Ordination of women in Protestant churches

Ordination is the process by which individuals are consecrated, that is, set apart as clergy to perform various religious rites and ceremonies. The process and ceremonies of ordination varies by religion and denomination. One who is in preparation for, or who is undergoing the process of ordination is sometimes called an ordinand. The liturgy used at an ordination is sometimes referred to as an ordinal.

Ordination of women has been taking place in an increasing number of Protestant churches during the 20th century.

Elders, pastors and ministers

Most (although not all) Protestant denominations ordain church leaders who have the task of equipping all believers in their Christian service (Ephesians 4:11-13). These leaders (variously styled elders, pastors or ministers) are seen to have a distinct role in teaching, pastoral leadership.

Traditionally these roles were male preserves, but over the last century, an increasing number of denominations have begun ordaining women. The notion of a priesthood is really alien to Protestants in general, for all believer are for them priests. Since, however, no women appear in the New Testament as ordained ministers, many Protestant churches continue to restrict ordination to males. However, there is evidence of female deacons in the early church such as Phoebe who was a "deaconess" in Cenchreae, which probably implies an officially designated role (Romans 16:1 RSV), though the term literally means "servant," and "helps" is a spiritual gift.

Relevant biblical passages

The debate over women's eligibility for such offices normally centers around interpretation of certain Biblical passages relating to teaching and leadership roles. This is because Protestant churches historically viewed the Bible as the ultimate authority in church debates (the doctrine of sola scriptura). The main passages in this debate include 1 Cor. 11:2-16, 1 Cor. 14:34-35 and 1 Tim. 2:11-14, 1 Tim. 3:1-7, Tit. 1:5-9

Views taken in the New Testament

Increasingly, supporters of women in ministry also make appeals to evidence from the New Testament that is taken to suggest that women did exercise certain ministries in the apostolic Church (e.g., Acts 21:9, Acts 18:18, Romans 16:1-4, Romans 16:7; 1 Cor. 16:19, and Philippians 4:2–3) and that the Biblical passages used to argue against women's ordination might be read differently when a clear understanding of the unique historical context of each passage is available.^[1] Opponents argue that while women in the early church exercised spiritual gifts such as deacon and prophet there is no scriptural authorization for women to hold the pastoral office with the responsibility for preaching to the congregation.

Examples within specific churches

Baptist

The Very Diverse Organizations Which Employ the Term Baptist in Self-designation:

• The Baptist organizations in Germany and Switzerland (Bund Evangelisch-Freikirchlicher Gemeinden, Bund Schweizer Baptistengemeinden) ordain women.^[2]
• The Southern Baptist Convention does not support the ordination of women; however, some churches that are members of the SBC have ordained women.
• Cooperative Baptist Fellowship churches actively encourage and ordain women to ministry, including as pastors.
• Baptist groups in the United States that do ordain women include American Baptist Churches USA, North American Baptist Conference, Alliance of Baptists, Cooperative Baptist Fellowship (CBF) National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. and Progressive National Baptist Convention.
• The General Association of Baptists (mostly United States) (some would call these General Baptists, or Arminian Baptists) ordain women.
• The Okinawa Baptist Convention,^[3] Japan ordains women to be Pastors of the church.

Mennonites

• The Canadian Conference of Mennonite Brethren Churches has ordained women.^[4]
• The Mennonite Church Canada ordains women.
• The Mennonite Brethren Church does not ordain women to be lead pastors.
• The Mennonite Church USA does ordain women.

Presbyterian or Reformed

• The Christian Reformed Church in North America began ordaining women in 1995.^[5] As a result, several conservative congregations formed the United Reformed Churches in North America, and the CRC's position as a member of the North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council (NAPARC) was suspended in 1997.^[6]
• The Church of Scotland

• Women were commissioned as deacons from 1935, and allowed to preach from 1949.
• In 1963 Mary Levison petitioned the General Assembly for ordination.
• Woman elders were introduced in 1966 and women ministers in 1968.
• The first female Moderator of the General Assembly was Dr Alison Elliot in 2004.

• Neither the Free Church of Scotland, nor the Free Church of Scotland (Continuing) ordains women.
• The Free Reformed Churches of North America ordain men only.
• The Cumberland Presbyterian Church. In 1888 Louisa Woosley was licensed to preach. She was ordained in 1889. She wrote Shall Woman Preach.
• The Presbyterian Church (USA). In 1893, Edith Livingston Peake was appointed Presbyterian Evangelist by First United Presbyterian of San Francisco.^[7] Between 1907 and 1920 five more women became ministers.^[8] The Presbyterian Church (USA) began ordaining women as elders in 1930, and as ministers of Word and sacrament in 1956. By 2001, the numbers of men and women holding office were almost equal.^[9]
• The Presbyterian Church in America does not ordain women.^[10] In 1997, the PCA even broke its fraternal relationship with the Christian Reformed Church over this issue.^[11]
• The Orthodox Presbyterian Church does not ordain women.^[12]
• The Presbyterian Church of Australia ceased ordaining women to the ministry in 1991, but the rights of women ordained prior to this time were not affected.^[13]
• The Reformed Church in America began allowing for the ordination of women in 1979
• The Reformed Church of France ordains women.^[14]
• The Reformed Churches in Switzerland and some in the Netherlands ordain women.
• Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated) does not ordain women
• Reformed Congregations in the Netherlands does not ordain women
• Reformed Church in Hungary ordains women
• The United Church of Canada. Divided during the 1930s by this issue inherited from the churches it brought together, the United Church ordained its first woman minister, Reverend Lydia Emelie Gruchy, of Saskatchewan Conference in 1936. In 1953, Reverend Lydia Emelie Gruchy was the first Canadian woman to receive an honorary Doctor of Divinity.^[15]
• The United Church of Christ. Antoinette Brown was ordained as a minister by a Congregationalist Church in 1853, though this was not recognized by her denomination.^[16] She later became a Unitarian. The Christian Connection Church, which later merged with the Congregationalist Churches to form the Congregational Christian Church, ordained women as early as 1810. Women's ordination is now non-controversial in the United Church of Christ.
• The United Methodist Church does ordain women. In 1880, Anna Howard Shaw was ordained by the Methodist Protestant Church; Ella Niswonger was ordained in 1889 by the United Brethren Church. Both denominations later merged into the United Methodist Church. In 1956, the Methodist Church in America granted ordination and full clergy rights to women. Since that time, women have been ordained full elders (pastors) in the denomination, and 21 have been elevated to the episcopacy. In 1967 Noemi Diaz is the first Hispanic woman ordained by an Annual Conference. The New York Annual Conference did the honors.^[17][18][19] The first woman elected and consecrated Bishop within the United Methodist Church (and, indeed, the first woman elected bishop of any mainline Christian church) was Marjorie Matthews in 1980. Leontine T. Kelly, in 1984, was the first African-American woman elevated to the episcopacy in any mainline denomination. In Germany Rosemarie Wenner is since 2005 leading bishop in the United Methodist Church.
• The United Reformed Church in the United Kingdom ordains women.
• The Uniting Church in Australia has ordained women since it formed in 1977. The three member denominations, the Congregational Union of Australia, the Methodist Church of Australasia and the Presbyterian Church of Australia had all ordained women prior to Union. The Congregational Union of Australia ordained the first woman in Christian ministry in Australia, Rev Winifred Kiek in 1927. The Methodist Church of Australasia first ordained women (Rev Margaret Sanders and Rev Coralie Ling) in 1969, while the Presbyterian Church of Australia ordained its first woman minister in 1974. After formation of the Uniting Church in Australia the continuing Presbyterian Church of Australia reversed the decision to ordain women in 1991.

Latter Day Saint movement

• The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the mainstream Mormon Church) does not ordain women.
• The Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (FLDS Church - a branch of Mormon fundamentalism) does not ordain women.
• Community of Christ. A revelation was approved at the church's 1984 World Conference which called for the ordination of women, and granted women access to all the offices of the priesthood. Although this caused many congregations to break off from the main body of the church, forming dissident congregations and in some cases new denominations, women have been ordained in many nations since then. Currently the Council of Twelve Apostles has four female members. In addition, in 2007, Becky L. Savage became the first female member of the church's First Presidency. Following the legislative action of the 1984 World Conference, the church changed the name of one of its priesthood offices from evangelist-patriarch to evangelist, and its associated sacrament, the patriarchal blessing, to the evangelist's blessing.
• The Remnant Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints was organized on April 6, 2000, exactly 170 years to the date after Joseph Smith Junior founded the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Latter Day Saint movement. The church was organized by a host of people who left the Community of Christ after its decision to ordain women, choose a leader who was not a descendant of Joseph Smith, and construct the Independence, Missouri Temple.

Lutheran

• The Evangelical Church in Germany in (EKD) ordains women and have women as bishops.
• The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ELCA is the largest Lutheran body in the USA. The church bodies that formed the ELCA in 1988 began ordaining women in 1970 when the Lutheran Church in America ordained the Rev Elizabeth Platz. The ordination of women is now non-controversial within the ELCA.
• The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia reversed its earlier (1975) decision to ordain women as pastors. Since 1993 it no longer does so in practice. And since 2016 this principle has been affirmed in its constitution.
• The Evangelical Lutheran Synod an American church body does not ordain women.
• The Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Germany does not ordain women.
• The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod (LCMS), which is the second largest Lutheran body in the United States, does not ordain women.
• The Lutheran state churches in the Nordic countries ordain women as pastors and have women as bishops. The first female pastors were ordained in the Church of Denmark in 1948, in Sweden in 1960, Norway in 1961, in Iceland in 1974 and in Finland in 1988.
  • While the Church of Sweden ordained its first female pastors in 1960, there was a considerable debate in this church of the ordination of women, which led to marginalization of a vocal high-church minority, which successively subdivided into loyalist high-church adherents on one hand and the splinter group Missionsprovinsen which was formed in 2003 but in 2005 was separated as a church body from the Church of Sweden.
  • Although the ordination of women was accepted by the Church of Finland in 1988, controversy over the issue occasionally surfaces among the more conservative wing of the church. Occasional debate on the matter has caused church membership resignations.^[20]
• The Lutheran Evangelical Protestant Church (GCEPC) has ordained women since its inception in the year 2000. Ordination of women is not a controversial issue in the LEPC/GCEPC. Women are ordained/consecrated at all levels, including deacon, priest, and bishop in the LEPC/GCEPC.
• The Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod does not ordain women.
• The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania (ELCT) decided to ordain women in 1990, but does not yet have women as bishops. A few dioceses have not yet ordained any women.^[21]
• The Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus (EECMY) began to ordain women in 2000.^[22]
• The Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church (EELC) began to ordain women in 1967 and 2004 all obstacles that forbade women to be consecrated as bishops were removed although none have yet consecrated.^[23]

Pentecostal

• The Pentecostal church in Germany allows ordination of women.^[24]
• The Pentecostal Mission does not ordain women pastors.

Unitarian Universalist

The Unitarian Universalist Association was formed by the merger in 1961 of the American Unitarian Association and the Universalist Church of America. Each organization had ordained women ministers in the 19th century. The Universalists were the first national organization to do so.

• The Universalist Council ordained Olympia Brown on June 25, 1863, making her (according to some) the first fully ordained woman minister.
• The first woman ordained by the American Unitarian Association) was Antoinette Brown Blackwell, in 1878.

Other Protestant

• The Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) do not ordain anyone but have had women in leadership roles such as Recorded Minister since they first started in 1652.
• The Salvation Army ordains women and has done since its inception. Catherine Booth was co-founder, with her husband William.
• Christian Connection Church. An early relative of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) and the United Church of Christ, this body ordained women as early as 1810. Among them were Nancy Gove Cram, who worked as a missionary with the Oneida Indians by 1812, and Abigail Roberts (a lay preacher and missionary), who helped establish many churches in New Jersey. Others included Ann Rexford, Sarah Hedges and Sally Thompson.
• The Christian and Missionary Alliance in the USA does not ordain women, but it does in other nations. A female minister in Philippines, Ruth Tablada, has recently been ordained. The Christian and Missionary Alliance Church in Canada also ordains women.^[25][26][27]
• The Moravian Church ordains women.^[28]
• The Seventh-day Adventist Church officially does not ordain women in most of the world, but in regions of the United States, the Netherlands, parts of Germany, and all of China now ordains without regard for gender. The issue is being hotly debated and studied with action expected at the 2015 General Conference in San Antonio. In some parts of the world the Adventist Church, commissions women instead of ordaining. They can perform almost the same duties as an ordained minister but do not hold the title of ordained. This is because recent votes at the worldwide General Conference Sessions turned down a proposal to allow ordination of women. There was a strong polarization between nations, with Western countries and North Asia Pacific generally voting in support and other countries generally voting against. A further proposal to allow local choice was also turned down. In practice, there are numerous women working as ministers and in leadership positions. The most influential co-founder of the church, Ellen G. White, was a woman, but never ordained.

Women as Anglican and Protestant bishops

Some Anglican and other Protestant churches have allowed women to become bishops:^[16]

• 1924: Mount Sinai Holy Church of America- Ida B. Robinson served as founder and first presiding bishop
• 1929: Old Catholic Mariavite Church in Poland (and Catholic Mariavite Church, a 1935 schism from the Old Catholic Mariavite Church) — Maria Izabela Wiłucka-Kowalska and 11 nuns
• 1980: United Methodist Church — Marjorie Matthews
• 1988: Episcopal Church in the United States of America — Barbara Clementine Harris
• 1990: Anglican Church of New Zealand — Penelope Ann Bansall Jamieson
• 1990: Evangelical Lutheran Church in America - April Ulring Larson ^[29]
• 1992: North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church — Maria Jepsen
• 1993: Church of Norway — Rosemarie Köhn
• 1993: Anglican Church of Canada — Victoria Matthews
• 1995: Church of Denmark — Lise-Lotte Rebel
• 1996: Church of Sweden — Christina Odenberg
• 1998: Moravian Church in America — Kay Ward
• 1998: United Church of Christ in the Philippines — Nelinda Primavera-Briones
• 1998: Presbyterian Church in Guatemala
• 1999: Czechoslovak Hussite Church — Jana Šilerová
• 1999: Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Hanover - Margot Käßmann
• 2000: African Methodist Episcopal Church — Vashti Murphy McKenzie
• 2001: Evangelical Church of Bremen - Brigitte Boehme, titled president, a laywoman since the presidency does not require theological skills
• 2003: The Lutheran Evangelical Protestant Church (GCEPC) USA — Nancy K. Drew
• 2007: Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada - Susan Johnson
• 2008: Anglican Church of Australia — Kay Goldsworthy
• 2008: African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church — Mildred Hines
• 2009: Evangelical Church in Central Germany - Ilse Junkermann
• 2010: Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland - Irja Askola
• 2010: Episcopal Church in the United States of America - Mary Glasspool
• 2011: North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church - Kirsten Fehrs
• 2011: Evangelical Church of Westphalia - Annette Kurschus, titled praeses
• 2011: Episcopal Church in the United States of America - Marian Budde
• 2012: Church of Iceland - Agnes M. Sigurðardóttir
• 2012: Anglican Church of Southern Africa - Ellinah Wamukoya
• 2012: Anglican Church of Southern Africa - Margaret Vertue^[30]
• 2012: Church of Denmark - Tine Lindhardt^[31]
• 2013: Church of Denmark - Marianne Christiansen^[32]
• 2013: Church of Ireland - Pat Storey^[33]
• 2013: Evangelical Lutheran Church of America = Elizabeth Eaton ^[34]
• Others: Protestant churches in German Lutheran, Reformed and United churches (EKD), Protestant Church of the Netherlands

Women as archbishops or heads

• 1934 Salvation Army -- Evangeline Booth General of The Salvation Army.
• 2006 The Episcopal Church—The Most Reverend Dr. Katharine Jefferts Schori. Installed as Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church and Primate (the same position which some other provinces in the Anglican Communion refer to as an Archbishop) at Washington National Cathedral on November 4, 2006, though she technically took office on the first of November.
• 2013: Evangelical Lutheran Church of America -- Elizabeth Eaton. First women installed as Presiding Bishop.^[34]
• 2014 Church of Sweden - Antje Jackelén Archbishop of Uppsala. Installed in Uppsala Cathedral on June 15, 2014.

References

1. "Women’s Service in the Church: The Biblical Basis by N.T. Wright". Retrieved 14 March 2015. C1 control character in |title= at position 6 (help)
2. Bund Evangelisch-Freikirchlicher Gemeinden in Deutschland K.d.ö.R
3. "沖縄バプテスト連盟". 沖縄バプテスト連盟. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
5. "Women in Ecclesiastical Office"http://www.crcna.org/welcome/beliefs/position-statements/women-ecclesiastical-office (accessed June 14th, 2013)
6. "NAPARC Votes, 6-1, to Suspend the Christian Reformed Church" http://www.presbyteriannews.org/volumes/v4/1/n-crc.htm (accessed June 14th, 2013)
7. "Women's Ordination Time Line". Retrieved 2007-03-20.
8. "Women's Ordination Time Line (page 2)". Retrieved 2007-03-20.
9. What Presbyterians Believe Holper, J. Frederick, 2001 "What Presbyterians Believe about Ordination," Presbyterians Today, May 2001, retrieved from on August 21, 2006
11. PCA: Press Release
12. "Orthodox Presbyterian Church". Retrieved 14 March 2015.
13. Scheme of Union of the Presbyterian Church of Australia.
14. "Women pastors from 1900 to 1960 - Musée virtuel du Protestantisme". Retrieved 14 March 2015.
15. Pound, Richard W. (2005). 'Fitzhenry and Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates'. Fitzhenry and Whiteside.
16. "When churches started to ordain women". Retrieved 14 March 2015.
17. Rev. Patricia J. thompson, Courageous Past—Bold Future ISBN 0-938162-99-3
18. Timeline from the General Commission on Archives and History of the United Methodist Church
19. 2010 New York Annual Conference Newsletter
20. Eroakirkosta.fi - Naispappeuskiista tuplannut kirkosta eroamisen
21. http://www.elct.org/social.html
22. http://archive.wfn.org/2000/06/msg00149.html
23. "5.05 Naised vaimulikus ametis - Eesti Kirik". www.eestikirik.ee. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
24. "Dienst der Frau-Frauenordination eingeführt," 2004 http://www.bfp.de/index.php?id=165&no_cache=1&sword_list
25. ,
27. <http://www.cmaccd.com/cmaccd_com/bank/pageimages/ordination_policy_manual_of_the_christian_and_missionary_alliance_in_canada_2012_-_august-3.pdf>
28. Women in ordained ministry
30. "allAfrica.com: South Africa: Church Elects Woman Bishop". allAfrica.com. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
31. "interchurch.dk: Third woman bishop elected on Funen". interchurch.dk. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
32. "Marianne Christiansen bispeviet i Haderslev". folkekirken.dk. 4 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
33. Central Communications Board of the General Synod). "Church of Ireland - A province of the Anglican Communion". Retrieved 14 March 2015.
34. "Presiding Bishop". ELCA.org. Retrieved 14 March 2015.