Newton–Cartan theory

Newton–Cartan theory is a geometrical re-formulation, as well as a generalization, of Newtonian gravity developed by Élie Cartan. In this re-formulation, the structural similarities between Newton's theory and Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity are readily seen, and it has been used by Cartan and Kurt Friedrichs to give a rigorous formulation of the way in which Newtonian gravity can be seen as a specific limit of general relativity, and by Jürgen Ehlers to extend this correspondence to specific solutions of general relativity.

Geometric formulation of Poisson's equation

In Newton's theory of gravitation, Poisson's equation reads

${\displaystyle \Delta U=4\pi G\rho \,}$

where $U$ is the gravitational potential, $G$ is the gravitational constant and $\rho$ is the mass density. The weak equivalence principle motivates a geometric version of the equation of motion for a point particle in the potential $U$

${\displaystyle m_{t}{\ddot {\vec {x}}}=-m_{g}\nabla U}$

where $m_{t}$ is the inertial mass and $m_{g}$ the gravitational mass. Since, according to the weak equivalence principle ${\displaystyle m_{t}=m_{g}}$, the according equation of motion

${\displaystyle {\ddot {\vec {x}}}=-\nabla U}$

doesn't contain anymore a reference to the mass of the particle. Following the idea that the solution of the equation then is a property of the curvature of space, a connection is constructed so that the geodesic equation

${\displaystyle {\frac {d^{2}x^{\lambda }}{ds^{2}}}+\Gamma _{\mu \nu }^{\lambda }{\frac {dx^{\mu }}{ds}}{\frac {dx^{\nu }}{ds}}=0}$

represents the equation of motion of a point particle in the potential $U$. The resulting connection is

${\displaystyle \Gamma _{\mu \nu }^{\lambda }=\gamma ^{\lambda \rho }U_{,\rho }\Psi _{\mu }\Psi _{\nu }}$

with ${\displaystyle \Psi _{\mu }=\delta _{\mu }^{0}}$ and ${\displaystyle \gamma ^{\mu \nu }=\delta _{A}^{\mu }\delta _{B}^{\nu }\delta ^{AB}}$ (${\displaystyle A,B=1,2,3}$). The connection has been constructed in one inertial system but can be shown to be valid in any inertial system by showing the invariance of ${\displaystyle \Psi _{\mu }}$ and ${\displaystyle \gamma ^{\mu \nu }}$ under Galilei-transformations. The Riemann curvature tensor in inertial system coordinates of this connection is then given by

${\displaystyle R_{\kappa \mu \nu }^{\lambda }=2\gamma ^{\lambda \sigma }U_{,\sigma [\mu }\Psi _{\nu ]}\Psi _{\kappa }}$

where the brackets ${\displaystyle A_{[\mu \nu ]}={\frac {1}{2!}}[A_{\mu \nu }-A_{\nu \mu }]}$ mean the antisymmetric combination of the tensor ${\displaystyle A_{\mu \nu }}$. The Ricci tensor is given by

${\displaystyle R_{\kappa \nu }=\Delta U\Psi _{\kappa }\Psi _{\nu }\,}$

which leads to following geometric formulation of Poisson's equation

${\displaystyle R_{\mu \nu }=4\pi G\rho \Psi _{\mu }\Psi _{\nu }}$

More explicitly, if the roman indices i and j range over the spatial coordinates 1, 2, 3, then the connection is given by

${\displaystyle \Gamma _{00}^{i}=U_{,i}}$

the Riemann curvature tensor by

${\displaystyle R_{0j0}^{i}=-R_{00j}^{i}=U_{,ij}}$

and the Ricci tensor and Ricci scalar by

${\displaystyle R=R_{00}=\Delta U}$

where all components not listed equal zero.

Note that this formulation does not require introducing the concept of a metric: the connection alone gives all the physical information.

Bargmann lift

It was shown that four-dimensional Newton–Cartan theory of gravitation can be reformulated as Kaluza–Klein reduction of five-dimensional Einstein gravity along a null-like direction.^[1] This lifting is considered to be useful for non-relativistic holographic models.^[2]

References

1. C. Duval, G. Burdet, H. P. Künzle, and M. Perrin, Bargmann structures and Newton-Cartan theory, Phys. Rev. D 31, 1841–1853 (1985)
2. Walter D. Goldberger, AdS/CFT duality for non-relativistic field theory, JHEP03(2009)069

Bibliography

• Cartan, Elie (1923), "Sur les variétés à connexion affine et la théorie de la relativité généralisée (première partie)" (PDF), Ann. Ecole Norm., 40: 325
• Cartan, Elie (1924), "Sur les variétés à connexion affine, et la théorie de la relativité généralisée (première partie)" (PDF), Ann. Ecole Norm., 41: 1
• Cartan, Elie (1955), OEuvres Complétes, III/1, Gauthier-Villars, pp. 659, 799
• Renn, Jürgen; Schemmel, Matthias, eds. (2007), The Genesis of General Relativity (English translation of Ann. Ecole Norm. #40 paper), 4, Springer, pp. 1107–1129
• Chapter 1 of Ehlers, Jürgen (1973), "Survey of general relativity theory", in Israel, Werner, Relativity, Astrophysics and Cosmology, D. Reidel, pp. 1–125, ISBN 90-277-0369-8