Fuscospora gunnii
| Fuscospora gunnii | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Rosids |
| Order: | Fagales |
| Family: | Nothofagaceae |
| Genus: | Fuscospora |
| Species: | F. gunnii |
| Binomial name | |
| Fuscospora gunnii (Hook.f.) Heenan & Smissen | |
| Synonyms | |
Fuscospora gunnii, the tanglefoot- or deciduous beech, or fagus, is a deciduous shrub endemic to the highlands of Tasmania, Australia. It was discovered in 1847 by R.C Gunn and evidence exists that it once lived in Antarctica.[1] F. Gunnii was previously included in the genus Nothofagus, although recent DNA analysis has placed it in the genus Fuscospora.[2] F. Gunnii is a small woody tree with a shrubby appearance known to grow up to 3 metres (9.8 ft). It lives only on mountains due to temperature limitations within the Tasmanian maritime climate and can survive up to heights of 1,400 metres (4,600 ft).[1] It grows in alpine and sub-alpine regions in the west to central portions of the state but is absent from the mountains of the northeast. Though capable of reaching the size of a small tree, it rarely exceeds 2 metres (6.6 ft) in height, instead growing as a thick shrub or as a woody ground cover hence its common name of "tanglefoot".
Taxonomy
Joseph Dalton Hooker described the tanglefoot beech.
Common names include tanglefoot- or deciduous beech, or fagus,[3] which can also refer to the entire Beech family.
It was known as Nothofagus gunnii until 2013.[4] The change in name is controversial, and it is not necessary to accept this change.[5]
Description
Fuscospora gunnii is a small tree which may grow up to 3 metres tall (growth habit is heavily dependent on the exposure of the site) and has a thick shrubby appearance due to substantial branching. The alternating leaves are simple and ovate with toothed margins and attached by short petioles. Leaf lamina is generally <20mm in length and is distinctly 'crinkled'. It is most easily visually separated from the similar Fagus species Lophozomia cunninghamii (previously Nothofagus cunninghamii),[2] by the crinkled appearance of the leaf lamina. During Autumn and Winter months, the leaves undergo colour change as any other deciduous species does. The leaves of this deciduous species have an average lifespan of around 5 months.[1] The leaves are simple and alternate, growing 1 cm long. The leaf color is bright green, turning yellow, then brilliant red, in autumn. They are almost circular in shape with deep veins which end in the gaps between the rounded teeth on the leaf. The plant has separate male and female flowers on the tree. Both male and female flowers are small and inconspicuous. The fruit is small (about 6 mm wide) and woody, and contains three small winged nuts. In most years seed production is poor, but once in a while a 'mast' crop occurs with high germination. The seeds have a very short viability.
Tanglefoot forests cannot survive fire, and must re-establish from neighbouring areas. They are very sensitive to changed conditions due to their slow growth. Under 100 km² of forest remain.[3]
It is the only deciduous tree in Tasmania, and the only cold climate winter-deciduous tree in Australia.[3][6]
Distribution
Fuscospora gunnii is endemic to Tasmania and restricted to high altitude and relatively high rainfall areas with no recent fire activity. It was discovered at the summit of Mt Olympus in central Tasmania and is known to live also at several locations within the Mt Field national park and on Cradle mountain.[7] It is considered a paleoendemic species to Tasmania as macrofossils have been discovered within Oligocene sediments both in Tasmania and Antarctica.[1]
Cultivation
F. gunnii required around 1,800 mm of rain spread throughout the year to be cultivated, cool temperatures not below -10 °C and also requires full sun. It grows in deep peaty soils. It is best grown from fresh seed collected in a 'mast' year, germinating in a few weeks. It is believed that a beneficial mycorrhyzal fungus is required for the long term success of the plant. Cuttings can be struck, taken in late winter before bud burst.
F. gunnii is rarely seen in cultivation due to its poor performance and slow growth. It is believed to be a candidate plant for bonsai.
Ecology and reproduction
Fuscospora gunnii exists only in alpine and sub-alpine environments on mountains within Tasmania. The species is generally limited to heights above 800 metres (2,600 ft)[8] due to the temperature and relatively short snow lie duration within the Tasmanian oceanic climate. It may live as a dominant low shrubby tree on open, generally sloping, rocky ground. F. Gunnii habitation is severely limited by fire regimes as it is extremely fire sensitive and will not survive burning. Local extinctions of the species have been attributed to fire in the Denison Range.[1] Despite the limited range of Fuscospora gunnii, the species is not listed as endangered.
Although very few data are recorded about reproductive methods of F. gunnii, it may be assumed that seeds are wind dispersed and that the species are mast seeders as is displayed in similar species such as Lophozomia cunninghamii.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 Reid, James B.; Hill, Robert S.; Brown, Michael J.; & Hovenden, Mark J. (2005) Vegetation of Tasmania. Monotone art printers. ISBN 9780642568014
- 1 2 Heenan, Peter B.: & Smissen, Rob D. (2013) "Revised circumscription of Nothofagus and recognition of the segregate genera Fuscospora, Lophozonia, and Trisyngyne (Nothofagaceae)". Phytotaxa 146 (1), 1-31.
- 1 2 3 "Deciduous beech, or Fagus, Nothofagus gunnii". parks.tas.gov.au. Department of Parks & Wildlife, Tasmania. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
- ↑ HEENAN, PETER B.; SMISSEN, ROB D. (2013). "Revised circumscription of Nothofagus and recognition of the segregate genera Fuscospora, Lophozonia, and Trisyngyne (Nothofagaceae)". Phytotaxa. 146 (1): 131. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.146.1.1. Retrieved 31 May 2015.
- ↑ Hill, R.S.; Jordan, G.J.; Macphail, M.K. 2015: Why we should retain ''Nothofagus sensu lato''. ''Australian systematic botany'', '''28'''(3): 190-193. doi|10.1071/SB15026
- ↑ "Fagus Nothofagus gunnii". Parks & Wildlife Service, Tasmania. October 2010. Retrieved 2016-03-08.
- ↑ George, Alexander S.; & Mackay, David (1989) "Flora of Australia: Volume 3: Hamamelidales to Casuarinales. Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0-642-07013X
- ↑ "Deciduous beech, or Fagus, Nothofagus gunnii". Parks and Wildlife Service. DPIPWE. 19 April 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
Further reading
- Reid, James B.; Hill, Robert S.; Brown, Michael J.; & Hovenden, Mark J.(2005)Vegetation of Tasmania. Monotone art printers. ISBN 0-646-44512-X.
- Heenan, Peter B.: & Smissen, Rob D. (2013) "Revised circumscription of Nothofagus and recognition of the segregate genera Fuscospora, Lophozonia, and Trisyngyne (Nothofagaceae)". Phytotaxa 146 (1), 1-31.
- George, Alexander S.; & Mackay, David (1989) "Flora of Australia: Volume 3: Hamamelidales to Casuarinales. Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0-642-07013X.
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