Overseas Highway

Overseas Highway
Overseas Highway traversing the Seven Mile Bridge
Carries	US 1 / SR 5
Crosses	Gulf of Mexico, Florida Strait
Locale	Florida Keys
Maintained by	FDOT
Heritage status	NRHP (1979)[1]
Preceded by	Overseas Railroad
Characteristics
Total length	113 miles (182 km)[2][3]
Longest span	6.79 miles (10.93 km)[4]
Clearance above	65 feet (20 m) (at Moser Channel)
History
Designer	Florida East Coast Railway; Overseas Highway & Toll Bridge Commission
Constructed by	Henry Flagler
Opened	March 29, 1938

The Overseas Highway is a 113-mile (181.9 km)^[2][3] highway carrying U.S. Route 1 (US 1) through the Florida Keys. Large parts of it were built on the former right-of-way of the Overseas Railroad, the Key West Extension of the Florida East Coast Railway. Completed in 1912, the Overseas Railroad was heavily damaged and partially destroyed in the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935. The Florida East Coast Railway was financially unable to rebuild the destroyed sections, so the roadbed and remaining bridges were sold to the state of Florida for $640,000.

Since the 1950s the Overseas Highway has been refurbished into a main coastal highway between the cities of Miami and Key West, offering travelers an exotic roadway through a tropical savanna environment and access to the largest area of coral reefs on the U.S. mainland. Many exotic animals such as the American Crocodile and Key Deer inhabit the tropical islands of the Florida Keys.^[5]

History

While the Overseas Highway today runs along the former Overseas Railroad right of way, portions of the highway came into existence earlier in a different alignment while the railroad was still operational. The concept of an Overseas Highway began with the Miami Motor Club in 1921. The Florida land boom of the 1920s was underway and the club wanted to attract tourists to easily reached fishing areas, which could only be reached by boat or train at the time. The land boom also attracted real estate interests who sought vehicular access to the upper keys where there were thousands of acres of undeveloped land. The completion of the railroad further proved a highway through the keys was feasible.^[6]

Construction on the original Overseas Highway, designated State Road 4A (an extension of a route running from Miami to Homestead), lasted through most of the mid 1920s. Officially opening for traffic on January 25, 1928, the original highway existed in two segments at its greatest extent. One segment ran from the mainland via Card Sound Road to Key Largo and extended as far as Lower Matecumbe Key, while a segment in the lower keys existed from No Name Key to Key West. An automobile ferry service connected the 41 mile gap between Lower Matecumbe and No Name Keys.^[6] State Road 4A mostly ran alongside of the Overseas Railroad in the upper keys but in the lower keys, it followed a much different path than the railroad and current highway. The ferry landing on No Name Key was located at the end of what is now Watson Boulevard, which carried State Road 4A across No Name Key and Big Pine Key before it crossed to Little Torch Key. On Little Torch Key, it turned south and rejoined the railroad. It would continue along the north side of the railroad to Upper Sugarloaf Key, where it turned south and ran along the current route of County Roads 939 and 939A over Lower Sugarloaf Key and the Saddlebunch Keys. From the Saddlebunch Keys, State Road 4A crossed onto Geiger Key, continuing along what is now Geiger Road and Boca Chica Road. On Boca Chica Key, it followed the shoreline south of Naval Air Station Key West's airstrip to Boca Chica Beach before crossing to Stock Island. On Stock Island, it followed Maloney Avenue and MacDonald Avenue where it rejoined the Overseas Railroad heading into Key West. Most of the State Road 4A bridges in the Lower Keys were of wooden construction and had been in use by the early 1920s.

By the early 1930s it was clear that the ferries were insufficient for the travel needs of the keys, and Monroe County and the State Road Department began making plans to connect the two portions of State Road 4A to make a continuous highway. By 1931, the ferries would also service a 13-mile road built through Marathon on the Vaca Keys with terminals at Hog and Grassy Keys. In 1933, the state legislature created the Overseas Road and Toll Bridge District to seek federal funding to extend the roadways. Funding was scarce as the country was in the midst of the Great Depression, but funding would eventually come through the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. Hundreds of disgruntled World War I veterans seeking early payment of wartime bonuses were employed for construction on the roadway and bridges as part of a government relief program.^[6]

Eight bridge piers that would have carried the original alignment of the Overseas Highway which can be seen at Mile Marker 73. They serve as a memorial to the veterans who were killed in the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935.

Construction on a bridge connecting Lower Matecumbe Key and Long Key was already underway when the Category 5 Labor Day Hurricane struck Islamorada on September 2, 1935. The hurricane caused widespread damage throughout the area and destroyed much of the Overseas Railroad in the upper keys. Of the over 400 fatalities from the hurricane, more than half were veterans and their families. Their deaths caused anger and charges of mismanagement that led to a Congressional investigation. Just west of Lower Matecumbe Key at Mile Marker 73 on the current highway, eight concrete bridge piers and a small dredged island are all that remains of the veterans work. The dredged island is now known as Veteran's Key and the piers remain as a tribute to the veterans with a memorial plaque on Craig Key.^[7]

Many of the railroad bridges, such as the Bahia Honda Rail Bridge, were retrofitted to accommodate automobile traffic for the Overseas Highway. These bridges were replaced by more modern bridges in the early 1980s.

After the hurricane, the Florida East Coast Railway was financially unable to rebuild the damaged sections the Overseas Railroad. Seizing a rare opportunity, the state purchased the railroad's entire right of way and remaining infrastructure for a price of $640,000. The Overseas Road and Toll Bridge District abandoned its original highway plans and made new plans to build the highway on the old rail bed from Lower Matecumbe Key to Little Torch Key, effectively connecting the two segments of State Road 4A. The railroad's bridges, which withstood the hurricane and were in good condition, were retrofitted with new two-lane wide concrete surfaces for automobile use. In the case of the Bahia Honda Rail Bridge, which was a truss bridge, the concrete road surface was built on top of the trusses. The conversion of the railroad bridges to automobile use was accomplished by Cleary Brothers Construction Co. of West Palm Beach.^[8] Portions of the road were tolled until April 15, 1954; toll booths were located on Big Pine Key and Lower Matecumbe Key. Pigeon Key, roughly the midway point of the Seven Mile Bridge, served as the headquarters for the "Overseas Road and Toll District."^[9] The toll for automobiles was $1, plus 25 cents per passenger.^[10] The full highway from the mainland to Key West was officially opened for traffic on March 29, 1938 and upon completion, the route became the southernmost segment of U.S. Highway 1, which previously terminated in Miami (State Road 4A would remain as a hidden designation until the 1945 Florida State Road renumbering, when the hidden designation became State Road 5).^[11] President Franklin D. Roosevelt toured the road in 1939.

The beginning of U.S. 1 in March 1951; U.S. 1 has since been extended to the Monroe County Courthouse in downtown Key West

At this time, the Overseas Highway only ran along the old railroad route in the middle keys; the original highway segments were still in use in the upper and lower keys. As the United States entered into World War II, the U.S. Navy sought improvements to the highway to improve their access from the Naval Air Station on Boca Chica Key to the mainland for national security purposes. The 1920s-era lower keys segment was less than ideal with its winding road and rickety wooden bridges. This resulted in completing the rest of the highway throughout the keys on the former railroad right of way, which the state already owned and was a more direct route with smoother curves that would allow for higher speeds. Also included in this project was the construction of the highway from Florida City to Key Largo via Jewfish Creek (known as the 18-Mile Stretch). The new alignments, which were officially completed on May 16, 1944, shortened the route to the mainland by 17 miles.^[12] The original Card Sound Bridge was closed after the Jewfish Creek alignment opened, and its remains were subsequently destroyed by a fire (the Card Sound route would be restored as a secondary route in 1969 with the opening of the current bridge). Today, some segments of the original highway remain as side and frontage roads for the current highway.

The original highway through Key Largo and Tavernier would once again become part of the Overseas Highway in the early 1970s when it was expanded to a four-lane divided highway, with the northbound lanes running along the route of the original highway and the southbound lanes along the route of the railroad.^[6] The widening was the beginning of a much larger project to rebuild much of the Overseas Highway, which included replacing the aging repurposed railroad bridges with more modern bridges; some of which are able to accommodate more than two lanes of traffic. This included the Seven Mile Bridge, the Bahia Honda Bridge and the Long Key Bridge (although these three original bridges are no longer open to vehicular traffic, except for part of Seven Mile Bridge, they became listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 and are currently used as fishing piers). The more modern bridges were completed in the early 1980s. In recent years, Pigeon Key was used by the University of Miami as an oceanography laboratory, but current efforts to restore the buildings on the island have resulted in the establishment of a railroad museum there. The newer Seven Mile Bridge does not have direct access to Pigeon Key; people going there must walk on 2.2 miles (3.5 km) of the original Seven Mile Bridge from its northern end on Knight's Key, or take a shuttle bus, to reach the island.

Mile markers

Locations along the Overseas Highway from Key West to Key Largo are commonly given as mile markers. The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) maintains mile marker signs every mile along the highway. Numbering starts in Key West, and increases towards the east and northeast up the path of the highway over the keys. Businesses along the highway began listing their locations by mile markers, adding decimal parts to more precisely indicate locations between mile marker signs. Outside of Key West and the city of Marathon, street addresses along the highway are based on the mile markers, using a four- to six-digit number (with no decimal point); the numbering pattern is as follows:^[13]

• The first three (or four) digits denote the approximate mile marker; the first two (or three) digits denote the mile while the last digit denotes the nearest 0.1 (tenth of a mile)
• The last two digits denote a particular address; an even digit denotes an address on the Atlantic Ocean side while an odd digit denotes an address on the Florida Bay/Gulf of Mexico side

As an example, the Tropical Research Laboratory of Mote Marine Laboratory has a physical address of 24244 Overseas Highway. The first three digits indicate that it is near mile marker 24.2 (corresponding to an address on Summerland Key), while the last two digits indicate that it is located on the Atlantic Ocean side of the highway.

Trail

In 2001, the Monroe County Commission, the Florida Department of Environmental Protection's Office of Greenways and Trails, and FDOT entered into a Memorandum of understanding to create the Florida Keys Overseas Heritage Trail (FKOHT).^[14] The trail will be a world-class, multi-use bicycle and pedestrian facility that will traverse the Florida Keys from Key Largo to Key West. Upon completion, the FKOHT will include an integrated system of educational kiosks, roadside picnic areas, scenic overlooks, fishing piers, water access points, and bicycle and jogging paths. The development of the trail will provide a mechanism for the preservation and use of the historic Flagler Railroad Bridges, 23 of which still exist and are mostly intact. Several alternatives exist for trail alignment, including cutting down the 22-foot-wide (6.7 m), 1940s-era roadway to its original 12-foot (3.7 m) spandrel width, or using the 22-foot-wide (6.7 m) roadway as is, particularly in multi-use areas. In all cases, original bridgework will be repaired or rebuilt, and the breaks created during the 1980s and 1990s fishing pier conversion will be reconnected. Where the original roadway no longer exists, the trail will be temporarily cantilevered on the side of the current US 1 highway bridge, until new 12-foot-wide (3.7 m) trail bridge sections can be built. The new sections will be built to match the historical character of the original bridges.

In popular culture

One of animated television's Wacky Races was The Overseas Hi-Way Race, which first aired on December 28, 1968, on CBS, covering the entire actual route from Key Largo to Key West. While Long Key was correctly portrayed, most of the other in-between keys were given fictional names, and Sombrero Key was actually five miles south of the highway in open water, according to the Florida Keys–East map.

The Overseas Highway is depicted in a screenprint by American artist Ralston Crawford.^[15]

Major intersections

The entire route is in Monroe County.

Location	mi[16]	km	Destinations	Notes
Key West	0.000	0.000	Fleming Street
	0.406	0.653	Truman Avenue / Whitehead Street	90 degree turn
	0.490	0.789	Duval Street
	1.337	2.152	Eisenhower Drive / Jose Marti Drive	south end of four lanes
	1.643	2.644	Palm Avenue / 1st Street	no left turn either way on US 1
	3.927	6.320	SR A1A south – Airport, Beaches
	4.100– 4.169	6.598– 6.709	Bridge over Cow Key Channel trail on sidewalk to north
Stock Island	4.586	7.380	MacDonald Drive	old SR 4A
​	5.291	8.515	Key Haven Boulevard	to Raccoon Key
​	5.997– 6.498	9.651– 10.458	Bridge over Boca Chica Channel
Boca Chica Key	8.08	13.00	Naval Air Station Key West	interchange
Rockland Key	8.790	14.146	Toppino Industrial Drive
East Rockland Key	9.183	14.779	Rockland Drive - NAS Truck Entrance	former US 1 south
​	9.508– 9.754	15.302– 15.698	Bridge over Rockland Channel trail on old bridge to south
Big Coppitt Key	10.691	17.205	Boca Chica Road (CR 941 south)
​	11.181	17.994	Shark Key
​	11.309– 11.701	18.200– 18.831	Bridge over Shark Channel trail on old bridge to south
Saddle Bunch Keys	12.547– 12.712	20.192– 20.458	Bridge over Saddle Bunch No. 5 trail on old bridge to south
	13.018– 13.185	20.950– 21.219	Bridge over Saddle Bunch No. 4 trail on old bridge to south
	14.118– 14.259	22.721– 22.948	Bridge over Saddle Bunch No. 3 trail on old bridge to south
	14.328	23.059	Blue Water Drive
	14.496– 14.616	23.329– 23.522	Bridge over Saddle Bunch No. 2 trail on old bridge to south
	14.968	24.089	East Circle Drive
	15.261– 15.504	24.560– 24.951	Bridge over Lower Sugarloaf Channel trail on old bridge to south
​	16.370– 16.455	26.345– 26.482	Bridge over Harris Channel
Lower Sugarloaf Key	16.955	27.286	Sugarloaf Boulevard (CR 939 south)
​	17.451– 17.472	28.085– 28.118	Bridge over Harris Gap Channel
​	17.658– 17.741	28.418– 28.551	Bridge over North Harris Channel
Park Key	18	29	no major intersections
​	18.600– 18.755	29.934– 30.183	Bridge over Park Channel trail on old bridge to south
Sugarloaf Key	19.349	31.139	Crane Boulevard
	19.970	32.139	State Road 939B (CR 939 south)	old SR 4A
​	20.150– 20.433	32.428– 32.884	Bridge over Bow Channel trail on old bridge to south
Cudjoe Key	21.409	34.454	Blimp Road
​	23.471– 23.682	37.773– 38.112	Bridge over Kemp's Channel partial old bridge to south
Summerland Key	25.197	40.551	East Shore Drive (CR 942 south)
​	25.413– 26.278	40.898– 42.290	Bridge over Nile's Channel partial old bridge to south
Ramrod Key	27.264	43.877	Indies Road
​	27.504– 27.629	44.263– 44.465	Bridge over Torch Ramrod Channel
Middle Torch Key	27.836	44.798	Middle Torch Road - Big Torch Key
​	27.895– 28.052	44.893– 45.145	Bridge over Torch Key Channel
Little Torch Key	28.216	45.409	State Road 4A	old SR 4A
​	28.625– 28.801	46.067– 46.351	Bridge over South Pine Channel partial old bridge to south
​	29.411– 29.552	47.332– 47.559	Bridge over North Pine Channel
Big Pine Key	30.527	49.128	Key Deer Boulevard (CR 940 north) - National Key Deer Visitor Center
​	33.130– 33.791	53.318– 54.381	Bridge over Spanish Harbor Channel
Scout Key	34.5	55.5	no major intersections
​	35.272– 36.544	56.765– 58.812	Bahia Honda Bridge over Bahia Honda Channel partial old Bahia Honda Rail Bridge to south
Bahia Honda Key	36.794	59.214	Bahia Honda State Park
​	38.361– 38.571	61.736– 62.074	Bridge over Ohio Bahia Honda Channel trail on old bridge to north
Ohio Key	38.75	62.36	no major intersections
​	38.896– 39.176	62.597– 63.048	Bridge over Missouri Ohio Channel trail on old bridge to north
Missouri Key	39.25	63.17	no major intersections
​	39.448– 39.620	63.485– 63.762	Bridge over Little Duck Missouri Channel trail on old bridge to north
Little Duck Key	39.823	64.089	Veterans Memorial Park
​	40.011– 46.804	64.391– 75.324	Seven Mile Bridge over Moser Channel partial old bridge via Pigeon Key to north
Marathon	47.186	75.939	Knights Key
Marathon (Vaca Key)	48.059	77.343	CR 931 south (20th Street)
	49.965	80.411	Sombrero Beach Road (CR 931 south) - Sombrero Beach
Marathon	53.001– 53.081	85.297– 85.426	Bridge over Vaca Cut trail on sidewalk to north
Marathon (Fat Deer Key)	53.610	86.277	Sadowski Causeway - Key Colony Beach
Marathon (Long Point Key)	56.191	90.431	Curry Hammock State Park
Marathon (Crawl Key)	56.459	90.862	Banana Boulevard
Marathon (Grassy Key)	57.594	92.689	Kyle Avenue
​	60.498– 60.786	97.362– 97.826	Bridge over Tom's Harbor No. 4 trail on old bridge to south
Duck Key	61.051	98.252	Hawks Cay
​	61.418– 61.680	98.843– 99.264	Bridge over Tom's Harbor Cut trail on old bridge to south
Conch Key	62.846	101.141	North Conch Avenue
​	63.140– 65.446	101.614– 105.325	Long Key Bridge over Long Key Channel trail on old bridge to south
Long Key	67.404	108.476	Long Key State Park
​	70.735– 71.670	113.837– 115.342	Bridge over Channel No. 5 partial old bridge to north
Craig Key	72	116	no major intersections
Islamorada	72.642– 73.000	116.906– 117.482	Bridge over Channel No. 2 trail on old bridge to north
Islamorada (Lower Matecumbe Key)	74.403	119.740	Gulfview Drive
Islamorada	77.531– 77.703	124.774– 125.051	Bridge over Lignumvitae Channel
	77.966– 78.353	125.474– 126.097	Bridge over Indian Key Channel
	79.177– 79.318	127.423– 127.650	Bridge over Tea Table Channel
	79.708– 79.761	128.278– 128.363	Bridge over Tea Table Relief
Islamorada (Upper Matecumbe Key)	80.425	129.431	Frontage Road	old SR 4A
	83.509	134.395	Frontage Road	old SR 4A
Islamorada	83.879– 84.001	134.990– 135.187	Bridge over Whale Harbor Channel
Islamorada (Windley Key)	84.344	135.739	CR 905 north	old SR 4A
Islamorada	85.578– 85.739	137.724– 137.984	Snake Creek Bridge over Snake Creek
Islamorada (Plantation Key)	90.513	145.667	Plantation Avenue / Sunshine Boulevard / Bessie Road
​	90.895– 90.955	146.281– 146.378	Bridge over Tavernier Creek Waterway
Tavernier	91.485	147.231	Ocean Boulevard
Key Largo	103.430– 103.454	166.454– 166.493	Bridge over Marvin D. Adams Waterway
	106.312	171.093	CR 905 north (Card Sound Road) – Miami
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi

References

1. National Park Service (January 23, 2007). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
2. Logan, Walter (1983-01-30). "ACROSS 42 BRIDGES THROUGH FLORIDA'S KEYS". Florida: NYTimes.com. Retrieved 2015-07-19.
3. "Road Trip: Florida Keys - National Geographic". Travel.nationalgeographic.com. 1970-01-01. Retrieved 2015-07-19.
4. "Seven Mile Bridge". Structurae.
5. Marzyck, Marion E. "History and Background: The Overseas Highway". Web World Wonders. Florida State University. Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
6. History of Overseas Highway
7. Wilkinson, Jerry. "The Bridge That Never Was". Keys Historeum. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
8. Crestview, Florida, "To Build Highway", Okaloosa News-Journal, Friday 1 May 1942, Volume 28, Number 15, page 5.
9. Pigeon Key—Headquarters for the Overseas Road and Toll District, c. 1952 (Photograph). Historical Preservation Society of the Upper Keys. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
10. Wilkinson, Jerry. "History of the Overseas Highway". Historical Preservation Society of the Upper Keys. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
11. Sanderson, Dale. "End of US highway 1". U.S. Ends. Retrieved 9 September 2015.
12. Hopkins, Alice. "The Development of the Overseas Highway" (PDF). FIU Digital Collections. Florida International University. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
13. Wilkinson, Jerry. "Mile Markers in the Florida Keys". Historical Preservation Society of the Upper Keys. Retrieved August 9, 2006.
14. "Florida Keys Overseas Heritage Trail". Florida Keys Overseas Heritage Trail. Retrieved October 3, 2011.
15. Overseas Highway Whitney Museum of American Art.
16. FDOT straight line diagrams, accessed April 2014

External links

Route map: Bing / Google

• Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. FL-2, "Seven Mile Bridge, Linking Florida Keys, Knight Key, Monroe County, FL"