the Ayatollah Khomeini's legacy of Veleyat-e Faqih as theocratic rule by Islamic clerics was said to argue that "no Shia religious leader, not even Khomeini… has a monopoly on the truth."[26][34] He also first endorsed Grand Ayatollah Ali al-Sistani rather than Ayatollah Ali Khamenei as the marja for Shia in matters of religion, before claiming the role for himself.[35] In an 2009 interview, Fadlallah said that he does not believe wilayat al-faqih has a role in modern Lebanon.[36]

Women

Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah was known for his relatively liberal views on women, whom he sees as equal to men.[37] He believed that women have just as much of a responsibility towards society as men do, and women should be role models for both men and women.[38] Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah also believed that women have the same exact ability as men to fight their inner weaknesses.[39][40] He saw the hijab as something that makes a man see a woman not as a sex object, but instead as a human being. He believes that women should cover their entire body except for their face and hands, and that they should avoid wearing excessive makeup when they go out in public.[41]

Fadlallah also issued a fatwa on the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women that supports the right of a woman to defend herself against any act of violence whether social or physical. The fatwa reaffirms the rights of women, both at their workplace and at home, and states that Islam forbids men from exercising any form of violence against women and forbids men from depriving women of their legal rights. In his words "physical violence in which women are beaten, proves that these men are weak, for only the weak are in need of unjust violence".[42] He also issued fatwas forbidding female circumcision and honour killings.[37]

Abortion

He was opposed to abortion in most cases; however, when the women is in an abnormal amount of danger by the pregnancy, he believed it was permissible.[43]

Amman Message

He was one of the Ulama signatories of the Amman Message, which gives a broad foundation for defining Muslim orthodoxy.[44]

Controversial views regarding Shia doctrine

Fadlallah held controversial views regarding Shia doctrine, as espoused in some of his works and speeches. He also issued many fatwas and opinions that courted controversy, for which he was not supported by other eminent Shia scholars, including a representative of Grand Ayatollah al-Sistani.[45]

Social work

Fadlallah was quoted as saying "We have to improve our education and gain more scientific knowledge. If we do not make the best of our time now, we will not be able to build our future or develop in the Future."[46] In addition to the academic work that Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah did, he also opened up schools, Islamic centres, and orphanages:[47]

Schools

  1. The Imam Al-Khoei Orphanage, Beirut (Dawha)
  2. Imam Al-Baqir Secondary school, Beka`a (Hirmil)
  3. Imam Al-Jawed Secondary school, Beka`a (Ali Nahri)
  4. Imam Ali Bin Abi Talib school, South Lebanon (Ma`roub)
  5. Imam Hassan Secondary school, Beirut (Ruwais)
  6. Al-Mujtaba Secondary School, Beirut (Hay Al-Salum)
  7. Imam Ja`afar As-Sadiq school, South Lebanon (Jwaya)
  8. Al-Kauther Secondary school, Beirut (Bir Hassan)
  9. Imam Hussein School, Beka`a (Suh`mour), under construction
  10. Ali Al-Akbar Vocational Institute Beirut (Doha)

Islamic centres

  1. The large Islamic Center, Beirut (Haret Hreik: Consists of the Al-Imamain Hassnian Mosque, the Zah`ra Hall and the Islamic Cultural Center.
  2. Imam Hasan Askari Center Beka`a’(Sira’in)
  3. Imam Hussein Center-Beka`a(Jlala)
  4. Imam Ali Bin Abi Talib center South Lebanon.(AL-Hawzah-Sour)
  5. Ahl Al-Beit Mosque Beka`a’ (Rayak)
  6. Imam Ja’far Al-Sadiq Mosque Beka`a (Hirmil)
  7. Ahl Al-Beit Center, North Lebanon (Tripoli)
  8. Sayyida Zaynab Mosque, Beka`a (Baalbeck)

Orphanages

  1. Imam Al-Khoei Orphanage (Beirut-Doha)
  2. Imam Zein Al-Abidine (A.S.) Orphanage Biqaa(Hirmil).
  3. Imam Ali Bin Abi Talib (A.S.) Orphanage, South Lebanon. (The Ma`roub-Sour road)
  4. Virgin Mary Orphanage (A.S.) South Lebanon(Jiwaya).
  5. Al- Sayyida Khadijah Al-Kubraa (A.S.) Orphanage, Beirut (Bir-Hassan).
  6. The Zaynab (A.S.) Orphanage West Biqaa (Suh`mour) Under construction.

Death

He was hospitalized several times in the months before his death suffering from internal bleeding.[48] His frailty was also a reason for his inability to deliver Friday sermons in the weeks preceding his death.[49] Fadlallah's Media Office announced his death at Al-Hassanein Mosque in the southern Beirut suburb of Haret Hureik on 4 July 2010, and he was 74.[24] His office said the funeral was scheduled for 6 July at 13:30 p.m. leaving from his house to be buried in Al-Hasanein Mosque. His family members then started to receive condolences at the Hassanein mosque.[50]

The day was also declared by Lebanon as a day of national mourning.[51] The cabinet’s General Secretariat said all public institutions and administrations, headquarters of municipalities, private and public schools and universities would be closed. The Lebanese flag would be lowered to half-mast in public institutions and administration, and the headquarters of municipalities. Radio and television programmes would also be "adjusted in line with the painful occasion."[49]

At his funeral his supporters carried his body around Shia neighbourhoods in southern Beirut. They then marched to the spot of his 1985 assassination attempt before returning to Imam Rida Mosque where he was laid to rest. Thousands of mourners gathered at the mosque for prayer services before the funeral procession. Delegations included representatives from Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Syria, and Iran.[52] Thousands of his followers also gathered outside his mosque in Haret Hreik. Al-Manar broadcast the funeral. They said that during his funeral thousands of his followers took part in his funeral, and told "his eminence for the last time their 'own secrets' and vowing to stay committed to his path. They told him that even if he has died, he will remain the ideal and the model for them, that even if he has died, his eminence will remain a great man in the eyes of all those who had the chance to know him, and his views will continue to circulate from one generation to another".[53] It also added that his followers "launched a school of beliefs and thoughts, a school that would always be committed to the main causes of Islam, from Jihad to Resistance, and face all foreign threats against the region." It claimed that he "committed to the central cause, Palestine, calling to fight occupation through all possible means. His eminence issued different 'fatwa's calling to fight Israel and boycott American goods and ban normalizing of relations, and was a 'true supporter' of Islamic unity all over his life. In his last moments before his death, Sayyed Fadlullah was still preoccupied with the cause. He was asking about the dawn prayers and telling his nurse that he wouldn't rest before Israel's vanishing."[54]

Reactions

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Reuters". Reuters. 4 July 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  2. 1 2 3 Cambanis, Thanassis (4 July 2010). "Grand Ayatollah Fadlallah, Shiite Cleric, Dies at 75". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
  3. ↑ Samer Mohamad Bazzi (1 June 2004). "The Lebanese Armageddon in the New Iraq". Bintjbeil. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  4. ↑ "Biographie". Bayynat. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  5. ↑ R. Scott Appleby (15 December 1996). Spokesmen for the Despised: Fundamentalist Leaders of the Middle East. University of Chicago Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-226-02125-6. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  6. ↑ "Hezbollah 'mentor' Fadlallah dies in Lebanon". BBC. 4 July 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  7. ↑ Hugh Macleod in Beirut (4 July 2010). "Lebanon's Grand Ayatollah Mohammed Hussein Fadlallah dies at 74". London: The Guardian. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  8. ↑ "1985: Beirut car bomb kills dozens". BBC. 8 March 1985. Retrieved 13 May 2010.
  9. ↑ "60 killed by Beirut car bomb". The Guardian. London. 9 March 1985. Retrieved 13 May 2010.
  10. ↑ From Agencies (9 March 1985). "60 killed by Beirut car bomb". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  11. ↑ "A history of car bomb (Part 2)". Asia Times Online. 18 March 2006. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  12. ↑ "Noam Chomsky". Elmandjra. 26 February 2008. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  13. ↑ "Target America: terrorist attacks on Americans, 1979–1988 ... Bombing of U.S. Embassy annex northeast of Beirut". PBS. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  14. ↑ "The Assassination of Mughniyeh: A Death in Damascus". 25 February 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2008.
  15. ↑ "Did A Dead Man Tell No Tales?". Time. 12 October 1987. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
  16. ↑ "The Assassination of Elie Hobeika" (January 2002)
  17. 1 2 "Top Lebanese Shiite cleric Fadlallah dies at 75". Yahoo. 4 July 2010. Archived from the original on 8 July 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  18. 1 2 Batoul Wehbe (10 July 2010). "Ayatollah Fadlullah: "Hezbollah's Spiritual Leader"". Almanar. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  19. 1 2 3 Robert Fisk: CNN Was Wrong About Ayatollah Fadlallah 11 July 2010
  20. ↑ "Mixed legacy of Ayatollah Fadlallah". BBC News. 4 July 2010.
  21. ↑ "Person of the Year 2010 - TIME". Time. 2010-12-15. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2016-06-11.
  22. ↑ "Bayynat. Fatwa to Boycott Israeli and American Good and products". English.bayynat.org.lb. Retrieved 2010-07-07.
  23. ↑ "The Daily Star – Politics – Fadlallah slams U.S. for 'insane' attempt to thwart consensus on presidency". Dailystar.com.lb. 2007-11-05. Retrieved 2010-07-07.
  24. 1 2 "Fadlallah Dies in Lebanon". BBC. 4 July 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
  25. ↑ Bassam, Laila (2010-07-04). "Senior Lebanese Shi'ite cleric Fadlallah dies". Reuters. Retrieved 2010-07-07.
  26. 1 2 "Lebanon's Shia Muslim leader dies". Al Jazeera English. 2001-09-11. Retrieved 2010-07-07.
  27. ↑ "'We could provide a million suicide bombers in 24 hours'". London: The Daily Telegraph. 4 September 2002. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
  28. ↑ "Sayyed Fadlallah hails Jerusalem attack as heroic act". NOW Lebanon. 7 March 2008. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
  29. ↑ Brian Stelter (7 July 2010). "CNN Drops Editor After Hezbollah Comments". The New York Times.
  30. 1 2 3 "UK envoy's praise for Lebanon cleric draws Israel anger". BBC News. 9 July 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
  31. ↑ "Fadlallah explains religious basis for suicide attacks" by Ibrahim Mousawi, 8 June 2002
  32. 1 2 "Fadlallah forbids normalizing ties with Israel". IRIB News Agency. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
  33. ↑ Fadlallah Bans "Any Form of Normalization" with Israel 15 September 2009
  34. ↑ Nasr, Vali, The Shia Revival, Norton, (2006), p. 181
  35. ↑ Wilfried Buchta, "Die Islamische Republik Iran und die religiös-politische Kontroverse um die marja'iyat", Orient 36, 3 (1995): 459–60
  36. ↑ Pollock, Robert L. (14 March 2009). "A Dialogue With Lebanon's Ayatollah". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  37. 1 2 "Lebanon's Grand Ayatollah Fadlallah hospitalised". AFP. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  38. ↑ "woman in Islam - An interview with the Religious Authority, Sayyed Fadlullah". Bayynat. 20 February 2009. Archived from the original on 30 January 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
  39. ↑ "The Woman's Personality and Role in Life". Bayynat. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  40. ↑ "The role of a woman I". Bayynat. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  41. ↑ "The Moral Role of Hijab (part I)". Bayynat. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  42. ↑ "La femme peut répondre à la violence de l'homme par la violence" [Women can respond to male violence by violence]. L'Orient-Le Jour (in French). Retrieved 28 November 2007.
  43. ↑ "Abortion: Fadlullah's perspective regarding Abortion". Bayynat. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  44. ↑ Fadlallah's official reply to Amman Message
  45. ↑ Lebanon: Sistani deputy refuses to meet Fadlallah due to stance on Fatimah Az-Zahraa (A), by Karim Tellawi, Jafariya News
  46. ↑ Hanan Awarekeh. "Sayyed Fadlullah's Contributions to the Civil Society and the Downtrodden". Almanar. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  47. ↑ "Biographie". Bayynat. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  48. 1 2 "Lebanon's Shia Muslim leader dies". Aljazeera. 4 July 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
  49. 1 2 3 "mourning day for Fadlallah". The Daily Star. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  50. ↑ "Ayatollah Sayyed Fadlullah: A Life of Jihad and Knowledge". Almanar. 4 July 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  51. ↑ Hussein Assi (5 July 2010). "A Day of Mourning, Loyalty to Sayyed Fadlullah". Almanar. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  52. ↑ "Lebanon buries leading Shia cleric". Al Jazeera. 6 July 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  53. ↑ "'A Sad Day For Nation: Father of All Orphans Is Gone". Almanar. 6 July 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  54. ↑ Hussein Assi (6 July 2010). "Ayatollah Sayyed Fadlullah's Last Wish: Israel's Vanishing". Almanar. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  55. 1 2 MacLeod, Hugh (4 July 2010). "Lebanon's Grand Ayatollah Mohammed Hussein Fadlallah dies at 74". The Guardian. London: Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
  56. ↑ "Sayyed Nasrallah Grieves Sayyed Fadlullah; Hezbollah Announces 3-Day Mourning 4 July 2010". Almanar. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  57. ↑ "Sayyed Nasrallah Visits Family of Late Ayatollah Fadlullah, Presents Condolences 5 July 2010". Almanar. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  58. ↑ "Loyalty to Resistance: Nation Loyal to Sayyed Fadlullah's Values". Almanar. 7 July 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  59. ↑ "Lebanon Mourns Sayyed Fadlullah's Death as Major Loss". Almanar. 4 July 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  60. 1 2 "'Whoever Had Chance to Meet Ayatollah Fadlullah Was Lucky' 7 July 2010". Almanar. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  61. 1 2 3 The Daily Star - Regional leaders pay tribute to Fadlallah legacy
  62. ↑ Sayyed Nasrallah Receives Mufti Qabbani 10 July 2010
  63. ↑ "Patriarch Sfeir Boycotts Ayatollah Fadlullah's Funeral, Doesn't Give Condolences". Almanar. 10 July 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  64. ↑ Hussein Assi (4 July 2010). "Sayyed Fadlullah¦ A True Supporter of Resistance and Unity". Almanar. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  65. ↑ Hussein Assi (5 July 2010). "Through His Death, Sayyed Fadlullah Unites All Lebanese Again!". Almanar. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  66. 1 2 "Ayatollah Fadlullah's Funeral in Lebanese Newspapers". Almanar. 5 July 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  67. ↑ Sayyed Nasrallah Receives Jumblatt, Sayyed Fadlullah's Family
  68. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Arab, Islamic World Mourns Sayyed Fadlullah as Great Loss". Almanar. 5 July 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  69. ↑ "Babylon & Beyond". The Los Angeles Times. 8 July 2010.
  70. ↑ "Ahmadinejad Condoles Suleiman for Sayyed Fadlullah's Passing". Almanar. 5 July 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  71. ↑ "Qatar's top-selling English daily newspaper". Gulf-times. 6 July 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  72. ↑ "Erdogan sorry for Fadlallah's death". Jpost. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
  73. ↑ Al-ManarTV:: Britain's Ambassador Takes down Obituary to Sayyed Fadlullah after Criticism 9 July 2010
  74. ↑ "Sheikh Fadlallah was the terrorist mastermind behind the Lebanon hostage crisis". The Daily Telegraph. London. 5 July 2010.
  75. ↑ AFP: CNN Middle East editor leaves after Fadlallah 'tweet'
  76. ↑ Hezbollah Condemns Firing of CNN Mideast Editor 9 July 2010
  77. ↑ Fisk, Robert (10 July 2010). "CNN was wrong about Ayatollah Fadlallah". The Independent. London. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
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