Gregory V of Constantinople

Patriarch Gregory V redirects here. It can also refer to Patriarch Gregory V of Alexandria.

Saint Gregory V, Patriarch of Constantinople
Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople shortly before his execution, as depicted by Nikiphoros Lytras
Ecumenical Patriarch, Hieromartyr
Born	1746 Dimitsana
Died	22 April 1821 Constantinople
Venerated in	Orthodox Church
Major shrine	Athens
Feast	10 April
Controversy	elected in 1797 but deported to Mount Athos, Greece in 1798, reelected 1806 and exiled to Prince Islands then Mount Athos in 1810, reelected 1818

Gregory V (Γρηγόριος Ε΄, born Georgios Angelopoulos) was Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 1797 to 1798, from 1806 to 1808 and from 1818 to 1821. He was responsible for much restoration work to the Patriarchal Cathedral of St George, which had been badly damaged by fire in 1738. At the onset of the Greek War of Independence, as Ethnarch of the Orthodox Millet Gregory V was blamed by Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II for his inability to suppress the Greek uprising, even though he had actually condemned the Greek revolutionary activities so as to protect the Greeks of Constantinople from reprisals by the Ottoman Turks. The reprisals did come during Holy Week in April 1821, after the Greek rebels scored several successes against the Ottoman forces in the Peloponnese.

He was taken out of the Patriarchal Cathedral on 22 April 1821 (10 April Old Style), Easter Sunday, directly after celebrating the solemn Easter Liturgy, and hanged (in full Patriarchal vestments) for two days from the main gate of the Patriarchate compound by order of the Sultan;^[1] this was followed by a massacre of the Greek population of Constantinople.

In his memory, the Saint Peter Gate, once the main gate of the Patriarchate compound, was welded shut in 1821 and has remained shut ever since.

Death

According to several accounts, after Gregory's death his body, along with those of other executed prelates, was turned over to the city's Jews, who dragged it through the streets and threw it into the sea.^[1][2] The accounts differ on whether the Jews who did this were forced or volunteered, but the tale spread widely, and led to several bloody reprisal attacks in southern Greece by the Greek rebels, who regarded the Jews as collaborators of the Turks. This in turn led to the Jews joining the Turks in attacks on Christians in some locations in northern Greece, which fuelled a new wave of anti-Jewish attacks in the south.^[2] During the night, the patriarch's corpse was recovered by Greek sailors, who brought it to Odessa.^[1] After the funeral, some Greek sailors attacked Jewish shops which had remained open during the ceremony.^[3] The Patriarch's body was eventually interred in the Metropolitan Cathedral of Athens.

He is commemorated by the Greek Orthodox Church as an Ethnomartyr (Greek: Εθνομάρτυρας).

Influence

The brutal execution of Gregory V, especially on the day of Easter Sunday, shocked and infuriated the Greeks, and Orthodox Russia. It caused also protests in the rest of Europe and reinforced the movement of Philhellenism. There are references that during the Greek War of Independence, many revolutionaries engraved on their swords the name of Gregory seeking revenge.

Dionysios Solomos, in his Hymn to Liberty, which became later the Greek national anthem, also mentions the hanging of the Patriarch in some stanzas.

Gallery

• 
  The Saint Peter's Gate at the Patriarchate. Gregory V was hanged here. Since then the Gate was never opened again.
• 
  Painting by Peter von Hess depicting the casting of the corpse of Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople into the Bosphorus.
• 
  Statue of Grigorios (University of Athens);
• 
  The shrine of Patriarch Grigorios (Metropolitan Cathedral of Athens);

References

1. Adrian Fortescue (2001). The Orthodox Eastern Church. Gorgias Press LLC. p. 341. ISBN 0-9715986-1-4.
2. Katherine Elizabeth Fleming (2008). Greece--a Jewish History. Princeton University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-691-10272-6.
3. Alexander Orbach (1980). New Voices of Russian Jewry: A Study of the Russian-Jewish Press of Odessa in the Era of the Great Reforms, 1860-1871. BRILL. pp. 16–17. ISBN 90-04-06175-4.

External links

• Gregory V