PPARGC1A

PPARGC1A
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1XB7, 3B1M, 3CS8, 3D24, 3U9Q, 3V9T, 3V9V, 4QJR, 4QK4
Identifiers
Aliases	PPARGC1A, LEM6, PGC-1(alpha), PGC-1v, PGC1, PGC1A, PPARGC1, PGC-1alpha, PPARG coactivator 1 alpha
External IDs	MGI: 1342774 HomoloGene: 7485 GeneCards: PPARGC1A
Gene ontology Molecular function • promoter-specific chromatin binding • estrogen receptor binding • transcription factor binding • chromatin binding • protein binding • ligand-dependent nuclear receptor binding • nucleic acid binding • nucleotide binding • DNA binding • sequence-specific DNA binding • transcription coactivator activity • alpha-tubulin binding • RNA polymerase II transcription cofactor activity • androgen receptor binding • peroxisome proliferator activated receptor binding • ligand-dependent nuclear receptor transcription coactivator activity • RNA binding • chromatin DNA binding • ubiquitin protein ligase binding Cellular component • cytoplasm • cytosol • subsarcolemmal mitochondrion • cytosolic ribosome • nucleus • DNA-directed RNA polymerase II, core complex • apical dendrite • nucleoplasm • neuronal cell body • nuclear euchromatin • PML body • interfibrillar mitochondrion Biological process • negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process • response to dietary excess • negative regulation of glycolytic process • response to fructose • cellular response to interleukin-6 • rhythmic process • cellular response to resveratrol • response to thyroid hormone • cellular response to fructose stimulus • cellular response to ionomycin • adaptive thermogenesis • response to ischemia • circadian rhythm • fatty acid oxidation • response to metformin • cellular response to caffeine • response to electrical stimulus involved in regulation of muscle adaptation • temperature homeostasis • cellular response to hypoxia • cellular response to glucose stimulus • positive regulation of fatty acid oxidation • cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus • positive regulation of progesterone biosynthetic process • regulation of transcription, DNA-templated • cellular response to follicle-stimulating hormone stimulus • androgen metabolic process • response to reactive oxygen species • positive regulation of mitochondrial DNA metabolic process • digestion • positive regulation of mitochondrion organization • response to leucine • response to norepinephrine • response to epinephrine • transcription, DNA-templated • negative regulation of mitochondrial fission • positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated • positive regulation of glomerular visceral epithelial cell apoptotic process • response to nutrient levels • positive regulation of energy homeostasis • RNA splicing • skeletal muscle atrophy • cellular respiration • negative regulation of receptor activity • positive regulation of gluconeogenesis • transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter • cellular response to potassium ion • negative regulation of neuron death • negative regulation of protein phosphorylation • positive regulation of cellular respiration • mRNA processing • protein stabilization • mitochondrion organization • positive regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity • response to electrical stimulus • circadian regulation of gene expression • cerebellum development • positive regulation of ATP biosynthetic process • regulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate selective glutamate receptor activity • galactose metabolic process • positive regulation of muscle tissue development • regulation of circadian rhythm • brown fat cell differentiation • flavone metabolic process • adipose tissue development • respiratory electron transport chain • positive regulation of cellular metabolic process • response to muscle activity • cellular response to nitrite • positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation • gluconeogenesis • androgen receptor signaling pathway • negative regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation • response to hypoxia • response to organic cyclic compound • protein complex assembly • cellular glucose homeostasis • cellular response to tumor necrosis factor • cellular response to estradiol stimulus • aging • negative regulation of smooth muscle cell migration • response to activity • positive regulation of histone acetylation • cellular response to fatty acid • mitophagy • cellular response to thyroid hormone stimulus • response to methionine • response to starvation • response to cold • cellular response to oxidative stress • forebrain development • cellular response to lipopolysaccharide • response to drug • positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	10891	19017
Ensembl	ENSG00000109819	ENSMUSG00000029167
UniProt	Q9UBK2	O70343
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_013261	NM_008904
RefSeq (protein)	NP_037393.1	NP_032930.1
Location (UCSC)	Chr 4: 23.76 – 23.9 Mb	Chr 5: 51.45 – 51.57 Mb
PubMed search	[1]	[2]
Wikidata

View/Edit Human

View/Edit Mouse

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PPARGC1A gene.^[3] PPARGC1A is also known as human accelerated region 20 (HAR20). It may, therefore, have played a key role in differentiating humans from apes.^[4]

PGC-1α is the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis.^[5][6][7]

Function

PGC-1α is a transcriptional coactivator that regulates the genes involved in energy metabolism. It is the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis.^[5][6][7] This protein interacts with the nuclear receptor PPAR-γ, which permits the interaction of this protein with multiple transcription factors. This protein can interact with, and regulate the activities of, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and nuclear respiratory factors (NRFs). It provides a direct link between external physiological stimuli and the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis, and is a major factor that regulates muscle fiber type determination. Endurance exercise has been shown to activate the PGC-1α gene in human skeletal muscle.^[8] This protein may be also involved in controlling blood pressure, regulating cellular cholesterol homoeostasis, and the development of obesity.^[9]

Regulation

PGC-1α is thought to be a master integrator of external signals. It is known to be activated by a host of factors, including:

1. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), both formed endogenously in the cell as by-products of metabolism but upregulated during times of cellular stress.
2. It is strongly induced by cold exposure, linking this environmental stimulus to adaptive thermogenesis.^[10]
3. It is induced by endurance exercise^[8] and recent research has shown that PGC-1α determines lactate metabolism, thus preventing high lactate levels in endurance athletes and making lactate as an energy source more efficient.^[11]
4. cAMP response element-binding (CREB) proteins, activated by an increase in cAMP following external cellular signals.
5. Protein kinase B / Akt is thought to downregulate PGC-1α, but upregulate its downstream effectors, NRF1 and NRF2. Akt itself is activated by PIP3, often upregulated by PI3K after G-protein signals. The Akt family is also known to activate pro-survival signals as well as metabolic activation.
6. SIRT1 binds and activates PGC-1α through deacetylation.

PGC-1α has recently been shown to exert positive feedback circuits on some of its upstream regulators:

1. PGC-1α increases Akt (PKB) and Phospho-Akt (Ser 473 and Thr 308) levels in muscle.^[12]
2. PGC-1α leads to calcineurin activation.^[13]

Akt and calcineurin are both activators of NF kappa B (p65).^[14][15] Through their activation PGC-1α seems to activate NF kappa B. Increased activity of NF kappa B in muscle has recently been demonstrated following induction of PGC-1α.^[16] The finding seems to be controversial. Other groups found that PGC-1s inhibit NF kappa B activity.^[17] The effect was demonstrated for PGC-1 alpha and beta.

PGC-1α has also been shown to drive NAD biosynthesis to play a large role in renal protection in Acute Kidney Injury. ^[18]

Clinical significance

Recently PPARGC1A has been implicated as a potential therapy for Parkinson's Disease conferring protective effects on mitochondrial metabolism.^[19]

Moreover, brain-specific isoforms of PGC-1alpha have recently been identified which are likely to play a role in other neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington's disease and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.^[20][21]

Massage therapy appears to increase the amount of PGC-1α which leads to the production of new mitochondria.^[22][23][24]

PGC-1α and beta has furthermore been implicated in M2 macrophage polarization by interaction with PPARγ^[25] with upstream activation of STAT6.^[26] An independent study confirmed the effect of PGC-1 on polarisation of macrophages towards M2 via STAT6/PPAR gamma and furthermore demonstrated that PGC-1 inhibits proinflammatory cytokine production.^[27]

PGC-1α has been recently proposed to be responsible for β-aminoisobutyric acid secretion by exercising muscles.^[28] The effect of β-aminoisobutyric acid in white fat includes the activation of thermogenic genes that prompt the browning of white adipose tissue and the consequent increase of background metabolism. Hence, the β-aminoisobutyric acid could act as a messenger molecule of PGC-1α and explain the effects of PGC-1α increase in other tissues such as white fat.

Interactions

PPARGC1A has been shown to interact with:

• CREB-binding protein^[29]
• Farnesoid X receptor^[30]
• FBXW7^[31]
• MED1^[32] MED12^[32] MED14^[32] MED17^[32]
• NRF1^[33]
• Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma^[29][32]
• Retinoid X receptor alpha.^[34]
• Thyroid hormone receptor beta^[35]

ERRalpha and PGC-1α are coactivators of both Glucokinase (GK) and SIRT3, binding to an ERRE elements in the GK and SIRT3 promoters.

See also

• Transcription coregulator

References

1. "Human PubMed Reference:".
2. "Mouse PubMed Reference:".
3. Esterbauer H, Oberkofler H, Krempler F, Patsch W (Feb 2000). "Human peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 (PPARGC1) gene: cDNA sequence, genomic organization, chromosomal localization, and tissue expression". Genomics. 62 (1): 98–102. doi:10.1006/geno.1999.5977. PMID 10585775.
4. Pollard KS, Salama SR, Lambert N, Lambot MA, Coppens S, Pedersen JS, Katzman S, King B, Onodera C, Siepel A, Kern AD, Dehay C, Igel H, Ares M, Vanderhaeghen P, Haussler D (September 2006). "An RNA gene expressed during cortical development evolved rapidly in humans". Nature. 443 (7108): 167–72. doi:10.1038/nature05113. PMID 16915236.
5. Valero T (2014). "Mitochondrial biogenesis: pharmacological approaches". Curr. Pharm. Des. 20 (35): 5507–9. doi:10.2174/138161282035140911142118. PMID 24606795. Mitochondrial biogenesis is therefore defined as the process via which cells increase their individual mitochondrial mass [3]. ... This work reviews different strategies to enhance mitochondrial bioenergetics in order to ameliorate the neurodegenerative process, with an emphasis on clinical trials reports that indicate their potential. Among them creatine, Coenzyme Q10 and mitochondrial targeted antioxidants/peptides are reported to have the most remarkable effects in clinical trials.
6. Sanchis-Gomar F, García-Giménez JL, Gómez-Cabrera MC, Pallardó FV (2014). "Mitochondrial biogenesis in health and disease. Molecular and therapeutic approaches". Curr. Pharm. Des. 20 (35): 5619–5633. doi:10.2174/1381612820666140306095106. PMID 24606801. Mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) is the essential mechanism by which cells control the number of mitochondria.
7. Dorn GW, Vega RB, Kelly DP (2015). "Mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics in the developing and diseased heart". Genes Dev. 29 (19): 1981–91. doi:10.1101/gad.269894.115. PMC 4604339. PMID 26443844.
8. Pilegaard H, Saltin B, Neufer PD (February 2003). "Exercise induces transient transcriptional activation of the PGC-1alpha gene in human skeletal muscle". J. Physiol. (Lond.). 546 (Pt 3): 851–8. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.034850. PMC 2342594. PMID 12563009.
9. "Entrez Gene: PPARGC1A peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 alpha".
10. Liang H, Ward WF (December 2006). "PGC-1alpha: a key regulator of energy metabolism". Adv Physiol Educ. 30 (4): 145–51. doi:10.1152/advan.00052.2006. PMID 17108241.
11. Summermatter S, Santos G, Pérez-Schindler J, Handschin C (May 2013). "Skeletal muscle PGC-1α controls whole-body lactate homeostasis through estrogen-related receptor α-dependent activation of LDH B and repression of LDH A". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110 (21): 8738–43. doi:10.1073/pnas.1212976110. PMC 3666691. PMID 23650363.
12. Romanino K, Mazelin L, Albert V, Conjard-Duplany A, Lin S, Bentzinger CF, Handschin C, Puigserver P, Zorzato F, Schaeffer L, Gangloff YG, Rüegg MA (December 2011). "Myopathy caused by mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) inactivation is not reversed by restoring mitochondrial function". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108 (51): 20808–13. doi:10.1073/pnas.1111448109. PMC 3251091. PMID 22143799.
13. Summermatter S, Thurnheer R, Santos G, Mosca B, Baum O, Treves S, Hoppeler H, Zorzato F, Handschin C (January 2012). "Remodeling of calcium handling in skeletal muscle through PGC-1α: impact on force, fatigability, and fiber type". Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. 302 (1): C88–99. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00190.2011. PMID 21918181.
14. Viatour P, Merville MP, Bours V, Chariot A (January 2005). "Phosphorylation of NF-kappaB and IkappaB proteins: implications in cancer and inflammation". Trends Biochem. Sci. 30 (1): 43–52. doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2004.11.009. PMID 15653325.
15. Harris CD, Ermak G, Davies KJ (November 2005). "Multiple roles of the DSCR1 (Adapt78 or RCAN1) gene and its protein product calcipressin 1 (or RCAN1) in disease". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 62 (21): 2477–86. doi:10.1007/s00018-005-5085-4. PMID 16231093.
16. Olesen J, Larsson S, Iversen N, Yousafzai S, Hellsten Y, Pilegaard H (2012). Calbet, Jose A. L, ed. "Skeletal muscle PGC-1α is required for maintaining an acute LPS-induced TNFα response". PLoS ONE. 7 (2): e32222. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032222. PMC 3288087. PMID 22384185.
17. Brault JJ, Jespersen JG, Goldberg AL (June 2010). "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1alpha or 1beta overexpression inhibits muscle protein degradation, induction of ubiquitin ligases, and disuse atrophy". J. Biol. Chem. 285 (25): 19460–71. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.113092. PMC 2885225. PMID 20404331.
18. Tran, Mei T., Zsuzsanna K. Zsengeller, Anders H. Berg, Eliyahu V. Khankin, Manoj K. Bhasin, Wondong Kim, Clary B. Clish, Isaac E. Stillman, S. Ananth Karumanchi, Eugene P. Rhee, and Samir M. Parikh. "PGC1α Drives NAD Biosynthesis Linking Oxidative Metabolism to Renal Protection." Nature 531.7595 (2016): 528-32. Web.
19. Zheng B, Liao Z, Locascio JJ, Lesniak KA, Roderick SS, Watt ML, Eklund AC, Zhang-James Y, Kim PD, Hauser MA, Grünblatt E, Moran LB, Mandel SA, Riederer P, Miller RM, Federoff HJ, Wüllner U, Papapetropoulos S, Youdim MB, Cantuti-Castelvetri I, Young AB, Vance JM, Davis RL, Hedreen JC, Adler CH, Beach TG, Graeber MB, Middleton FA, Rochet JC, Scherzer CR (October 2010). "PGC-1{alpha}, A Potential Therapeutic Target for Early Intervention in Parkinson's Disease". Sci Transl Med. 2 (52): 52ra73. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3001059. PMC 3129986. PMID 20926834.
20. Soyal SM, Felder TK, Auer S, Hahne P, Oberkofler H, Witting A, Paulmichl M, Landwehrmeyer GB, Weydt P, Patsch W. A greatly extended PPARGC1A genomic locus encodes several new brain specific isoforms and influences Huntington Disease age-of-onset. Hum Mol Genet. 2012;21:3461-3473.
21. Eschbach J*, Schwalenstöcker B*, Soyal S*, Bayer Wiesner D, Akimoto C, Nilsson A-C, Birve A, Meyer T, Dupuis is a-L, Danzer K, Andersen PM, Witting A, Ludolph AC, Patsch W, Weydt P. PGC-1 male-specific disease modifier of human and experimental amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Hum Mol Genet 2013;22:3477-3484.
22. Crane JD, Ogborn DI, Cupido C, Melov S, Hubbard A, Bourgeois JM, Tarnopolsky MA (February 2012). "Massage therapy attenuates inflammatory signaling after exercise-induced muscle damage". Sci Transl Med. 4 (119): 119ra13. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3002882. PMID 22301554.
23. Brown, Eryn (2012-02-01). "Study works out kinks in understanding of massage". Los Angeles Times.
24. "Videos | The Buck Institute for Research on Aging". Buckinstitute.org. Retrieved 2013-10-11.
25. Yakeu G, Butcher L, Isa S, Webb R, Roberts AW, Thomas AW, Backx K, James PE, Morris K (October 2010). "Low-intensity exercise enhances expression of markers of alternative activation in circulating leukocytes: roles of PPARγ and Th2 cytokines". Atherosclerosis. 212 (2): 668–73. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.07.002. PMID 20723894.
26. Chan MM, Adapala N, Chen C (2012). "Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ-Mediated Polarization of Macrophages in Leishmania Infection". PPAR Res. 2012: 796235. doi:10.1155/2012/796235. PMC 3289877. PMID 22448168.
27. Vats D, Mukundan L, Odegaard JI, Zhang L, Smith KL, Morel CR, Wagner RA, Greaves DR, Murray PJ, Chawla A (July 2006). "Oxidative metabolism and PGC-1beta attenuate macrophage-mediated inflammation". Cell Metab. 4 (1): 13–24. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2006.05.011. PMC 1904486. PMID 16814729.
28. http://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/retrieve/pii/S155041311300497X
29. Puigserver P, Adelmant G, Wu Z, Fan M, Xu J, O'Malley B, Spiegelman BM (November 1999). "Activation of PPARgamma coactivator-1 through transcription factor docking". Science. 286 (5443): 1368–71. doi:10.1126/science.286.5443.1368. PMID 10558993.
30. Zhang Y, Castellani LW, Sinal CJ, Gonzalez FJ, Edwards PA (January 2004). "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) regulates triglyceride metabolism by activation of the nuclear receptor FXR". Genes Dev. 18 (2): 157–69. doi:10.1101/gad.1138104. PMC 324422. PMID 14729567.
31. Olson BL, Hock MB, Ekholm-Reed S, Wohlschlegel JA, Dev KK, Kralli A, Reed SI (January 2008). "SCFCdc4 acts antagonistically to the PGC-1α transcriptional coactivator by targeting it for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis". Genes Dev. 22 (2): 252–64. doi:10.1101/gad.1624208. PMC 2192758. PMID 18198341.
32. Wallberg AE, Yamamura S, Malik S, Spiegelman BM, Roeder RG (November 2003). "Coordination of p300-mediated chromatin remodeling and TRAP/mediator function through coactivator PGC-1alpha". Mol. Cell. 12 (5): 1137–49. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(03)00391-5. PMID 14636573.
33. Wu Z, Puigserver P, Andersson U, Zhang C, Adelmant G, Mootha V, Troy A, Cinti S, Lowell B, Scarpulla RC, Spiegelman BM (1999). "Mechanisms controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration through the thermogenic coactivator PGC-1". Cell. 98 (1): 115–24. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80611-X. PMID 10412986.
34. Delerive P, Wu Y, Burris TP, Chin WW, Suen CS (February 2002). "PGC-1 functions as a transcriptional coactivator for the retinoid X receptors". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (6): 3913–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109409200. PMID 11714715.
35. Wu Y, Delerive P, Chin WW, Burris TP (March 2002). "Requirement of helix 1 and the AF-2 domain of the thyroid hormone receptor for coactivation by PGC-1". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (11): 8898–905. doi:10.1074/jbc.M110761200. PMID 11751919.

Further reading

• Knutti D, Kralli A (2001). "PGC-1, a versatile coactivator". Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 12 (8): 360–5. doi:10.1016/S1043-2760(01)00457-X. PMID 11551810.
• Puigserver P, Spiegelman BM (2003). "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1 alpha): transcriptional coactivator and metabolic regulator". Endocr. Rev. 24 (1): 78–90. doi:10.1210/er.2002-0012. PMID 12588810.
• Soyal S, Krempler F, Oberkofler H, Patsch W (2007). "PGC-1alpha: a potent transcriptional cofactor involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes". Diabetologia. 49 (7): 1477–88. doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0268-6. PMID 16752166.
• Handschin C, Spiegelman BM (2007). "Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 coactivators, energy homeostasis, and metabolism". Endocr. Rev. 27 (7): 728–35. doi:10.1210/er.2006-0037. PMID 17018837.
• Liang H, Ward WF (2006). "PGC-1alpha: a key regulator of energy metabolism". Advances in Physiology Education. 30 (4): 145–51. doi:10.1152/advan.00052.2006. PMID 17108241.

External links

• PPARGC1A protein, human at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• NURSA C110
• FactorBook PGC1A

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.