Mortal sin

This article is about the theological concept. For other uses, see Mortal Sin (disambiguation).
Medieval illustration of Hell in the Hortus deliciarum manuscript of Herrad of Landsberg (about 1180)

Mortal sins (Latin: peccata mortalia) in Catholic theology are wrongful acts that condemn a person to Hell after death if unforgiven. These sins are considered "mortal" because they constitute a rupture in a person's link to God's saving grace: the person's soul becomes "dead", not merely weakened. A mortal sin is not necessarily a sin that cannot be repented, unlike an eternal sin. Thus, even after a mortal sin has been committed, there is a chance for repentance. According to Catholic teaching, repentance and a firm resolution to sin no more (with at least imperfect contrition) restores the link to God's saving grace in the sacrament of penance; and restoration outside confession if the contrition is perfect. Perfect contrition arises from a love of God, who has been grievously offended by a sinful act.[1] When perfect contrition is the means by which one seeks to restore one's relationship with God, there must also be a resolution to confess mortal sins in confession (if possible), as soon as possible.[2] The verse from which the term "mortal" sin is derived likely comes from the 1 John 5:16-17.[3]

Roman Catholicism

In Roman Catholic moral theology, a sin considered to be more severe or mortal is distinct from a venial sin and must meet all of the following conditions:

  1. Its subject must be a grave (or serious) matter.
  2. It must be committed with full knowledge, both of the sin and of the gravity of the offense.
  3. It must be committed with deliberate and complete consent, enough for it to have been a personal decision to commit the sin.[4]

The Catechism of the Catholic Church defines grave matter as:

1858. Grave matter is specified by the Ten Commandments, corresponding to the answer of Jesus to the rich young man: "Do not kill, Do not commit adultery, Do not steal, Do not bear false witness, Do not defraud, Honor your father and your mother." The gravity of sins is more or less great: murder is graver than theft. One must also take into account who is wronged: violence against parents is in itself graver than violence against a stranger.[5]

This would include worshiping other gods, and the Catechism quotes the Biblical prohibition against blasphemy.[6] The Church itself does not provide a precise list of sins, subdivided into the mortal and venial categories. However, many sins are described as "grave sins", "grave offenses" or "gravely disordered actions" in the Catechism such as extramarital sex,[7] divorce[8] and masturbation.[9]

With respect to a person's full knowledge of a certain act being a mortal sin, the Catholic Church teaches that "unintentional ignorance can diminish or even remove the imputability of a grave offense. But no one is deemed to be ignorant of the principles of the moral law, which are written in the conscience of every man. The promptings of feelings and passions can also diminish the voluntary and free character of the offense, as can external pressures or pathological disorders [mental illness]. Sin committed through malice, by deliberate choice of evil, is the gravest."[10] Furthermore, Catholic teaching also holds that "imputability and responsibility for an action can be diminished or even nullified by ignorance, inadvertence, duress, fear, habit, inordinate attachments, and other psychological or social factors."[11]

Mortal sins should not to be confused with the seven deadly sins. The latter are not necessarily mortal sins; they are sins that lead to other sins.

Mortal sins may also be called "grave", "grievous", or "serious" sins. Theological debate, however, exists, as to whether this seemingly synonymous term is appropriate, or whether it de facto introduces a third category of sins.

Mortal sins must be confessed by naming the kind of offence along with how many times it was committed.[12] It is not necessary to confess venial sins although they may be confessed. Venial sins are all sins that are not mortal. The Church encourages frequent use of the sacrament of confession even if a person has only venial sins.

Some acts cause automatic excommunication by the very deed itself e.g. renunciation of faith and religion, known as apostasy,[13] a person who desecrates the Eucharist[14] and "a person who procures a completed abortion".[15] Those mortal sins are so serious that the Church through law has made them crimes, like abortion or heresy, to make their gravity realized. The Church excommunicates also so sinners come to repentance quickly when they would not otherwise. Because commission of these offenses is so serious, the Church forbids the excommunicated from receiving any sacrament (not just the Eucharist) and also severely restricts the person's participation in other Church liturgical acts and offices. A repentant excommunicated person may talk to a priest, usually in a confessional, about their excommunication to arrange for the remission. Remission cannot be denied to someone who has truly repented their actions and has also made suitable reparation for damages and scandal or at least has seriously promised according to church law.[16][17] However, even if excommunicated, a Catholic who has not been juridically absolved is still, due to the irrevocable nature of baptism, a member of the Church in the sense that they are still considered members of the Catholic Church, albeit their communion with the Christ and the Church is gravely impaired. "Perpetual penalties cannot be imposed or declared by decree...."[18] However, "the following are expiatory penalties which can affect an offender either perpetually...."[19]

The Catholic teaching on mortal sin was called into question by some within the Church in the late 20th century after the Second Vatican Council. In response to these doubts, Pope John Paul II reaffirmed the basic teaching in his encyclical Veritatis Splendor. It is also maintained in the Catechism of the Catholic Church, which states: "Immediately after death the souls of those who die in a state of mortal sin descend into hell."[20] However, the Catechism does not by name say a specific person is in Hell, but it does say that "...our freedom has the power to make choices for ever, with no turning back."[21] Most significantly, the Catechism also proclaims that "There are no limits to the mercy of God...."[22] and that "...although we can judge that an act is in itself a grave offence, we must entrust judgment of persons to the justice and mercy of God."[21] We cannot see into their mind to know if it was deliberate or committed in full knowledge that it was a grave matter. Also, like the Parable of the Prodigal Son God forgives those who repent sincerely. Vatican II, in its Dogmatic Constitution Lumen Gentium, shows that mortal sin is still mortal sin although some people have tried to twist the writings.[23]

Eastern Catholic churches

Eastern Catholic churches (autonomous, self-governing [in Latin, sui iuris] particular churches in full communion with the Bishop of Rome, the Pope), which derive their theology and spirituality from some of the same sources as the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox, use the Latin Catholic distinction between mortal and venial sin, though they are not named mortal and venial. Similarly to the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, the Eastern Catholic churches do not make a distinction between sins that are serious enough to bar one from receiving communion (and must be confessed before receiving once again) and those not sufficiently serious to do so.

Mortal sins

The following are actions defined as constituting a grave matter, or are sins directly/indirected labelled grave, by the Catechism of the Catholic Church or like sources (such as declarations by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith).

Name Description
Abortion "Direct abortion, that is, abortion willed as an end or as a means,"[24] is "gravely contrary to the moral law. The Church imposes the canonical penalty of excommunication for this crime against human life."[24]
Adulation of another's sin "Every word or attitude is forbidden which by flattery, adulation, or complaisance encourages and confirms another in malicious acts and perverse conduct. Adulation is a grave fault if it makes one an accomplice in another's vices or grave sins. Neither the desire to be of service nor friendship justifies duplicitous speech. Adulation is a venial sin when it only seeks to be agreeable, to avoid evil, to meet a need, or to obtain legitimate advantages."[25]
Adultery ...refers to marital infidelity. When two partners, of whom at least one is married to another party, have sexual relations - even transient ones - they commit adultery. Christ condemns even adultery of mere desire. The sixth commandment and the New Testament forbid adultery absolutely. The prophets denounce the gravity of adultery; they see it as an image of the sin of idolatry."[26]
Apostasy "the total repudiation of the Christian faith"[27]
Bestiality
Blasphemy ... is contrary to the respect due God and his holy name. It is in itself a grave sin."[28]
Cheating and unfair wagers "Unfair wagers and cheating at games constitute grave matter, unless the damage inflicted is so slight that the one who suffers it cannot reasonably consider it significant."[29]
Contraception "Similarly excluded is any action which either before, at the moment of, or after sexual intercourse, is specifically intended to prevent procreation—whether as an end or as a means."[30]

"On the other hand, the Church does not consider at all illicit the use of those therapeutic means necessary to cure bodily diseases, even if a foreseeable impediment to procreation should result there from—provided such impediment is not directly intended for any motive whatsoever."[31]

Defrauding a worker of a just wage "A just wage is the legitimate fruit of work. To refuse or withhold it can be a grave injustice. In determining fair pay both the needs and the contributions of each person must be taken into account. "Remuneration for work should guarantee man the opportunity to provide a dignified livelihood for himself and his family on the material, social, cultural and spiritual level, taking into account the role and the productivity of each, the state of the business, and the common good." Agreement between the parties is not sufficient to justify morally the amount to be received in wages."[32]
Divorce If civil divorce, which cannot do anything to the spiritual marriage in the eyes of God, remains the only possible way of ensuring certain legal rights, the protection of inheritance, or the care of the children it is not a sin.[33] To attempt remarriage (outside the Church) without pursuing dissolution of the prior marriage would be grave matter.
Drug usage …unless on strictly therapeutic grounds
Endangering …one's own life or the safety of others (e.g., by drunkenness, a love of speed on the road, at sea, or in the air, or gross negligence).
Freemasonry "The faithful who enroll in Masonic associations are in a state of grave sin and may not receive Holy Communion."[34]
Envy …if to the level of wishing grave harm to another.
Euthanasia …of human beings with souls. Euthanising non-human animals is not considered an offense.
Extortion
Extreme anger …at the level of truly and deliberately desiring to seriously hurt or kill someone
Fornication ...is carnal union between an unmarried man and an unmarried woman."[35]

"Among the sins gravely contrary to chastity are masturbation, fornication, pornography, and homosexual practices."[36]

Hatred …of a neighbor to the point of deliberately desiring him or her great harm
Heresy "the obstinate post-baptismal denial of some truth which must be believed with divine and catholic faith, or it is likewise an obstinate doubt concerning the same"[27]
Homosexual actions "Among the sins gravely contrary to chastity are masturbation, fornication, pornography, and homosexual practices."[36]
Idolatry
Incest ...corrupts family relationships and marks a regression toward animality."[37]
Lying The gravity is measured by "the truth it deforms, the circumstances, the intentions of the one who lies, and the harm suffered by its victims."[38]
Masturbation The gravity is measured by, "the affective immaturity, force of acquired habit, conditions of anxiety or other psychological or social factors that lessen, if not even reduce to a minimum, moral culpability."[39]

"Among the sins gravely contrary to chastity are masturbation, fornication, pornography, and homosexual practices."[36]

Missing Mass "[T]he faithful are obliged to participate in the Eucharist on days of obligation, unless excused for a serious reason (for example, illness, the care of infants) or dispensed by their own pastor. Those who deliberately fail in this obligation commit a grave sin."[40]
Murder …and co-operation in murder. Abortion and euthanasia as well as acceptance by human society of murderous famines without trying to fix them are included as murder. "Unintentional killing is not morally imputable. But one is not exonerated from grave offense if, without proportionate reasons, he has acted in a way that brings about someone's death, even without the intention to do so. Self-defense or defense of others when there is no other, way may involve homicide but does not constitute murder.[41]
Perjury "a perjury is committed when he makes a promise under oath with no intention of keeping it, or when after promising on oath he does not keep it."[42]
Polygamy "... is contrary to the equal personal dignity of men and women who in matrimony give themselves with a love that is total and therefore unique and exclusive." The Christian who has previously lived in polygamy has a grave duty in justice to honor the obligations contracted in regard to his former wives and his children.[43]
Pornography "... does grave injury to the dignity of its participants (actors, vendors, the public), since each one becomes an object of base pleasure and illicit profit for others. It immerses all who are involved in the illusion of a fantasy world. It is a grave offense."[44]
Practicing magic or sorcery "All practices of magic or sorcery, by which one attempts to tame occult powers, so as to place them at one's service and have a supernatural power over others - even if this were for the sake of restoring their health - are gravely contrary to the virtue of religion. These practices are even more to be condemned when accompanied by the intention of harming someone, or when they have recourse to the intervention of demons. Wearing charms is also reprehensible. Spiritism often implies divination or magical practices; the Church for her part warns the faithful against it. Recourse to so-called traditional cures does not justify either the invocation of evil powers or the exploitation of another's credulity."[45]
Prostitution "While it is always gravely sinful to engage in prostitution, the imputability of the offense can be attenuated by destitution, blackmail, or social pressure."[46]
Rape ...is the forcible violation of the sexual intimacy of another person. It does injury to justice and charity. Rape wounds the respect, freedom, and physical and moral integrity to which every person has a right. It causes grave damage that can mark the victim for life.[47]
Sacrilege ...consists in profaning or treating unworthily the sacraments and other liturgical actions, as well as persons, things, or places consecrated to God. Sacrilege is a grave sin especially when committed against the Eucharist (i.e., receiving Communion while in a state of mortal sin committed post-baptism)."[48]
Scandal Deliberately causing someone to sin gravely.
Schism "the refusal of submission to the Roman Pontiff or of communion with the members of the Church subject to him."[27]
Simony Buying or selling spiritual things, such as sacraments.[49][50]
Suicide "Grave psychological disturbances, anguish, or grave fear of hardship, suffering, or torture can diminish the responsibility of the one committing suicide. We should not despair of the eternal salvation of persons who have taken their own lives. By ways known to him alone, God can provide the opportunity for salutary repentance. The Church prays for persons who have taken their own lives."[51]
Terrorism …that threatens, wounds and kills indiscriminately.[52]
Unjust prices Refusing or withholding a just wage; taking advantage of the poor.[53]

Eastern Orthodoxy

According to Fr. Allyne Smith, "While the Roman Catholic tradition has identified particular acts as 'mortal' sins, in the Orthodox tradition we see that only a sin for which we don't repent is 'mortal.'"[54]

In the Orthodox Church there are no "categories" of sin as found in the Christian West. In the pre-Vatican II Catholic catechism, sins were categorized as "mortal" and "venial." In this definition, a "mortal" sin was one which would prevent someone from entering heaven unless one confessed it before death... These categories do not exist in the Orthodox Church. Sin is sin. Concerning Confession, having a list of deadly sins could, in fact, become an obstacle to genuine repentance. For example, imagine that you commit a sin. You look on the list and do not find it listed. It would be very easy to take the attitude that, since it is not on a list of deadly sins, it is not too serious. Hence, you do not feel the need to seek God's forgiveness right away. A week passes and you have completely forgotten about what you had done. You never sought God's forgiveness; as a result, you did not receive it, either. We should go to Confession when we sin—at the very least, we should ask God to forgive us daily in our personal prayers. We should not see Confession as a time to confess only those sins which may be found on a list.[55]

Though not part of the dogma of the Orthodox Church the mortal/venial distinction is assumed by some Orthodox authors and saints as a theologoumenon. For example, Saint Ignatius Brianchaninov (1807–1867), in his book A Word on Death, in a chapter entitled "Mortal sin", says:

It has been said earlier that mortal sin of an Orthodox Christian, not being cured by repentance, submits him to eternal suffering; it has also been said that the unbelievers, Muslims, and other non-orthodox, even here are the possession of hell, and are deprived of any hope of salvation, being deprived of Christ, the only means of salvation. Mortal sins for Christians are the next: heresy, schism, blasphemy, apostasy, witchery, despair, suicide, fornication, adultery, unnatural carnal sins,* incest, drunkenness, sacrilege, murder, theft, robbery, and every cruel and brutal injury. Only one of these sins—suicide—cannot be healed by repentance, and every one of them slays the soul and makes the soul incapable of eternal bliss, until he/she cleans himself/herself with due repentance. If a man falls but once in any of these sins, he dies by soul: For whosoever shall keep the whole law, and yet offend in one, he is guilty of all. For he that said, Do not commit adultery, said also, Do not kill. Now if thou commit no adultery, yet if thou kill, thou art become a transgressor of the law. (James 2:10,11)

* Under "unnatural carnal sins" the following are implied: sodomy, bestiality, masturbation, and any unnatural intercourse between married people (such as using contraceptives, consummated oral or consummated anal intercourse, etc.) as is explained in the book Ascetical Trials, also written by Saint Ignatius Brianchaninov (1807–1867).

Similarly, the Exomologetarion of Nicodemus the Hagiorite[56] (1749–1809) distinguishes seven classes of sin:[57]

  1. Pardonable
  2. Near the pardonable
  3. Non-mortal
  4. Near the non-mortal
  5. Between the mortal and the non-mortal
  6. Near the mortal
  7. Mortal

Nicodemus gives the following example for the seven classes of sin. "The initial movement of anger is pardonable; near to the pardonable is for someone to say harsh words and get hot-tempered. A non-mortal sin is to swear; near the non-mortal is for someone to strike with the hand. Between the non-mortal and the mortal is to strike with a small stick; near the mortal is to strike with a large stick, or with a knife, but not in the area of the head. A mortal sin is to murder. A similar pattern applies to the other sins. Wherefore, those sins nearer to the pardonable end are penanced lighter, while those nearer to the mortal end are more severely penanced."

He also stipulates seven conditions of sin:[58]

  1. Who is the doer of the sin
  2. What sin was committed
  3. Why was it committed
  4. In what manner was it committed
  5. At what time/age was it committed
  6. Where was it committed
  7. How many times was it committed

See also

References

  1. ↑ Hardon, Fr. John (2000). Modern Catholic Dictionary. Eternal Life. ISBN 096729892X.
  2. ↑ Donovan (STL), Colin (2002). "Perfect Contrition".
  3. ↑ 1 John 5:16-17
  4. ↑ http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P6C.HTM Article 1859 of The Catechism Of The Catholic Church
  5. ↑ "Catechism of the Catholic Church - IntraText". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2012-03-13.
  6. ↑ Ex 20:7; Deut 5:11
  7. ↑ "("2390 The sexual act must take place exclusively within marriage. Outside of marriage it always constitutes a grave sin.")". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2012-03-13.
  8. ↑ "("2384 Divorce is a grave offense against the natural law.")". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2012-03-13.
  9. ↑ "("2352 ...masturbation is an intrinsically and gravely disordered action.")". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2012-03-13.
  10. ↑ http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P6C.HTM Article 1860 of The Catechism Of The Catholic Church
  11. ↑ http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P5N.HTM Article 1735 of The Catechism Of The Catholic Church
  12. ↑ http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P3H.HTM
  13. ↑ "Canon 1364.1". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2012-03-13.
  14. ↑ "Canon 1367". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2012-03-13.
  15. ↑ "Canon 1398". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2012-03-13.
  16. ↑ "Code of Canon Law". 1983. p. Can. 1347 §2.
  17. ↑ "Code of Canon Law". 1983. p. Can. 1358 §1. Remission of a censure cannot be granted unless the offender has withdrawn from contumacy according to the norm of ⇒ can. 1347, §2; it cannot be denied, however, to a person who withdraws from contumacy.
  18. ↑ "Canon 1342.2". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2012-03-13.
  19. ↑ Canon 1336
  20. ↑ "Catechism paragraph 1035". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2012-03-13.
  21. 1 2 "Catechism paragraph 1861". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2012-03-13.
  22. ↑ "Catechism paragraph 1864". Vatican.va. Retrieved 2012-03-13.
  23. ↑ "DOGMATIC CONSTITUTION ON THE CHURCH - LUMEN GENTIUM - CHAPTER VII - THE ESCHATOLOGICAL NATURE OF THE PILGRIM CHURCH AND ITS UNION WITH THE CHURCH IN HEAVEN No. 48". Second Vatican Council. Since however we know not the day nor the hour, on Our Lord's advice we must be constantly vigilant so that, having finished the course of our earthly life,(255) we may merit to enter into the marriage feast with Him and to be numbered among the blessed(256) and that we may not be ordered to go into eternal fire(257) like the wicked and slothful servant,(258) into the exterior darkness where "there will be the weeping and the gnashing of teeth".(259) For before we reign with Christ in glory, all of us will be made manifest "before the tribunal of Christ, so that each one may receive what he has won through the body, according to his works, whether good or evil"(260) and at the end of the world "they who have done good shall come forth unto resurrection of life; but those who have done evil unto resurrection of judgment".
  24. 1 2 "Paragraph 2322". Catechism of the Catholic Church, Second Edition. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2012.
  25. ↑ "CCC, 2480". Vatican.va.
  26. ↑ "CCC, 2380–2381". Vatican.va.
  27. 1 2 3 "CCC, 2089". Vatican.va.
  28. ↑ "CCC, 2148". Vatican.va.
  29. ↑ "CCC, 2413". Vatican.va.
  30. ↑ "Paragraph 13", Humanae Vitae, retrieved November 13, 2016
  31. ↑ "Paragraph 19", Humanae Vitae, retrieved November 13, 2016
  32. ↑ "CCC, 2434". Vatican.va.
  33. ↑ "CCC, 2383". Vatican.va.
  34. ↑ Declaration on Masonic associations
  35. ↑ "CCC, 2353". Vatican.va.
  36. 1 2 3 "CCC, 2396". Vatican.va.
  37. ↑ "CCC, 2388". Vatican.va.
  38. ↑ Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church. pp. ref num 523.
  39. ↑ "CCC, 2352". Vatican.va.
  40. ↑ "CCC, 2181". Vatican.va.
  41. ↑ http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c2a5.htm
  42. ↑ "CCC, 2152". Vatican.va.
  43. ↑ "CCC, 2387". Vatican.va.
  44. ↑ CCC §2354.
  45. ↑ "CCC, 2117". Vatican.va.
  46. ↑ "CCC, 2355". Vatican.va.
  47. ↑ "CCC, 2356". Vatican.va.
  48. ↑ "CCC, 2120". Vatican.va.
  49. ↑ "CCC, 2121". Vatican.va.
  50. ↑ Weber, Nicholas (1912). "Simony". Catholic Encyclopedia. 14. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
  51. ↑ http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P7Z.HTM
  52. ↑ "CCC, 2297". Vatican.va.
  53. ↑ "CCC, 2434". Vatican.va.
  54. ↑ (Fr. Allyne Smith, in G. E. H. Palmer, Philip Sherrard, and Bishop Kallistos Ware, trs., Phylokalia: The Eastern Christian Spiritual Texts (Skylight Press, 2000), p. 2).
  55. ↑ "Sin," Orthodox Church in America website: http://www.oca.org/qa.asp?id=153&sid=3
  56. ↑ "Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain". OrthodoxWiki. 2011-08-25. Retrieved 2012-03-13.
  57. ↑ Dokos, G., Exomologetarion - A Manual of Confessions by our Righteous God-bearing Father Nikodemos the Hagiorite, 2006, Thessalonica, Uncut Mountain Press, p. 83
  58. ↑ Dokos, G., Exomologetarion, p. 100

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