Papal conclave, 1689
Papal conclave August–October 1689 | |
---|---|
Coat of arms during the vacancy of the Holy See | |
Dates and location | |
23 August – 6 October 1689 Apostolic Palace, Papal States | |
Key officials | |
Dean | Alder Cibo |
Sub-Dean | Pietro Vito Ottoboni |
Camerlengo | Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni |
Protopriest | Carlo Barberini |
Protodeacon | Francesco Maidalchini |
Elected Pope | |
Pietro Vito Ottoboni (Name taken: Alexander VIII) | |
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The Papal Conclave of 1689 was convened after the death of Pope Innocent XI. It led to the election of Pietro Vito Ottoboni as Pope Alexander VIII.[1][2]
History
The death of a number of 17th century conclave power brokers during the 1660s and 1670s (Cardinal Mazarin in 1661, Giulio Cesare Sacchetti in 1663, Antonio Barberini in 1671, Francesco Barberini in 1679) led to a distinct lack of leadership at the start of the 1689 conclave.[3]
Francesco Maria de' Medici took charge of the Spanish contingent while Rinaldo d'Este led the French factions. King Louis XIV of France planned to send Charles d'Albert d'Ailly, Duke of Chaulnes, who was to take the French cardinals to Marseille where they would meet a fleet of twenty six galleys which would convey the cardinals and their entourages to Rome.
The journey was considerably more complicated than planned. Anne Jules de Noailles, Duke of Noailles, ordered the fleet to open fire on a small English and Dutch merchant fleet but d'Albert contradicted the orders leading to an argument between the two. Eventually the fleet made it to Civitavecchia where they were met by Medici and were welcomed to Rome. The arrival of the French contingent meant the conclave set about electing a new Pope.
Medici cleverly proposed Gregorio Barbarigo but never intended to have him elected. Having tested the waters for the election of a Venetian, he put forward Pietro Vito Ottoboni. D'Este, who disliked Ottoboni, attempted to be equally clever; he jumped forward to support his nomination hoping (as he was leading the French delegation) that this would immediately draw a veto from the Spanish. But the plan failed and, realising he had lost, d'Este appealed to d'Albert for help. But the ambassador thought highly of Ottoboni and had already told Louis XIV that he supported the Venetian cardinal's nomination.
On 6 October 1689, Ottoboni was elected and took the papal throne as Pope Alexander VIII.
Participating cardinals
- Cardinal Dean: Alderano Cybo
- Sub-dean: Pietro Vito Ottoboni (elected Pope Alexander VIII)
- Flavio Chigi
- Antonio Bichi
- Giacomo Franzoni
- Paluzzo Paluzzi Altieri degli Albertoni
- Francesco Maidalchini
- Carlo Barberini
- Gregorio Barbarigo
- Giannicolò Conti
- Giulio Spinola (had to leave the conclave because of illness on 24 September)
- Giovanni Delfino
- Emmanuel Théodose de la Tour d'Auvergne de Bouillon
- Niccolò Acciaioli
- Carlo Cerri
- Gasparo di Carpegna
- César d'Estrées
- Pierre de Bonzi
- Vincenzo Maria Orsini
- Francesco Nerli
- Girolamo Casanate
- Federico Baldeschi Colonna
- Galeazzo Marescotti
- Fabrizio Spada
- Philip Thomas Howard
- Giambattista Spinola
- Antonio Pignatelli (later elected Pope Innocent XII)
- Savo Millini
- Federico Visconti
- Raimondo Capizucchi
- Francesco Lorenzo Brancati di Lauria
- Urbano Sacchetti
- Giovanni Francesco Ginetti
- Benedetto Pamphili
- Giacomo de Angelis
- Opizio Pallavicini
- Marcantonio Barbarigo
- Carlo Stefano Anastasio Ciceri
- Leopold Karl von Kollonitsch
- Pier Matteo Petrucci
- Wilhelm Egon von Fürstenberg
- Jan Kazimierz Dönhoff
- José Saenz d'Aguirre
- Leandro Colloredo
- Fortunato Ilario Carafa della Spina
- Domenico Maria Corsi
- Gianfrancesco Negroni (had to leave the conclave because of illness on 4 October)
- Fulvio Astalli
- Gasparo Cavalieri
- Francesco Maria de' Medici
- Rinaldo d'Este
Absent cardinals
- Luis Manuel Fernández de Portocarrero-Bocanegra y Moscoso-Osorio
- Francesco Buonvisi
- Veríssimo de Lencastre
- Marcello Durazzo
- Étienne Le Camus
- Johannes von Goes (he set out for Rome but did not reach the conclave in time).
- Augustyn Michał Stefan Radziejowski
- Pedro de Salazar Gutiérrez de Toledo
References
- ↑ Baumgartner, Frederic J. 2003. Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-29463-8
- ↑ S. Miranda: Papal Conclave, 1689
- ↑ The Triple Crown: An Account of the Papal Conclaves by Valérie Pirie.