Partition of unity

In mathematics, a partition of unity of a topological space X is a set R of continuous functions from X to the unit interval [0,1] such that for every point, $x\in X$,

• there is a neighbourhood of x where all but a finite number of the functions of R are 0, and
• the sum of all the function values at x is 1, i.e., $\;\sum _{\rho \in R}\rho (x)=1$.

A partition of unity of a circle with four functions. The circle is unrolled to a line segment (the bottom solid line) for graphing purposes. The dashed line on top is the sum of the functions in the partition.

Partitions of unity are useful because they often allow one to extend local constructions to the whole space. They are also important in the interpolation of data, in signal processing, and the theory of spline functions.

Existence

The existence of partitions of unity assumes two distinct forms:

1. Given any open cover {U_i}_i∈I of a space, there exists a partition {ρ_i}_i∈I indexed over the same set I such that supp ρ_i⊆U_i. Such a partition is said to be subordinate to the open cover {U_i}_i.
2. Given any open cover {U_i}_i∈I of a space, there exists a partition {ρ_j}_j∈J indexed over a possibly distinct index set J such that each ρ_j has compact support and for each j∈J, supp ρ_j⊆U_i for some i∈I.

Thus one chooses either to have the supports indexed by the open cover, or compact supports. If the space is compact, then there exist partitions satisfying both requirements.

A finite open cover always has a continuous partition of unity subordinated to it, provided the space is locally compact and Hausdorff.^[1] Paracompactness of the space is a necessary condition to guarantee the existence of a partition of unity subordinate to any open cover. Depending on the category which the space belongs to, it may also be a sufficient condition.^[2] The construction uses mollifiers (bump functions), which exist in continuous and smooth manifolds, but not in analytic manifolds. Thus for an open cover of an analytic manifold, an analytic partition of unity subordinate to that open cover generally does not exist. See analytic continuation.

If R and S are partitions of unity for spaces X and Y, respectively, then the set of all pairwise products $\{\;\rho \sigma \;:\;\rho \in R\wedge \sigma \in S\;\}$ is a partition of unity for the cartesian product space X×Y.

Variant definitions

Sometimes a less restrictive definition is used: the sum of all the function values at a particular point is only required to be positive, rather than 1, for each point in the space. However, given such a set of functions, one can obtain a partition of unity in the strict sense by dividing every function by the sum of all functions (which is defined, since at any point it has only a finite number of terms).

Applications

A partition of unity can be used to define the integral (with respect to a volume form) of a function defined over a manifold: One first defines the integral of a function whose support is contained in a single coordinate patch of the manifold; then one uses a partition of unity to define the integral of an arbitrary function; finally one shows that the definition is independent of the chosen partition of unity.

A partition of unity can be used to show the existence of a Riemannian metric on an arbitrary manifold.

Method of steepest descent employs a partition of unity to construct asymptotics of integrals.

Linkwitz–Riley filter is an example of practical implementation of partition of unity to separate input signal into two output signals containing only high- or low-frequency components.

The Bernstein polynomials of a fixed degree m are a family of m+1 linearly independent polynomials that are a partition of unity for the unit interval $[0,1]$.

See also

• Smoothness § Smooth partitions of unity
• Gluing axiom
• Fine sheaf

References

1. Rudin, Walter (1987). Real and complex analysis (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 40. ISBN 0-07-054234-1.
2. Aliprantis, Charalambos D.; Border, Kim C. (2007). Infinite dimensional analysis: a hitchhiker's guide (3rd ed.). Berlin: Springer. p. 716. ISBN 978-3-540-32696-0.

• Tu, Loring W. (2011), An introduction to manifolds, Universitext (2nd ed.), Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7400-6, ISBN 978-1-4419-7399-3, see chapter 13

External links

• General information on partition of unity at [Mathworld]
• Applications of a partition of unity at [Planet Math]